{"title":"Optimization of the performance of epoxy intumescent fire-retardant coatings utilizing amino-polysiloxanes with varying compositions","authors":"Weilei Tan, Yinlong Guo, Yanli Xiang, Xu Meng, Chenyi Wang, Qiang Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of epoxy intumescent fire-retardant coatings (IFRC) needs to be optimized to meet the requirements of different application scenarios. In this work, a series of amine-functionalized polysiloxanes (amino-polysiloxanes) with different molar ratios of side groups including methyl, phenyl and amino were synthesized by polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization as curing agents for epoxy resins to achieve this target. The structures of amino-polysiloxanes were well characterized by FTIR, <sup>1</sup>H NMR and chemical titration. Amino-polysiloxanes with different compositions can effectively adjust the glass transition temperatures (<em>T</em><sub>g</sub>) of epoxy thermosets in the range of 40.7–71.4 °C as revealed by DSC. IFRC based on different amino-polysiloxanes exhibit different expansion ratio and fire resistance time. Epoxy intumescent fire-retardant coating IC1Ph with epoxy binder <em>T</em><sub>g</sub> of 46.0 °C exhibited the longest fire resistance time up to 63.4 min. SEM-EDS results showed that the carbon layer of IC1Ph has the smallest and homogenous pore size. UV and humidity exposure tests indicate that presence of phenyl in amine-polysiloxanes contributed to the durability of the IFRC. Amine-polysiloxanes with varying composition are conducive to optimize of the performance of epoxy intumescent fire-retardant coatings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 106191"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143436719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effect of coordination state on the activity of TA-Zr supramolecular networks for heavy metals removal from water","authors":"Shuxin Chen, Liting Wang, Wenxiang Ni, Hui Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The self-assembly behavior of the MPNs-based adsorbent is substantially influenced by changes in solution pH. In this study, a highly negatively charged tannic acid‑zirconium (TA-Zr) macromolecular network has been successfully synthesized. As pH increases from 3 to 11, the coordination structure of TA with Zr(IV) changes from mono- to tri-complexation state, resulting in enhanced electronegativity and increased structural stability of tri-complex TA-Zr(9) due to its higher charge density. The TA dissolution experiments and zeta potential measurements confirm this conclusion. The tri-complex TA-Zr(11) underwent structural changes in its macromolecular network due to partial zirconium hydroxide formation under strongly alkaline conditions, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, which in turn impacted its stability. Meanwhile, the adsorption capacity of TA-Zr materials for Pb(II) ion increases with the pH of the synthesis solution. XPS analysis suggested that the underlying adsorption mechanism involved ligand exchange between Pb(II) ion and phenolic hydroxyl groups on TA-Zr(9). After batch adsorption-regeneration cycles, TA-Zr(9) could be regenerated with an acidic solution while maintaining consistent Pb(II) ion removal efficiency. Furthermore, TA-Zr(9) effectively treated 12,150 bed volumes (BV) of synthetic water at pH 5.6, which is 18 times more than commercial D001. These results confirm that TA-Zr(9) shows great potential as an effective adsorbentfor Pb(II) removal in practical wastewater treatment, making it a promising candidate for water remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 106190"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143436583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effective removal of cationic dyes in a single aliquot using thiophene based bis-chalcone polymers","authors":"P. Sowmya, Abraham Joseph","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the dye adsorption efficacy of thiophene bearing bis-chalcone based polymers poly [(1E,4E)-1,5-Di-2-thienylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one] (PTCA) and poly[(1E,4E)-2,4-dimethyl-1,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one] (PTCM). Both PTCA and PTCM show high removal efficiency towards cationic dyes such as Methylene Blue, Malachite Green, Crystal violet, and Rhodamine B compared to the anionic dyes such as Methyl Red, Congo Red, and Methyl Orange. Since both PTCA and PTCM show the highest removal efficiency towards Crystal Violet dye, it was chosen as a representative cationic dye to understand different factors affecting adsorption. Experimental data indicates that for PTCA, the maximum adsorption capacity observed was 151.49 mg/g and for PTCM, the maximum adsorption capacity observed was 142.28 mg/g. The form-fitting of adsorption data with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model indicates monolayer adsorption. The kinetic investigation demonstrates that the adsorption follows pseudo second order kinetics, hence chemisorption is involved in the process that drives the adsorption. The high dye removal efficiency towards CV is due to the combined effect of intra-particle diffusion processes and surface adsorption. Recyclability study reveals that PTCA retains 96.42 % removal efficiency and PTCM retains 92.46 % removal efficiency after five cycles, which shows promising reusability and regenerative nature of polymeric adsorbents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"210 ","pages":"Article 106189"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiang Shi, Yi Wang, Wanjun Liu, Haiyan Zhang, Yemo Li, Jixuan Jiao, Wei Zhao, Yi Shen
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Preparation of polysulfone based rubidium ion imprinted membrane and its selective adsorption and separation performance” [Reactive and Functional Polymers 191(2023) 105696]","authors":"Qiang Shi, Yi Wang, Wanjun Liu, Haiyan Zhang, Yemo Li, Jixuan Jiao, Wei Zhao, Yi Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106187","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 106187"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of thermally triggered triple-shape memory ternary polymer blends for 4D printing applications","authors":"Emre Tekay , Betül Aybakan , Vahap Uygar Aslan","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>4D printing represents an emerging technology that has developed from the combination of shape memory polymers (SMPs) with additive manufacturing techniques. Shape memory polymers are members of the smart materials family and have the capability to change their shape in response to a stimulus. Thermo-responsive triple-SMPs possess the capability to maintain two distinct temporary shapes and can transition between these shapes when exposed to heat. This study introduces novel ternary polymer blends in<em>co</em>rporating ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), maleic anhydride grafted poly(styrene-b-ethylene-butylene-b-styrene) (SEBS-MA), and poly(butyl-<em>co</em>-isobutyl methacrylate) (PBMA-PiBMA) polymers, which exhibit thermo-responsive triple-shape memory properties at 40 °C and 80 °C. The SEBS-MA/EVA/PBMA-PiBMA ternary blend with 30/40/30 composition showed optimal triple-shape memory performance, exhibiting 92.3 % first shape fixing, 88.0 % second shape fixing, 90.5 % first shape recovery and 100 % second shape recovery ratios. The same blend also demonstrated a dual shape memory effect at 80 °C, achieving a shape fixing ratio of 98.6 % and a shape recovery performance of 100 %. Filament of the polymer blend was produced to be used in 3D printers. Using this filament, a hinge, a daisy, a stent, and a robotic gripper were created for use in different 4D printing applications. The 4D-printed objects produced from the ternary blend filament show two-way shape recovery at 40 °C and 80 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 106188"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comprehensive performance improvement and functional upgrade of Magnolia-based epoxy resins","authors":"Xinru Bai, Zhiyong Li, Yuting Dong, Xinyi Gao, Jingjing Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.106129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.106129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The magnolol- (MEP) and honokiol-epoxy resin (HEP) were prepared from the extract of the natural plant Magnolia officinalis. Those monomers were cured with hardeners, such as 4,4-diamino diphenyl sulfone (DDS) and 4,4′-bis (3-aminophenoxy) diphenyl sulfone (BDS), respectively via solvent-free process to fabricate networks with excellent mechanical properties. The curing procedures occurred in a wide temperature interval (65 °C), which made the concerning vacuum-assisted resin infusion feasible. Notedly, all combinations exhibited increased thermal stability (<em>T</em><sub><em>d5</em></sub>, 359.7–381.9 °C) with <em>T</em><sub><em>max</em></sub> fluctuating around 450 °C. The phase transition temperature (<em>T</em><sub><strong><em>α</em></strong></sub>) screen suggested that except MEP/BDS (<em>T</em><sub><strong><em>α</em></strong></sub>, 147.2 °C), other combinations varied from 264.2 °C to 281.2 °C. In addition, DDS allowed the networks with slightly lower thermal expansion coefficients (<em>CTE,</em> 68.1 ppm/ <sup>o</sup>C, <180 °C for HEP/DDS), while the BDS yielded relatively high <em>CTE</em> values (87.1 ppm/ <sup>o</sup>C, <106 °C, for MEP/BDS). The <em>LOI</em> value (33 %) and vertical burning test (UL-94) indicated their outstanding flame retardancy (UL 94 <em>V</em>-0). Furthermore, for MEP/BDS, the unique solvolysis (in DMF or THF) and thermally induced shape memory properties along with the superior flame retardancy demonstrated its overall high performances. As a whole, these performance improvements further facilitate the high-end applications of sustainable resins in cutting-edge areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 106129"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Production of reusable and colorimetric cyanide sensor hydrogels for rapid detection of cyanide ions in various aqueous media","authors":"Ozgur Ozay , Hava Ozay","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.106113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.106113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a new type of (hemi)cyanine dye-derived <strong>HC-M</strong> monomer suitable for hydrogel synthesis by redox polymerization method was developed and characterized by various methods. The feature of <strong>HC-M</strong> monomer is that it changes color in the presence of CN<sup>−</sup> ions. Thus, when added to any hydrogel structure as a comonomer with covalent bonds, hydrogels that are highly sensitive to CN<sup>−</sup> ions and function colorimetrically can be produced. For this purpose, p(AAm-co-<strong>HCM</strong>) hydrogels were synthesized. The synthesized hydrogels were characterized by swelling tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. The synthesized and characterized new type of monomer and p(AAm-co-<strong>HCM</strong>) hydrogels were used to detect CN<sup>−</sup> ions in various aqueous media and some liquid foods. For this, various concentrations of CN<sup>−</sup> in the range of 0.05–100 ppm were used. Thus, a new type of hydrogel structure was produced that qualitatively determines the presence of CN<sup>−</sup> in any aqueous environment by changing color in the time range of 1–660 min. It has been shown that the resulting hydrogels can be used as sensors many times, suitable for regeneration, thanks to their covalent bonds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 106113"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zheng Zhang , Chengbo Zhang , Gang Liu , Daning Lang , Lu Wang , Chao Yang , Jihong Fu , Ronglan Wu , Wei Wang
{"title":"Adsorption behavior of amine-modified cotton stalk extract on Congo red in aqueous solution","authors":"Zheng Zhang , Chengbo Zhang , Gang Liu , Daning Lang , Lu Wang , Chao Yang , Jihong Fu , Ronglan Wu , Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.106137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.106137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Selective adsorbent materials for the remediation of printing and dyeing wastewater were successfully prepared from cotton stalks by sodium chlorite pretreatment and vinylamine modification. Its dye adsorption test showed that the cotton stalk-based adsorbent had a unique selective adsorption capacity for Congo red, and the maximum adsorption amount could reach 997.1 mg/g. It is worth noting that the environmental factors, such as pH value, salt ion concentration, and surfactant, had a small influence on the process. Exploring the adsorption mechanism, it was found that the process conformed to the quasi-secondary kinetic model (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.99) and the Langmuir isotherm model (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.99), in which electrostatic interactions, π-π, and hydrogen bonding played important roles in the adsorption process. Therefore, this environmentally friendly and efficient adsorbent has a broad application prospect in wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 106137"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yanyou Huang, Liangdong Ye, Qiaoyan Wei, Dacheng Li, Zengju Wu, Liling Zhang, Chuanheng Yu, Ziwei Li, Shaorong Lu
{"title":"Molecular dynamics simulation and curing kinetics of recycled PET /PEGc toughened epoxy resin","authors":"Yanyou Huang, Liangdong Ye, Qiaoyan Wei, Dacheng Li, Zengju Wu, Liling Zhang, Chuanheng Yu, Ziwei Li, Shaorong Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.106142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.106142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing the toughness of epoxy resin (EP) and optimizing the recovery of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) constitute significant challenges in current product manufacturing and environmental protection domains. In this work, toughening of epoxy resin was studied using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) as toughening agent and multi-carboxyl polyethylene glycol (PEGc) synthesized from polyethylene glycol and trimellitic anhydride as a modifier. Mechanical property tests indicated that the addition of 6 phr of rPET increased the impact strength of the epoxy resin from 6.77 ± 2.26 kJ/m<sup>2</sup> to 19.10 ± 3.53 kJ/m<sup>2</sup>. Moreover, the further addition of PEGc could produce a significant toughening effect with rPET. Specifically, the impact strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of the epoxy resin containing 6 phr of rPET and 15 phr of PEGc increased by 318.8 %, 13.9 %, and 23.9 %, respectively, compared with those of pure EP. The significant toughening effect is attributed to the skeleton provided by rPET and flexible molecular chains provided by PEGc. Meanwhile, the results of molecular dynamics simulation confirmed that PEGc can effectively enhance the modulus of rPET/EP composites. Through the curing kinetic parameters obtained from non-isothermal DSC tests, the Kamal autocatalytic model was found to better describe the curing reaction process of the epoxy composites. This work provides a low-cost route for fabricating epoxy composites with excellent toughness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 106142"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiazhen Yuan, Jie Huang, Jinghua Tan, Huipeng Li, Xueyuan Liu, Penghao Yu, Yue Chen, Yiwu Liu
{"title":"Design, synthesis, and application of polyimide with highly intrinsic black color and low thermal expansion derived from a novel diamine containing TDPP moiety","authors":"Jiazhen Yuan, Jie Huang, Jinghua Tan, Huipeng Li, Xueyuan Liu, Penghao Yu, Yue Chen, Yiwu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.106140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2024.106140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid expansion of microelectronics, there is a surging demand for black polyimide (BPI). However, the current BPIs have shortcomings of reduced thermal and electrical capabilities, low dimension stability, and poor masking ability. Hence, the development of BPIs with outstanding overall properties is urgent. To obtain high-performance BPIs, this study introduces a chromophore called 3,6-bis(thiophen-2-yl)diketopyrrolopyrroles (TDPP), which is known for its exceptional molar extinction coefficient. A new diamine (DPPTPyDA) incorporating TDPP grafted with pyrimidine groups was synthesized. DPPTPyDA was then polymerized with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) to yield black polyimide (DPPTPyPI). TDPP grafted with pyrimidine acted as a chromophore system that red-shifted and broadened the light absorption of PI. The resulting DPPTPyPI exhibited total absorption in the visible region and showed a deep black appearance. Its cut-off wavelength (λ<sub>cut</sub>) reached 695 nm, and CIE-Lab coordinate <em>L*</em> was low to 1.25. DPPTPyPI also displayed a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and outstanding thermal and electrical characteristics. Density functional theory calculations demonstrated that the exceptional light absorption of DPPTPyPI primarily stemmed from the transitions from HOMO to LUMO+1 within the chromophore framework. The flexible copper-clad laminate (FCCL) fabricated from DPPTPyPI showed exceptional peeling strength and resistance to high soldering temperature. This intrinsic BPI with excellent overall properties has important applications in the field of microelectronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 106140"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}