Przeglad epidemiologiczny最新文献

{"title":"Meningitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2022","authors":"Karolina Mrozowska-Nyckowska, Jakub Zbrzeźniak, I. Paradowska-Stankiewicz","doi":"10.32394/pe/191221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/191221","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION.Monitoring of meningitis and/or encephalitis regardless of etiology is part of routine epidemiological surveillance in Poland. In this study, we discuss in detail meningitis and/or encephalitis in 2022 caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was an epidemiological assessment of the occurrence of meningoencephalitis and encephalitis in Poland in 2022, taking into account the analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS. To analyze the epidemiological situation of neuroinfections in Poland, we used data sent to NIPH NIH–NRI by the Sanitary and Epidemiological Stations and published in the annual bulletins: \"Infectious Diseases and Poisons in Poland in 2022\" and \"Vaccinations in Poland in 2022\" as well as individual epidemiological interviews registered in the EpiBase system. RESULTS. In 2022, a total of 1747 cases of meningitis and/or encephalitis were registered in Poland. This was a 79.4% increase in the number of cases compared to 2021, when 974 cases were recorded. For infections of bacterial etiology, including cases of neuroborreliosis, the number of cases increased by 62.3% . The incidence of meningitis and/or encephalitis of N. meningitidis etiology meningitidis increased by 30.8%, with etiology of H. influenzae compared to 2021 increased by 300%, and for S. pneumoniae by 71.9%. Infections of viral etiology accounted for 52% of all registered cases. There was an increase in their number by 99.1% compared to 2021. Among viral infections, tick-borne encephalitis was the most numerous group, with 466 cases compared to 210 in 2021. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. The year 2022 showed an overall upward trend in the number of registered cases of bacterial and viral meningitis and/or encephalitis compared to 2021. Still, the observed number of cases of meningitis and/or encephalitis of both bacterial and viral origin remains below the levels observed in the period before the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141821085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Difficulties in ophthalmic symptom interpretation in a patient with COVID-19","authors":"Aleksander Robert Stawowski, Sylwester Szymon Stawowski, Anna M Moniuszko-Malinowska, Katarzyna Guziejko, K. Snarska, J. Konopińska, Monika Groth, Monika Chorąży","doi":"10.32394/pe/191135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/191135","url":null,"abstract":"W niniejszym artykule opisujemy przypadek 70-letniego mężczyzny, u którego zdiagnozowanie oponiaka mózgu było utrudnione przez zakażenie SARS-CoV-2. Pacjent, zaszczepiony prze-ciwko COVID-19 dwukrotnie preparatem AstraZeneca, został przyjęty do Szpitala Tymczaso-wego nr 2, Uniwersyteckiego Szpitala Klinicznego w Białymstoku, z pozytywnym wynikiem testu PCR na obecność wirusa SARS-CoV-2. Stan ogólny pacjenta był dobry, ale zgłaszał znaczną redukcję ostrości widzenia w lewym oku oraz bóle głowy. Wykonano szereg badań oku-listycznych, które nie wyjaśniły przyczyny tak znacznego obniżenia ostrości widzenia. W trak-cie hospitalizacji zaobserwowano nieprawidłową reakcję źrenicy na światło oka lewego, co spowodowało poszerzenie diagnostyki o badania obrazowe (TK i MRI). Tomografia kompute-rowa oraz rezonans magnetyczny ujawniły rozległe izointensywne obszary w przednim dole czaszki, sugerujące obecność oponiaka. Postawianie ostatecznej diagnozy i wyjaśnienie przy-czyny pogorszenia widzenia okiem lewym skutkowało przeniesieniem na oddział neurochirurgii w celu przeprowadzenia leczenia operacyjnego. Przypadkowo wykryta bezobjawowa infekcja SARS-CoV-2 przyspieszyła diagnostykę okulistyczno-neurologiczną, jednakże diagnoza CO-VID-19 może maskować prawidłową interpretację innych objawów choroby.","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"8 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burden of ischemic stroke in sub-Saharan African countries based on DALYs index – trend analysis and identification of risk factors","authors":"Katarzyna Camlet, Dominik Olejniczak, Aleksandra Maciejczyk, P. Jankowski","doi":"10.32394/pe/190845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/190845","url":null,"abstract":"Stroke burden, measured by DALYs, reveals a growing concern in sub-Saharan Africa. Ischemic stroke, exacerbated by modifiable risk factors like hypertension and household air pollution, poses a significant health challenge. Regional disparities, economic development, and healthcare inefficiencies underscore the need for targeted interventions and further research.This study aims to analyze trends in the burden of ischemic stroke across specific regions in sub-Saharan Africa from 2000 to 2019. The objective is to identify key changes in stroke burden progression and highlight modifiable risk factors.Utilizing World Health Organization (WHO) data from 2000 and 2019, national estimates of ischemic stroke DALYs in 49 sub-Saharan African countries were collected. DALYs were calculated per 100,000 population to reduce the impact of population size. Statistical analyses and visual representations using MapChart were employed to interpret the trends.The study reveals wide variations in ischemic stroke DALYs changes across sub-Saharan African countries from 2000 to 2019. Predominantly, countries in the Eastern and Southern regions experienced adverse increases, while those in the Central and West regions mostly exhibited declines in DALYs. Countries such as Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and Mauritius, saw the most significant DALYs increases, whereas Rwanda, Malawi, and Equatorial Guinea experienced the most favorable changes.Stroke is a pressing health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. Modifiable risk factors like hypertension and household air pollution necessitate targeted interventions. Tailored healthcare policies, reinforced health systems and comprehensive research into region-specific risk factors are crucial to alleviate stroke-related morbidity and mortality in the region. Addressing these challenges is vital to mitigate the increasing burden of stroke in the particular regions of sub-Saharan Africa.","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"41 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141663891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current challenges in diagnosing and treating infectious skin diseases - a case series.","authors":"Andrzej Kazimierz Jaworek, Karolina Pełka, Karolina Kozicka, Konrad Kaleta, Wiktoria Suchy, Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach, Anna Wojas-Pelc","doi":"doi.org/10.32394/pe.77.47","DOIUrl":"doi.org/10.32394/pe.77.47","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious skin diseases constitute a significant public health problem. Despite the systematic development of many modern diagnostic and therapeutic tools, they still pose a serious challenge for clinicians. Due to their prevalence and mild course in most cases, they are often marginalized, which can delay their diagnosis and treatment initiation. Such an approach in more clinically advanced cases can have serious consequences, sometimes leading to tragic outcomes. This work presents a series of four cases of common infectious skin diseases with an unusually atypical clinical picture: the history of a 49-year-old female patient with recurrent erysipelas of the right lower leg co-occurring with a SARS-CoV-2 infection, a 75-year-old male patient with a generalized form of herpes zoster, a 38-year-old female patient with a complicated severe course of head lice, and a 34-year-old male patient with a severe form of post-steroid mycosis. In each of these cases, difficulties in making the correct diagnosis were highlighted, even though they represent some of the most common bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal dermatoses. The paper discusses the risk factors for these diseases, the pathophysiology of their atypical course, the effects and challenges in the therapeutic approach conducted. Infectious skin dermatoses require aggressive treatment and should never be underestimated.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"78 1","pages":"27-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141432653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elaboration of selected respiratory system diseases in children in the pediatric hospital Bielsko-Biala In years 2015-2022.","authors":"Dariusz Góra, Barbara Michałek-Piernik","doi":"doi.org/10.32394/pe.77.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/doi.org/10.32394/pe.77.49","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Respiratory tract infections in children are an interdisciplinary problem that pediatricians, allergists, laryngologists and immunologists encounter on a daily basis. In the youngest children, these diseases are caused by the structure of the respiratory tract, which is shorter and narrower than in an adult, as well as the immaturity of the immune system. Among all children under 5 years of age hospitalized due to respiratory diseases, 20% of cases are acute respiratory infections.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the study is to discuss selected respiratory diseases in children aged 0-18 years hospitalized at the Pediatric Hospital in Bielsko-Biała.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>In June 2023, statistical data from the Pediatric Hospital was received regarding the number of hospitalized children aged 0-18 in 2015-2022. This article covers the following respiratory diseases: acute laryngitis, acute pharyngitis, pneumonia, bronchitis and bronchiolitis, bronchial asthma, adenoid hypertrophy and palatine tonsil hypertrophy coexisting with adenoid hypertrophy. Then, a table was prepared illustrating the trends of individual disease entities in the discussed time period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 5,573 hospitalizations were analyzed for the period from 2015-2022. The largest group of children (1,583) were hospitalized due to acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis (28.41%), due to hypertrophy of the adenoid (1,093) and palatine tonsils (1,039), which is 19.6% and 18.64% respectively. The smallest number of children and adolescents were hospitalized due to acute laryngotracheitis (474) and pharyngitis (361), which is 8.51% and 6.47%, respectively, and due to asthma (54), which is 0.97%. It has been observed that from 2017 to 2022 the number of hospitalized patients is constantly increasing due to acute pharyngitis and pneumonia, and from 2018 to 2022 due to acute laryngotracheitis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the analyzed Pediatric Hospital in Bielsko-Biała, the number of hospitalized children (from 0 to 18 years of age) due to pharyngitis, laryngotracheitis and pneumonia increased during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022). The number of hospitalized patients due to pneumonia increased by as many as 70 from 2021 (197) to 2022 (267). In the case of hospitalizations for pharyngitis during the COVID-19 period, the number ranged from 46 in 2019 to 69 in 2022. Also in the case of acute laryngotracheitis in the period 2019-2022, the number of hospitalized young patients increases and ranges from 61 to 76. Respiratory tract infections are an important and common health problem for children. The vast majority of respiratory infections are caused by viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"78 1","pages":"56-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141432654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Rzeszów in 2023.","authors":"Adam Sidor, Jaromir Ślączka, Dominika Rylska-Malita, Katarzyna Rajzer, Anna Sierakowska, Urszula Mikulska","doi":"10.32394/pe/188372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/188372","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Legionnaires' disease is a type of severe pneumonia caused by Legionella bacteria. The case fatality rate in this disease is 5-10%. People with various comorbidities, smokers and the elderly are at greater risk of developing the disease.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the work is to present the results of an epidemiological investigation into the outbreak of Legionnaires' disease that occurred in the city of Rzeszów and the surrounding area in August and September 2023 and to present the threat related to the presence of Legionella bacteria in water supply installations and networks.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The material for this publication was data from an epidemiological investigation conducted in the outbreak of Legionnaires disease in Rzeszów in 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Epidemiological investigation revealed 165 cases of Legionnaires' disease in the outbreak, including 152 confirmed cases and 13 probable cases. The case fatality rate in a legionellosis outbreak was 15%. Environmental tests were carried out in residential and public buildings and industrial installations during the investigation. As part of environmental tests, 187 water samples were collected, including 87 warm water samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in the city of Rzeszów draws attention to the potential threat from the Legionella bacteria to the health and life of especially elderly people suffering from chronic diseases. The environmental tests carried out confirmed the highest number of Legionella bacteria at medium and high levels in water samples taken in the private apartments of sick people. Despite the lack of strict legal regulations clearly specifying the obligations regarding periodic disinfection of internal hot water supply installations, cooperation with their owners should be undertaken to enforce plans and actions in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"78 1","pages":"44-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141432657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public health threat of novel zoonotic diseases: literature review.","authors":"Jakub Fiegler-Rudol, Dr N Med Karolina Lau, Dr Hab N Med Janusz Kasperczyk","doi":"10.32394/pe/188161","DOIUrl":"10.32394/pe/188161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zoonoses, diseases transmitted from animals to humans, continue to challenge public health despite advancements in controlling infectious diseases. The intricate link between human, animal, and environmental health is emphasised by the fact that zoonoses contribute to 60% of emerging human infections. Wet markets, wildlife hunting, intensive wildlife farming, and interactions between domestic animals and humans are key transmission sources. Historical examples like the bubonic plague and English Sweats illustrate the longstanding impact of zoonotic diseases. With new transmission patterns emerging, it is necessary to use new techniques to predict disease spread. This article delves into the emergence of new zoonoses, such as the Nipah virus and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, emphasizing the importance of understanding zoonotic aspects for outbreak prevention. Re-emerging zoonoses, like tuberculosis and vaccine-preventable diseases, present challenges, exacerbated by factors like globalized human activities and disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health implications are explored, including economic losses, antibiotic resistance, and the disruption of international trade.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"78 1","pages":"69-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141432660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors of latent tuberculosis infection in hemodialysis patients in southwest Iran.","authors":"Marzie Rahimi, Fatemeh Forouzani, Ali Mousavizadeh, Reza Shahriarirad, Ali Ardekani, Sara Foolad, Gordafarin Nikbakht","doi":"doi.org/10.32394/pe.77.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/doi.org/10.32394/pe.77.46","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant global health concern, particularly in developing countries. Diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in hemodialysis patients is crucial because of the risk of developing active tuberculosis in this population due to attenuated immune response. Herein, we assessed the prevalence of LTBI in hemodialysis patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, we included all patients referred to hemodialysis centers in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, southwest Iran, in 2018 through census sampling. Tuberculin skin test (TST) was utilized to screen the patients for LTBI. All steps were done by trained physicians.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 183 patients (mean age: 59.3, SD= 16.0) were included in the study of which 76 (41.5%) were females, and 107 (58.5%) were males. Neither the patients nor their family members had a history of tuberculosis. Assuming an above 5-millimeter enduration as a positive TST result, 22 patients (12%) had LTBI. None of the demographic or clinical features differed between TST -negative and -positive groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hemodialysis patients are prone to LTBI due to several immunological and environmental factors. Screening for LTBI may be beneficial to prevent active tuberculosis in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"78 1","pages":"22-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141432659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infections caused by Slackia exigua: A single-center experience and literature review.","authors":"Kinga Markowska, Anna Majewska, Dariusz Kawecki, Hanna Pituch","doi":"doi.org/10.32394/pe.77.45","DOIUrl":"doi.org/10.32394/pe.77.45","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Slackia exigua, originally classified as Eubacterium exiguum, is a Gram-positive, asaccharolytic, rod-shaped anaerobic bacterium. The virulence factors of S. exigua have not been accurately identified. The objective of the study is to evaluate the pathogenic potential of S. exigua by presenting the cases of infections diagnosed at our hospital laboratory. Additionally, we reviewed the literature to summarize the experience with S. exigua infections to clarify, in the light of current knowledge, the clinical picture, diagnostic, and therapeutic issues related to this anaerobic bacterium. We reported eleven severe human infections caused by S. exigua. All patients required hospitalization. Nine of the cases involved chronic infections in the stomatognathic system, in two patients, skin infections were diagnosed. As it is known, S. exigua is a component of the human microbiota; however, it can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in the case of translocation outside its natural habitat. A critical literature analysis revealed that S. exigua can be responsible for bacteremia, meningitis, tissue necrosis, periprosthetic joint infection, and osteomyelitis. Several studies have been published regarding the determination of drug susceptibility of S. exigua. The isolated strains were susceptible to most antibiotics used for the treatment of anaerobic infections. The interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing for some slow-growing in vitro, infrequently causing infections anaerobic bacteria, such as S. exigua, is based on The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) additional guidance taking into account the determination of drug susceptibility for groups of microorganisms for which cut-off values have not been developed.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"78 1","pages":"3-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141432655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient with actinomycosis of the cervicofacial and abdominal area, case report.","authors":"Patrycja Łanowy, Barbara Sobala-Szczygieł, Karol Jerzy Żmudka, Aleksandra Włosowicz, Jerzy Jaroszewicz","doi":"doi.org/10.32394/pe.77.50","DOIUrl":"doi.org/10.32394/pe.77.50","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Actinomycosis is a very rare, infectious disease, which is especially difficult to diagnose due to non-specific symptoms and the ability to emulate neoplasms or inflammatory changes. Due to those facts, it is often misdiagnosed or diagnosed too late to be successfully treated. This article presents the case of 31-year-old Caucasian female with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections and tonsillitis as the potential risk factors of actinomycosis. Upon examination of material collected through the course of tonsillectomy, the patient was diagnosed with actinomycosis of the left palatine tonsil. Despite the introduction of antibiotic therapy, initial progression was noted with the appearance of numerous, hypodense changes in the liver and the spleen, which regressed during further antibiotic treatment. According to our team's knowledge, this is the first described case of a patient with actinomycosis occurring simultaneously in the cervico-facial and abdominal area. The unusual localization and potential dissemination of actinomycosis should be considered in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"78 1","pages":"16-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141432658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}