Reactive & Functional Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis and application of IPDI/PCDL waterborne polyurethane sizing agent","authors":"Mingke Xu ,&nbsp;Mengxiang Liu ,&nbsp;Shengye Li ,&nbsp;Huiying Peng ,&nbsp;Chengrui Di ,&nbsp;Deming Zhao ,&nbsp;Bo Zhu ,&nbsp;Kun Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waterborne polyurethane is considered as a potential sizing agent for carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites due to its strong adhesion and environmental protection properties. In this paper, the synthesis mechanism of IPDI/PCDL type waterborne polyurethane was studied by molecular simulation. By studying the electrostatic potential, atomic charge, frontier orbit and Fukui function of the prepolymer reaction material, the mechanism of the reaction was revealed based on density functional theory. At the same time, the radical index of isocyanate was changed and experimental study was carried out. The results show that with the increase of isocyanate root index, the thermal stability and water resistance of waterborne polyurethane materials are gradually enhanced, and the tensile strength is increased by 156 %. In addition, the interlaminar shear strength of the carbon fiber/nylon 6 composite using waterborne polyurethane reached 52.3 MPa, 44.1 % higher than that of the composite using commercial wetting agents. This study improved the synthesis theory system of waterborne polyurethane and provided the theoretical basis for the preparation of waterborne polyurethane.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106361"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A dual stimuli-responsive cellulose-based double network hydrogel crosslinked with fluorescent carbon dots for controlled drug release","authors":"Jingwei Gong ,&nbsp;Yern Chee Ching ,&nbsp;Shuangwu Huang ,&nbsp;Q. Jason Niu ,&nbsp;Anyu Li ,&nbsp;Ching Kuan Yong ,&nbsp;Thennakoon M. Sampath Udeni Gunathilake ,&nbsp;Nguyen Dai Hai ,&nbsp;Chuah Cheng Hock","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cellulose-based carbon dots (C-CDs) with fluorescence and non-toxicity properties have attracted wide attention in the field of biomedicine. However, constructing dual-stimuli hydrogels incorporated with C-CDs using biomass-based raw materials with biodegradable and antimicrobial characteristics for drug sustained-release remains a challenge. Herein, an interpenetrated-network method was proposed in which the N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) monomer, regarded as the second network, was polymerized via photo-initiation. Additionally, C-CDs derived from lychee waste were used as cross-linking agent, which was introduced into β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) first-network system, to fabricate a dual-network fluorescence hydrogels called β-CD/CMC-(PVA-NIPAM). The design of dual-network hydrogel can effectively enhance swelling and water retention abilities within a certain time. To evaluate the biomedical application of the obtained hydrogel, ibuprofen, as a poorly water-soluble model drug, was loaded into the hydrogel utilizing advantages of possessing hydrophobic inner cavity of β-CD and the highly dense structure of double-network hydrogels, to complete release behavior under different pH and temperature, with the maximum release rate reaching up to 96 %. Furthermore, it is noted that the cellulose-based interpenetrated-network hydrogel has access to cells but exhibits no cytotoxicity in vitro. Herein, this dual-responsive fluorescent hydrogel is expected to play a potential role in drug delivery and drug tracking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106344"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in bio-based light-curable resins used for 3D printing: From synthetic strategies to structural properties and resin applications","authors":"XingXiang Liu ,&nbsp;Yun Hu ,&nbsp;Lihong Hu ,&nbsp;Meng Zhang ,&nbsp;Puyou Jia ,&nbsp;Yonghong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>UV-curable technology possesses the “4E” characteristics of economy, efficiency, environmental protection, and energy saving, and is known as a new technology for green industry in the 21st century. Bio-based resources have the advantages of being renewable, environmentally friendly, abundant, and widely distributed, making them a sustainable raw material for preparing polymers. Using bio-based resources as raw materials and combining green and efficient UV-curable technology to construct bio-based UV-curable materials can promote the high-value development of bio-based resources in the field of UV-curable. This article reviewed the research progress on the synthetic strategies, structural properties and application of bio-based UV-curable resins from bio-based resources such as vegetable oil, cardanol, lignin, and rosin. It mainly focused on the research status of typical plant oil-based UV-curable materials such as soybean oil, castor oil, tung oil, and rubber seed oil, and demonstrated great potential for application in fields such as 3D printing, coatings, inks, adhesives, and electronic packaging, et al. Finally, the future development direction of bio-based UV- curable resins was provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106359"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformation of alginate based films into food packaging material - confines and possibilities as a renewable resource: A review","authors":"Babu Bhagath Yerramathi ,&nbsp;Beulah Annem Muniraj ,&nbsp;Jhansi Donadi ,&nbsp;Kalyani Bandi ,&nbsp;Manjula Kola","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global demand for sustainable food packaging solutions has catalysed the exploration of renewable biopolymers, with alginate-based films gaining considerable attention due to their biodegradability, film-forming ability, compatibility and functional versatility. This review offers a comprehensive and progressive analysis of the transformation of alginate-based biopolymeric films into advanced food packaging materials. Unlike conventional overviews, it integrates multidisciplinary perspectives across structural engineering approaches, policy frameworks, and frontier fabrication technologies-such as electrospinning and nanocomposite integration-uncovering how these developments shape alginate's transition from lab-scale applications to commercial packaging platforms. By critically examining the environmental impact, regulatory aspects, and consumer perception, this review demonstrates the practical confines and technological possibilities of alginate as a next-generation packaging resource. Special emphasis is placed on emerging scientific insights and transformative innovations that are redefining the capabilities of alginate films, positioning them not only as biodegradable alternatives but as intelligent, functional materials tailored for modern food preservation needs on the shoulders of natural resources. This review thus provides novel direction for researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers seeking to harness alginate's full potential in sustainable packaging ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106358"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-cost coconut petiole fiber-based adsorbent material for cyclic adsorption of Cu(II) ions in aqueous media","authors":"Jia-Jia Lei ,&nbsp;Hong-Wu Wu ,&nbsp;Shi-Qiang Fu ,&nbsp;Chen-Xin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper reported on the application of coconut petiole fiber (CPF) in heavy metal adsorption. Polydopamine (PDA) was introduced on the fiber surface to increase the reactive groups on the surface, improving the adsorption capacity for heavy metals. The co-deposition of Dopamine (DA) and Polyethyleneimine (PEI) greatly reduced the deposition time of PDA, and the covalent interaction between the two addressed the issue of the polydopamine (PDA) coating easily coming off the substrate's surface. SEM micrographs showed that the pores on the CPF surface were fully exposed after alkali treatment. A uniformly distributed and structurally stable PDA coating formed on the porous CPF surface after 16 h of co-deposition modification. The adsorption behaviors of Cu(II) ions on this solid phase were evaluated using different kinds of isotherms. The fitting results revealed that it was a monolayer chemisorption process. XPS further proved that it utilized the electrostatic effect and complexation of active groups such as hydroxyl and amino groups to achieve efficient adsorption of ions Cu(II). The adsorption kinetic study showed that the adsorption of Cu(II) ions by PDA/PEI/CPF was chemisorbed, and the adsorption rate was related to the number of active sites at the fiber surface and the concentration of Cu(II) ions. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 45.32 mg/g at pH 6, which was 5.2 times higher than that of unmodified CPF. Furthermore, after four regeneration cycles, the PDA/PEI/CPF retained a high adsorption capacity of 42.11 mg/g, demonstrating excellent recyclability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106354"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of flame-retardant nanocomposite combined with warm mix asphalt techniques on molecular conversion and fire safety","authors":"Lu He ,&nbsp;Qing-Qing Bi ,&nbsp;Yue Ma ,&nbsp;De-Yi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combination of flame retardant with warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology in asphalt pavements has become an important strategy for improving safety, conserving energy, and safeguarding the environment, especially in tunnel applications. This study explored the incorporation of flame-retardant nanocomposite and three distinct types of WMA additives into asphalt to investigate the mechanisms underlying the modification process and fire safety. Additionally, warm-mix asphalt samples without flame retardant were analyzed as control specimens for comparative analysis. The WMA additives notably enhanced the dispersion of flame-retardant nanocomposite and facilitated the conversion of medium and large molecules within the asphalt matrix. The combination of the organic WMA additive and flame-retardant nanocomposite provided superior flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties compared to asphalt that contained only flame retardant. The peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate were significantly reduced by 45.5 % and 45.7 %, respectively. The detailed analysis indicated that the flame-retardant mechanism primarily resulted from the char layers reinforced by the continuous crystal grid structures in the asphalt, alongside the inert gases released by the flame-retardant nanocomposite. These results underscore the potential and significance of flame-retardant warm-mix asphalt for engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106353"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reversible thermochromic modulation for polydiacetylene derivatives with amide and aromatic groups targeting thermal monitor","authors":"Chunyu Song,&nbsp;Jiahao Huang,&nbsp;Chenglong Qiu,&nbsp;Yong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperature monitoring is essential for many natural and engineering processes in our daily life. Reversible and irreversible temperature sensors for different applications or environments have been devised to accommodate these processes. In this study, two polydiacetylenes (PDA-1 and PDA-2) functionalized with amide groups are prepared by topochemical polymerization, which exhibit reversible and irreversible thermochromic behavior at different temperatures. The thermochromic properties of these PDAs are evaluated by UV–vis absorption spectrum. Both samples can undergo multi-step thermochromic processes, which turn red at 80 and 90 °C, respectively. Their thermal stabilities are characterized by thermogravimetric analyses, which demonstrate that both PDAs are sufficiently stable when used up to 200 °C. The changes in the unsaturated structure before and after heating the resulting PDAs are revealed by Raman spectroscopy. In-situ FTIR spectroscopy captures the dynamic changes of molecular bonds and conjugated structures under thermal stimulation. Compared with PDA-1, strong hydrogen-bonding networks and aromatic interactions in headgroup provide PDA-2 with the capability of recovering its initial molecular organization and average π-electron conjugation length upon removal of thermal stimuli. PDAs present aggregated sheet-like structure before and after heating upon 100 °C. XRD results reveal that the blue-to-red color transition originated from the slight increase of the d-spacing value of the macromolecular backbones. The CR value of PDA-2 reaches 0.65 at 100 °C, indicating superior color transfer performance. Once cooled to 20 °C, the CR value sharply drops back to its initial level, demonstrating that its thermochromic reversibility is quite high. In particular, PDA-2 presents a reversible thermochromic feature upon heating at 100 °C, making it an efficient and reusable temperature-sensing material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106357"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144169357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-based polyester polyurethane acrylate resin: Synthesis and application for solventless UV-curable coatings","authors":"Vikas J. Patil ,&nbsp;Shivraj J. Dhole ,&nbsp;Vivek S. Bhamare ,&nbsp;Sumit S. Bhamare ,&nbsp;Swapnil L. Sonawane ,&nbsp;Vikas V. Gite","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bio-based materials have emerged as an environment friendly alternative to petrochemical based materials due to their sustainability, lower carbon footprint, and cost effectiveness. In UV-curable coatings, reactive diluents are used as a substitute for conventional organic solvents, which are otherwise contributing to volatile organic contents (VOCs) in controlling viscosity suitable for application of UV cured coatings. In this study, bio-based polyester-based polyurethane acrylate (PUA) was synthesized from castor oil glycidyl ether (COGE) via three-step process. First, acrylate polyester polyol (APEP) was synthesized by ring opening reaction of COGE with acrylic acid. Second, NCO-terminated polyurethane prepolymer was prepared by reacting 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). Finally, the prepolymer was reacted with APEP to form the final PUA oligomer. The structural features of synthesized intermediate and products were confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, and end group analysis. A series of solventless UV-cured coatings was prepared by incorporating different percentages (10–20 %) of reactive diluents-trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and 1, 4-butanediol diacrylate (BDDA) into the PUA oligomer under UV light. The resulting cured coatings were evaluated for their physicochemical properties. The decrease in viscosity of coating has been observed after addition of reactive diluent. The anticorrosion properties of coatings were assessed by immersion and electrochemical methods in a 3.5 % NaCl solution. Coatings were also characterized by differential scanning calorimeter and thermogravimetric analysis to evaluate the glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal stability. Contact angle measurements and X-ray diffraction were used to explore the hydrophobicity and crystallinity of cured films. The cured PUA coatings with reactive diluents demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties, thermal stability, swelling resistance, and anticorrosion performance. This work highlights the potential of bio-based UV-curable, solvent-free PUA system as sustainable alternatives for the development of bio-based coating using reactive diluent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106345"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-strength composites made of cellulose and renewable thermosetting resins based on 5-HMF","authors":"Irena Pulko ,&nbsp;Edita Jasiukaityte Grojzdek ,&nbsp;Vesna Žepič Bogataj ,&nbsp;Miroslav Huskić","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermosetting resins based on renewable 5-HMF and phenol were synthesized and the influence of different reaction conditions (in aqueous solution and bulk, without catalyst and with HCl as catalyst) is discussed. The aim of the research was to synthesize a liquid resin that can be used to produce composites using the same processing methods as the epoxy composites. The liquid resin was obtained without a catalyst. The structure of the resin was determined by ¹H, ¹³C, 2D and APT NMR spectroscopy. The resin was cured with hexamethylenetetramine. Composites with a resin content of 22 % and a paper content of 78 % were prepared and characterized. The moduli of elasticity of these composites were between 6.4 GPa and 7.4 GPa and the tensile strength was up to 91 MPa. No glass transition was observed in the dynamic mechanical analysis at temperatures up to 180 °C, and the loss modulus decreased only by 50 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 106343"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalytic effect of rare-earth triflates in the relaxation and creep behavior of poly(epoxy imine) vitrimers","authors":"Tommaso Telatin ,&nbsp;Silvia De la Flor ,&nbsp;Àngels Serra ,&nbsp;Xavier Montané","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The catalytic activity of scandium triflate, known for its efficiency in transimination reactions, as well as lanthanum and ytterbium triflates, was explored in promoting imine metathesis reactions in Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs). In the present work, we focused on a previously examined system where bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) was cured with a telechelic primary amine-terminated polyimine oligomer. The resulting material exhibited vitrimeric behavior ascribable to the imine metathesis reaction. The structure of the oligomer was characterized by ¹H NMR and its molecular weight was determined by end-groups analysis, after derivatization with <em>tert</em>-butyl isocyanate. To overcome the limitations in the stress relaxation process, caused by the network structure, we explored the addition of some rare-earth triflates to see if they could accelerate the exchange process. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the absence of by-product formation during the curing process with these catalysts, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to assess their potential effects on curing kinetics.</div><div>Thermomechanical properties were evaluated through dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMTA). Our findings revealed a complex effect of the triflate salts on the creep resistance of the materials. These catalysts enhanced deformation stability through imine-metal coordination but simultaneously reduced activation energies for the exchange process, balancing structural integrity with dynamic adaptability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 106341"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144116677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}