Reactive & Functional Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Phase-transfer catalyzed cyanoethylation of resorcinol–formaldehyde resin: Synthesis and characterization","authors":"Humaira Parveen ,&nbsp;Nawaa Ali H. Alshammari ,&nbsp;Nawaf Albeladi ,&nbsp;Eman H. Tawfik ,&nbsp;Hayat D. Zagloul ,&nbsp;Hedia Ouni ,&nbsp;M. Monier","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the current research, a novel cyanoethylated resorcinol–formaldehyde resin (RF-CN) was synthesized through phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) using acrylonitrile. The degree of cyanoethylation (DCE) was optimized through reaction condition manipulation and confirmed by gravimetry analysis, elemental analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy. Solid-state ¹³C NMR also confirmed structural modification through characteristic resonances of the introduced –CN groups. Morphological analysis via SEM displayed conspicuous changes in surface texture and porosity upon modification. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated enhanced thermal stability of RF-CN through a two-stage degradation profile compared to the single-stage degradation of pure RF. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) and Van't Hoff analysis attested to the spontaneity and endothermicity of the functionalization under PTC. Kinetic studies via initial rate measurements allowed the estimation of activation energy, testifying to the catalytic efficiency of benzyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride (BTPP) in lowering the energy barrier of the reaction. Further, the versatility of RF-CN as a platform was testified by nucleophilic post-functionalization with hydroxylamine and salicylic acid hydrazide to give amidoxime (AOX-RF) and hydrazidine (SAH-RF) derivatives. The derivatives were characterized neatly by elemental analysis, FTIR, and ¹³C NMR, testifying to successful incorporation. Overall, this study describes a systematic approach to the design of functionalized RF-based sorbents with tunable properties for advanced applications<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 106638"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure–reactivity relationships in DDQ-based charge-transfer complexes: Single-crystal XRD, spectroscopic, DFT studies and photoinitiation efficiency in cationic polymerization","authors":"Huseyin Cem Kiliclar ,&nbsp;Berkay Sütay ,&nbsp;Palani Natajaran ,&nbsp;Onder Metin ,&nbsp;Yusuf Yagci ,&nbsp;Kerem Kaya","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Charge-transfer (CT) cocrystals of the strong <em>π</em>-acceptor 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) with a series of aromatic electron donor molecules, namely, <em>N</em>-ethylcarbazole (NEC), <em>p</em>-dimethoxybenzene (DMB) and diphenylacetylene (DPA), were prepared for the first time by solvent evaporation method and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV–Vis, NMR spectroscopy and theoretical studies. According to conducted measurements, all complexes crystallize in 1:1 donor–acceptor stoichiometry, with nearly planar <em>π</em>-systems that stack in alternating columns. While NEC-DDQ and DMB-DDQ pairs form strong face-to-face <em>π–π</em> stacks with centroid–centroid distances of 3.28 Å and 3.39 Å, respectively, DPA–DDQ complex shows a slipped geometry with partial overlap (larger shift distance) and weaker <em>π–π</em> interaction with centroid-centroid distance of 3.84 Å. NEC and DMB donors exhibited photoinitiation in the cationic polymerizations of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE), under visible, white and near-infrared irradiation, attributed to their high electron-donating ability and favorable co-facial stacking with DDQ. In contrast, DPA-DDQ complex failed to initiate photocationic polymerization due to weak donor strength and poor <em>π–π</em> stacking. No complexes initiated ε-caprolactone (ECL) polymerization, indicating a need for stronger Lewis acid for the initiation. This study provides design principles for engineering solid-state CT photoinitiators via donor choice and crystal packing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 106649"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of an aromatic polyester for enhanced mechanical properties of stereolithography resins","authors":"Lifang Lin ,&nbsp;Wei Cao ,&nbsp;Hongbo Liu ,&nbsp;Zhaoxi Zhou ,&nbsp;Haopeng Wang ,&nbsp;Qiming Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaowen Pu ,&nbsp;Dhandapani Kuzhandaivel ,&nbsp;Zixiang Weng ,&nbsp;Lixin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread adoption of vat photopolymerization (VPP) 3D printing for creating functional load-bearing components is often constrained by the inherent brittleness of photocurable stereolithography resins (SLRs), which typically exhibit high rigidity but low fracture toughness. To overcome this limitation, we designed and synthesized a novel low-molecular-weight aromatic copolyester, poly(adipic acid-<em>co</em>-phthalic acid)-<em>co</em>-(1,4-butanediol-<em>co</em>-neopentyl glycol) (PABN), which serves as a multifunctional toughening modifier. The PABN architecture was strategically engineered to incorporate rigid aromatic segments for enhanced thermal and mechanical properties, methyl-functionalized side chains to inhibit crystallization and promote chain mobility, and terminal carboxyl groups to form covalent bonds with the epoxy matrix, ensuring robust interfacial adhesion. This polyester was synthesized via melt polycondensation and incorporated into a commercial SLR formulation to create a series of SLR/PABN hybrid systems with varying polyester contents. Remarkably, the hybrid system containing 10 wt% PABN achieved a superior balance of properties, exhibiting simultaneous and significant enhancements in toughness, stiffness, and strength. Specifically, it increased the fracture toughness (K_IC), elongation at break, elastic modulus, and hardness by approximately 18.2%, 70.0%, 65.2%, and 80.6%, respectively, compared to the unmodified resin. Furthermore, the hybrid resin maintained a suitable viscosity for processing and exhibited good stability. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed a phase-separated morphology that facilitated effective energy dissipation in the device. This study validates a sophisticated molecular-level design strategy for aromatic polyesters, providing a viable pathway for developing high-performance, toughened, photocurable resins for demanding industrial applications in additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 106656"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic toughening of polypropylene using recycled PVB and POE-g-MA via one-step reactive blending","authors":"Jingjing An ,&nbsp;Rui Wang ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Yanyu Yang ,&nbsp;Wanjie Wang ,&nbsp;Yanxia Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, recycled poly(vinyl butyral) (r-PVB) and maleic anhydride grafted poly(ethylene-octene) (POE-g-MA) were employed to synergistically toughen polypropylene (PP) via one-step reactive melt blending. Results revealed that hydroxyl groups of r-PVB reacted with anhydride groups of POE-g-MA at the interface, generating in situ compatibilizers and significantly improving interfacial adhesion. Although thermodynamic predictions suggested that POE-g-MA should encapsulate r-PVB, the actual morphology was dominated by viscosity-driven kinetics, leading to the formation of a unique core-shell structure with r-PVB as the shell and POE-g-MA as the core. This morphology effectively promoted energy dissipation, enabling the PP/r-PVB/POE-g-MA (70/10/20) blend to achieve a notched impact strength of 78.0 kJ/m², which is 16.6 times higher than that of neat PP, thus realizing super-toughening. This work not only provides a new pathway for value-added recycling of r-PVB but also reveals a kinetic-dominated mechanism of phase morphology in reactive multicomponent blends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 106653"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rigid highly hydrophobic polyvinyl formal sponges via dual glutaraldehyde crosslinking and silane grafting for high-performance oil sorption","authors":"Junyi Lin ,&nbsp;Chuanzhuang Zhao ,&nbsp;Li Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanical fragility under liquid-saturated conditions remains a critical limitation of conventional porous oil sorbents, including many polyvinyl formal (PVF) sponges that primarily rely on surface wettability optimization. In this work, a mechanically reinforced and highly hydrophobic PVF sponge is developed through a chemically integrated two-step modification strategy. First, a secondary glutaraldehyde-induced acetal crosslinking process is employed to densify the PVF network and substantially enhance structural rigidity. Subsequently, covalent grafting of dodecyltrimethoxysilane introduces low-surface-energy alkyl chains and hierarchical micro/nanoscale surface roughness, yielding stable hydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 131°, maintained under acidic, alkaline, and saline environments. The resulting sponge exhibits selective adsorption toward a broad range of organic solvents both on and beneath the water surface, with an adsorption capacity of up to 9.1 g g⁻¹. Notably, the material retains a high compressive strength of 3.38 MPa even in the saturated state, effectively preventing structural collapse and secondary leakage during oil recovery. In emulsion separation, the sponge achieves an ultrahigh oil flux of 2.9 × 10⁴ L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹ for water-in-oil emulsions and maintains over 94% removal efficiency for oil-in-water emulsions across 10 consecutive cycles. By directly addressing the mechanical instability of conventional PVF sorbents through covalent network reinforcement, this study offers a robust design strategy for developing durable functional polymer sponges for oil–water separation applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 106658"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart supramolecular hydrogels as a potential platform for wound dressings: Harnessing thiamine to boost neomycin efficacy","authors":"Alexandra Lupu ,&nbsp;Luiza Madalina Gradinaru ,&nbsp;Maria Bercea ,&nbsp;Mihaela Avadanei ,&nbsp;Vasile Robert Gradinaru ,&nbsp;Irina Rosca ,&nbsp;Daniela Rusu","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Novel water-soluble thermoresponsive polyurethanes containing Pluronic F127 and lysine- or hexametylene-based diisocyanate are synthesized via a controlled polymerization approach. Subsequently, composite hydrogels of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyurethane (PU) are prepared and their morphological and rheological characteristics are systematically investigated. These physical networks are built through the combined action of two types of non-covalent interactions: hydrogen bonding (applying successive freezing/thawing cycles leads to the formation of a PVA network structure), and temperature-induced hydrophobic interactions (thermostating the samples at 37 °C changes the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and favors the gelation of PU micelles). This dual reinforcement strategy enhances the structural integrity and responsiveness of the composite matrix. The hydrogels are loaded with thiamine and neomycin sulfate to study their delivery in phosphate-buffered saline solution at pH = 7.4 and physiological temperature. In the presence of polyurethane, the release profile is dominated by both diffusional and relaxation contributions. The incorporation of different concentrations of a model active vitamin enhances the antibiotic delivery, but has no influence on the antimicrobial activity. Thus, this study opens a new window for the design of suitable eco-friendly biomaterials for wound dressing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 106648"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating aggregation near isoelectric point in amphoteric acrylic polymers for high-performance chrome-free leather retanning","authors":"Qijun Li ,&nbsp;Yudan Yi ,&nbsp;Haoyue Li ,&nbsp;Bi Shi ,&nbsp;Ya-nan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amphoteric acrylic polymers offer a promising solution to the incompatibility between innovative chrome-free tanning methods and conventional anionic chemicals, making them ideal retanning agents for sustainable leather production. However, their practical application is severely limited by their propensity for aggregation around the isoelectric point (pI). In this study, a series of amphoteric acrylic polymers (PDAs) were synthesized by adjusting the molar ratio of dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DMAPMA) to acrylic acid (AA) to achieve tailored pIs (4.11–5.29). The PDA solutions exhibited high stability and remained transparent near their pIs, with a turbidity below 3.0 NTU. Notably, PDA with lower pI exhibited higher uptake rate in retanning process. PDA_0.5 (DMAPMA/AA molar ratio 0.5:1, pI 4.24) exhibited the most uniform penetration within chrome-free tanned leather among the synthetized PDAs, which can be attributed to its stable solution property and optimal charge regulation ability. Consequently, PDA_0.5 retanned leather showed more uniform dispersion of post-tanning chemicals, enhanced fullness and higher porosity (54.24 %) compared to leather retanned with other PDAs or a commercial amphoteric retanning agent. The non-aggregating nature of the PDAs at their pI conferred superior retanning performance, thus enabling more efficient chrome-free leather processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 106639"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring hydroquinone as a non‑sulfur curing agent on epoxidized natural rubber towards the development of highly stretchable and transparent elastomeric composites","authors":"Praveen Balaji T ,&nbsp;Andreas Seifert ,&nbsp;Arnab Sarkar ,&nbsp;Susanta Banerjee ,&nbsp;Soumyadip Choudhury","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2025.106622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epoxidized natural rubber possesses dual functionality due to the presence of double bonds and epoxide groups. The double bonds can undergo traditional vulcanization, while the epoxide groups allow for an alternative pathway for crosslinking. This study investigates the crosslinking behavior of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) when treated with hydroquinone (HQ) as a curing additive. The findings indicate that HQ can significantly initiate and cure ENR, a conclusion supported by FTIR analysis. The electrostatic interaction between the hydroxyl group of HQ and the less sterically hindered C-O-C carbon of the epoxide group effectively initiates the curing process. As the dosage of HQ and the epoxy content in ENR (specifically ENR-25 and ENR-50) increase, there is a noticeable rise in crosslinking density and rheometric torque in the rubber composites. This enhancement results in greater hardness, tensile strength, and both static and dynamic moduli. Additionally, the introduction of HQ into the ENR compounds contributes to the development of a crosslinked network, which increases the glass transition temperature (T_<em>g</em>) of the ENR materials. The composites produced from this innovative network can be utilized in various applications, including stretchable electronics and flexible robotics. Furthermore, these composites demonstrate significant optical transparency, making them suitable for transparent coatings and optical-grade elastomeric applications. This transparency, combined with mechanical durability and thermal stability, expands their potential uses in high-performance coatings and protective layers for electronic devices, as well as in stretchable electronic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 106622"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactive nitrogen–boron polyols for flame-retardant and low-smoke rigid polyurethane foams","authors":"Xiaoyan Sun ,&nbsp;Ziheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Chunfan Xu ,&nbsp;Min Hao ,&nbsp;Madeleine Bussemaker ,&nbsp;Lian X. Liu ,&nbsp;Ru Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is extensively employed in construction and transportation for its superior insulation and structural integrity. However, its inherent high flammability restricts its utility across various applications. The excessive use of traditional flame retardants can lead to a reduction in the physical properties of materials and the generation of toxic by-products during combustion. To address this challenge, we developed an innovative flame-retardant system for RPUF, using nitrogen-containing polyols synthesized from formaldehyde and melamine, and replacing traditional polyols with 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (MPD), alongside boron-containing polyols derived from glycerol and boric acid. The incorporation of nitrogen- and boron-containing polyols at a 1:1 ratio has markedly raised the limiting oxygen index of RPUF from 19.1 % (pure RPUF) to 26.8 % while maintaining its mechanical properties, with the compressive strength ranging from 0.48 MPa to 0.50 MPa. Compared to traditional polyether polyols, MPD offers an environmentally friendly alternative by reducing toxic byproduct emissions during combustion, providing a safer profile in fire scenarios. Additionally, compared to pure RPUF, the total heat release and total smoke production were significantly reduced by 68.8 % and 52.4 %, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated enhanced thermal stability and char-forming ability, further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. These findings suggest that the newly developed system has great potential for enhancing RPUF's flame retardancy and smoke reduction while maintaining its mechanical properties at the same time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 106641"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient removal of bilirubin through the construction of nitrogen-rich biomass-based cellulose@polypyrrole","authors":"Baoyu Li ,&nbsp;Jiaping Feng ,&nbsp;Dan Huang ,&nbsp;Huiping Shao ,&nbsp;Rui Xu ,&nbsp;Yufeng Zheng ,&nbsp;Jiulong Li ,&nbsp;Hongquan Fu ,&nbsp;Juan Zhang ,&nbsp;Hejun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2026.106640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accumulation of bilirubin in the body can severely damage the nervous system and cause diseases like nuclear jaundice. Thus, developing adsorbent materials with high bio-compatibility and low cost is crucial. This work innovatively employed a one-step in situ polymerization method to graft polypyrrole onto microcrystalline cellulose surfaces, successfully constructing a nitrogen-doped cellulose@polypyrrole composite for highly efficient bilirubin removal. Extensive structural analysis using FT-IR, XPS, BET and SEM showed the material has a porous structure, and the specific surface area of the optimum material is 17 times higher than that of microcrystalline cellulose, ideal for bilirubin adsorption. Adsorption tests revealed a capacity of 710.76 mg/g for unconjugated bilirubin and 264.34 mg/g for conjugated bilirubin. DFT clarified that the adsorption mechanism is dominated by hydrogen bonding with π-π interactions as a secondary factor, elucidating the reason for the performance enhancement at the structure level. This novel, high-performance, and low -cost adsorbent offers a new solution for efficient bilirubin removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20916,"journal":{"name":"Reactive & Functional Polymers","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 106640"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}