Przeglad epidemiologiczny最新文献

{"title":"Two cases of early neurosyphilis with ocular involvement: The need for specialist consultations in patients with early syphilis.","authors":"Agnieszka Beata Serwin, Mateusz Matwiejuk, Iwona Flisiak","doi":"10.32394/pe/219110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/219110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Syphilis is a systemic infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The incidence of syphilis is increasing in Europe and, similarly, in Poland and was 9.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in European Union countries in 2023. The central nervous system (CNS) involvement may occur at any stage of untreated syphilis.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To demonstrate the need for specialist consultations in patients with early syphilis.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We present two, epidemiologically linked, HIV-negative cases of secondary syphilis with CNS and, in particular, ocular involvement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The male patient had no neurological nor ophthalmic complaints, the female noticed a slight visual acuity impairment. High titres of non-treponemal and treponemal serological tests for syphilis (STS) were noticed (VDRL 1/128, TPHA 1/20,480 and VDRL 1/64, TPHA 1/10,240 in a male and a female patient, respectively). Specialistic (neurological and ophthalmological) consultations and the examination of cerebrospinal fluid resulted in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis and administration of an appropriate treatment (with intravenous benzylpenicillin G). Six month after treatment both neurological and ophthalmological examinations' results were normal in both patients. They continue the follow-up, the titres of STS decline appropriately. Other sexual contacts of these patients were not identified and, thus, not tested.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Presented cases emphasise the need for multi-specialist consultations in patients with early symptomatic syphilis and high titres of STS, even in the absence of complaints or concomitant HIV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"80 1","pages":"3-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148607045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silent Pressures: The Public Health Threats of Undiagnosed Hypertension in Nigeria.","authors":"Adeola Mariam Lateef, Olubodun Micheal Lateef, Mark Musa Hamman, Franklyn Ayomide Oluwadare, Victor Ibukun Agbajelola","doi":"10.32394/pe/217068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/217068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypertension, often described as a \"silent killer,\" remains one of the leading modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and premature mortality worldwide. Its burden is rising most rapidly in low- and middle-income countries, where health systems are least equipped to respond. Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation, faces a particularly severe challenge. Current estimates indicate that approximately 36% of Nigerian adults are living with hypertension, yet awareness, treatment, and control rates remain critically low. As Nigeria undergoes rapid demographic growth, urbanization, and epidemiologic transition, the absolute number of individuals affected is projected to increase substantially, amplifying pressure on the health system and national workforce. This narrative review synthesizes peer-reviewed literature, national surveys, and global health reports published between 2010 and 2025 to examine the burden of undiagnosed and poorly controlled hypertension in Nigeria. We reviewed the trends, sociocultural and structural drivers, health system barriers, and public health responses within the Nigerian context. Evidence highlights the role of dietary transitions, physical inactivity, low health literacy, cultural misconceptions, and limited access to affordable primary care in sustaining the epidemic. The review suggests that effective responses must extend beyond individual behavior change to include community-based screening, workplace health programs, culturally tailored education, sodium reduction strategies, and strengthened primary healthcare delivery, hence framing hypertension as a shared public health and development challenge, rather than solely an individual clinical condition, is essential for reducing preventable morbidity and mortality, protecting workforce productivity, and supporting Nigeria's long-term health and socioeconomic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"80 1","pages":"89-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148607089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: A review of current scientific data.","authors":"Anna Kaźmierska, Magdalena Bodera, Radosław Szydłowski, Wojciech Kaźmierski, Dominik Bylica, Wojciech Blaut, Julia Gawron, Anna Hamerla, Hanna Porwolik, Krzysztof Blaut","doi":"10.32394/pe/218966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/218966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Introduction and Aim Air pollution is a major public health concern, adversely affecting both the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The main pollutants include particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen oxides (NO2), tropospheric ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and other toxic compounds. Numerous studies confirm an association between exposure to these pollutants and increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease, stroke, arrhythmias, and heart failure. This paper aims to summarise current knowledge on the effects of air pollution on the cardiovascular system and to discuss underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. State of Knowledge Air pollution is one of the leading environmental risk factors for premature mortality worldwide. The most harmful components include fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂). In 2021, the World Health Organisation (WHO) revised its air quality guidelines, lowering the recommended annual PM2.5 limit to 5 µg/m3. Pollutants induce oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic imbalance, contributing to cardiovascular disease development and progression. Short-term exposure increases the risk of acute events such as myocardial infarction and arrhythmias, while long-term exposure promotes atherosclerosis and chronic heart failure. The elderly, children, and individuals with chronic diseases are particularly vulnerable. This issue remains a major public health challenge globally. Summary Air pollution is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Reducing exposure through continuous air quality monitoring and effective preventive measures is essential for protecting public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"80 1","pages":"116-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148606974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profile of Joseph Goldberger (1874-1929): a remarkable physician, epidemiologist and scientist.","authors":"Przemysław Hałubiec, Agnieszk Paulina Łazarczyk, Michael Flis, Anna Wojas-Pelc, Andrzej Kazimierz Jaworek","doi":"10.32394/pe/217923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/217923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Joseph Goldberger (1874-1929) was a physician and epidemiologist conducting research in the United States in the first half of the 20th century. His greatest achievements include proving that the cause of pellagra are nutritional deficiencies. Pellagra is a serious disorder manifesting through diverse skin lesions and damage to internal organs - without proper treatment leading to death. The results of Joseph Goldberger's research enabled effective treatment of this disease and contained its epidemic in the United States. The aim of the work is to present the most crucial aspects of the life and activities of Joseph Goldberger.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"80 1","pages":"160-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148607029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and psychometric validation of Condom Sabotage Victimisation Scale (CSVS-5): Preliminary findings.","authors":"Maria Łukaszek, Alicja Kozakiewicz, Joanna Mazur, Agnieszka Wróbel-Chmiel, Agata Ormanin-Lewandowska, Zbigniew Izdebski","doi":"10.32394/pe/217294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/217294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Condom use effectively prevents sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies, and reduces psychological distress associated with concerns about the consequences of sexual activity.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study aimed to develop and conduct an initial psychometric evaluation of the Condom Sabotage Victimisation Scale (CSVS-5), a measure designed to capture non-consensual and coercive experiences in which individuals are persuaded or forced to engage in sexual intercourse without condom use.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We developed an eight-item preliminary scale based on a literature review of condom use resistance (CUR) tactics. Data were collected in Poland in May 2025 as part of the POLARES project. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. Of 1,265 respondents, 767 adults who had been sexually active in the past 12 months met the inclusion criteria. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on a test subsample, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a verification subsample.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyses supported a single-factor model of the CSVS-5, comprising five items with statistically significant standardised regression weights (p < 0.001; CFA loadings 0.598-0.962). The scale demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.900). The total score ranges from 0 to 15, with higher values indicating greater victimisation. The mean score for the total sample was 0.45 (SD = 1.86), with means of 0.38 (SD = 1.79) for women and 0.61 (SD = 1.99) for men (p = 0.003). Gender differences unfavourable to women were observed among individuals not in a stable relationship.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Condom Sabotage Victimisation Scale (CSVS-5) is a five-item instrument with robust psychometric properties. Its brevity renders it particularly suitable for use in multifaceted observational epidemiological studies, as well as in intervention research focused on STI/HIV prevention and sexual violence.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"80 1","pages":"133-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148607021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond antigenic variation: A review of innovative immuno-epidemiologic approaches to trypanosomiasis vaccine design.","authors":"Franklyn Ayomide Oluwadare, Olamilekan Gabriel Banwo, Terese Gabriel Orum, Adeola Mariam Lateef, Mark Musa Hamman, Victor Ibukun Agbajelola","doi":"10.32394/pe/219850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/219850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trypanosomiasis remains a major neglected tropical disease, largely uncontrolled due to rising drug resistance and the absence of an effective vaccine. Decades of vaccine failure are primarily linked to the parasite's immune-evasion strategy of Antigenic Variation (AV), driven by continual switching of the Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat. This review proposes an integrated immuno-epidemiologic framework that moves beyond VSG-focused strategies by targeting conserved functional vulnerabilities and incorporating population-level transmission dynamics. The approach redirects vaccine development toward invariant, indispensable antigens such as the Transferrin Receptor (TfR), Invariant Surface Glycoproteins (ISGs), and Paraflagellar Rod (PFR) components. Antibodies against these molecules can induce conserved killing mechanisms, including iron starvation or disruption of essential membrane functions - regardless of VSG switching. Advances in reverse vaccinology enable multi-epitope and mRNA platforms to encode these structurally constrained targets, while complementary transmission-blocking and vector-focused strategies aim to interrupt parasite development within tsetse flies. A central argument is that partially protective vaccines (PPVs) can produce substantial epidemiologic benefits by lowering parasitemia, shortening infectious duration, and reducing the probability of vector infection. Such effects can meaningfully suppress transmission without requiring sterilizing immunity. A One Health approach, coupled with realistic population-based efficacy metrics, is essential for future vaccine development. By exploiting conserved molecular constraints and integrating immunologic, ecological, and epidemiologic insights, this framework outlines a practical pathway toward effective trypanosomiasis vaccination.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"80 1","pages":"71-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148607057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vipera berus bite at the place of residence: A case report.","authors":"Dawid Wojciulik, Dominika Szczepańska, Patrycja Niewrzał, Agnieszka Joanna Wasilewska-Chrzanowska, Daria Anna Majchrzak, Joanna Zajkowska","doi":"10.32394/pe/218785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/218785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i></i>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are 4.5-5.4 million snakebites each year, and 1.8-2.7 million people develop symptomatic poisoning. Complications lead to the death of 81,000-138,000 patients annually and result in limb amputations or permanent disability in approximately 400,000 patients. This study aims to underscore the importance of early diagnosis and treatment for patients bitten by <i>Vipera berus</i>, as well as the need for education regarding the management of such cases. The paper presents the case of a 64-year-old female patient without comorbidities who was admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections due to a<i> Vipera berus</i> bite. A physical examination revealed severe bruising and swelling of the right upper limb, as well as numerous hemorrhages covering the right half of the chest. In the following days, increasing swelling and spreading of the bruises were observed. Laboratory results showed anemia resulting from hemolysis of blood components. Over time, the bruising was gradually absorbed, and the swelling of the limb decreased. This case highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and monitoring of local symptoms and coagulation parameters, rapid antitoxin administration, close observation of patients due to the risk of later deterioration, and education on management and differential diagnosis. <b></b>.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"80 1","pages":"44-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148607063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental, biological and behavioral factors influencing vitamin D status.","authors":"Magdalena Agnieszka Kamińska","doi":"10.32394/pe/217730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/217730","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vitamin D (VD) deficiency represents a global health problem affecting populations across all age groups, regardless of place of residence, sex, race, or body mass. Unlike other vitamins, it functions in the human body as a prohormone. Its active form, calcitriol, regulates calcium-phosphate homeostasis and exerts pleiotropic immunological, cardiometabolic, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects. The primary source of VD is cutaneous synthesis induced by UVB radiation, which under favorable conditions can fully meet the body's requirements. Fatty fish constitute the main exogenous source of vitamin D, whereas other dietary components, supplementation, and fortified foods play only a supplementary role. VD status is influenced by numerous environmental factors, including latitude, season, altitude, cloud cover, air pollution, and surface albedo. Although latitude was formerly considered the main predictor of VD levels, other determinants are now recognized as equally important. Among biological factors, age, sex, BMI, body fat content, skin melanin level, and genetic profile play a significant role. Melanin reduces endogenous VD synthesis, and this process further declines with age. Obesity predisposes to deficiency, most likely due to sequestration of cholecalciferol in adipose tissue. Behavioral factors such as diet, supplementation, wearing body-covering clothing, use of sunscreens, and sun-exposure habits significantly affect serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Interactions between these factors further complicate the assessment of deficiency risk. In Scandinavian countries, deficiencies related to low sunlight exposure are effectively compensated by diets rich in fatty fish and mandatory food fortification. The most effective preventive strategy is cholecalciferol supplementation in individually adjusted doses. Modern lifestyle, characterized by limited sun exposure, is one of the main contributors to VD deficiency. Since measurement of VD metabolites is not performed as a screening test in the general population, identification of risk factors and appropriate adjustment of supplementation remain crucial in deficiency prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"80 1","pages":"94-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148607064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delineating Socio-Behavioural Patterns, Community Dynamics and Health Impacts associated with Chemsex among Men who have sex with Men in New Delhi.","authors":"Atul Shendge, Abhishek Royal, Vaibhav Kumar, Shamim Mohammed, Varkey Nadakkavukaran Santhosh","doi":"10.32394/pe/219308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/219308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chemsex, involving intentional psychoactive substance use to enhance sexual experiences, poses significant health risks to men who have sex with men (MSM). In India, limited research exists on chemsex dynamics within MSM communities, particularly in stigmatized urban settings like New Delhi.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study explored socio-behavioural patterns, community dynamics, and health impacts associated with chemsex among MSM in New Delhi, investigating motivations, practices, risk behaviours, and support needs.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>An exploratory qualitative study was conducted from April 2022 to June 2023 following COREQ guidelines. Twenty-one MSM participants aged ≥18 years who engaged in chemsex within six months were recruited through snowball sampling. Data were collected via semi-structured telephone interviews (n=15) and anonymous Google Forms (n=6). Thematic analysis identified patterns in experiences and health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chemsex initiation typically occurred in social settings and was episodic. Participants reported using crystal methamphetamine, MDMA, heroin, and cocaine, often combined with alcohol as a social/contextual precursor. High-risk practices included needle sharing and unprotected sex, increasing HIV and hepatitis transmission risks. Violence including robbery and sexual assault was reported. Significant health impacts included deteriorating physical health, increased anxiety, guilt, and regret. Privacy concerns and social stigma led to concealment of behaviours. Strong peer pressure influenced engagement, while quit attempts were frequently unsuccessful due to addiction complexities and inadequate support systems.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Chemsex among MSM in New Delhi involves complex psychosocial dynamics with severe health consequences. Urgent implementation of harm reduction strategies, accessible mental health services, and non-judgmental healthcare approaches is essential to address this vulnerable population's needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"80 1","pages":"149-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148607076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge of older adults and intent to practice preventive methods before and after the first COVID-19 vaccine dose: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Ewa Sobieraj, Jakub Goławski, Adrian Karacz, Maria Gańczak","doi":"10.32394/pe/218599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32394/pe/218599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Older adults constitute a particularly vulnerable demographic regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection. Effective protective measures can substantially lower the risk of transmission.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of COVID-19 vaccines among the elderly in Poland, as well as their reported preventive practices before and after receiving their first dose of a vaccine.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted between March and April 2021 among consecutive patients aged >=60 from four randomly selected vaccination centers in Zielona Góra, Poland. Knowledge and preventive practices were assessed through an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The response rate was 83%, yielding 444 participants (mean age 70.2±4.7 years; 61.0% female), of whom 83.6% reported having underlying health conditions. The average knowledge score regarding COVID-19 vaccines was 3.50±1.72 (on a scale of 0 to 7 points), with 50.7% achieving scores above 50%. Females demonstrated higher levels of knowledge (p=0.008). The mean score for adherence to preventive practices was 5.79±0.66 (on a scale of 0 to 6 points), with 98.9% scoring above 50%. Before vaccination, the vast majority of respondents (93.7%) reported wearing masks, and 89.6% intended to continue this practice after receiving the first dose (p=0.045). Additionally, 66.7% indicated that they would practice social distancing before vaccination. They declared they would continue this practice, rising to 72.8% following immunization (p=0.23).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study suggests implementing national educational campaigns to enhance knowledge of COVID-19, particularly targeting older males and addressing misconceptions regarding vaccine protection to encourage sustained preventive practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":20777,"journal":{"name":"Przeglad epidemiologiczny","volume":"80 1","pages":"54-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148607049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}