Proceedings of the Nutrition Society最新文献

{"title":"B vitamins, immune function and the ageing brain: a critical review of the evidence, mechanisms and potential role of the gut microbiome.","authors":"Umair Shabbir, Helene McNulty, Catherine Hughes, Mary Ward, James Dooley, Leane Hoey","doi":"10.1017/S0029665126102249","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0029665126102249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review aims to explore the potential role of folate and related B vitamins (B12, B6 and riboflavin) in maintaining cognitive health in ageing, focusing particularly on their interactions with the gut microbiota and inflammation. Low B-vitamin status, common in older adults, is associated with poorer cognitive function and dementia. Furthermore, people with dementia are observed to have increased abundance of pro-inflammatory microbes and concomitant higher concentrations of cytokines in their circulation. Therefore, gut dysbiosis and chronic inflammation have been proposed as contributors of cognitive dysfunction. Although many observational studies report that low B-vitamin status, especially vitamin B6, is associated with a worse inflammatory state, the role of the gut microbiota is much less investigated. Pre-clinical evidence suggests higher B-vitamin intakes may beneficially modulate the gut bacterial profile and its metabolic activity, positively influencing inflammation. The evidence, however, is inconsistent, and the few human intervention studies available are confined to clinical populations or are limited by small sample size or to a single B-vitamin at high supplementation doses. Of note, one study in rats with Alzheimer’s-type dementia reported an association of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency with disturbed gut bacterial composition, neuroinflammation and impaired memory. In conclusion, optimising B-vitamin status may help promote cognitive health during ageing through modulation of the gut microbiota and immune function. Well-designed human studies are, however, required to confirm these relationships and inform evidence-based nutritional strategies for healthy ageing.</p>","PeriodicalId":20751,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146202562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant-based analogues to meat and dairy for sustainable food systems.","authors":"Sarah Nájera Espinosa, Genevieve Hadida, Anouk Reuzé, Leona Lindberg, Rosemary Green, Pauline Scheelbeek","doi":"10.1017/S0029665126102237","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0029665126102237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Various strategies across food systems are needed for a systemic change, with dietary shifts representing a meaningful pathway - particularly in high-income nations. Plant-based analogues (PBA) that mimic animal-based foods represent a promising strategy to facilitate such shifts because they require minimal behaviour adjustments. This review aims to synthesise nutritional, health and environmental evidence on PBA by examining their benefits, challenges and research gaps to inform and support evidence-based policy and practice. PBA generally have lower greenhouse gas emissions, land use and water use than their animal-based counterparts. Nutritionally, PBA are complex, varying across product brands, product types, processing techniques and primary ingredients. The limited health evidence shows that consumption of plant-based meat analogues tends to be associated with positive health outcomes, while consumption of some plant-based drinks can be linked to micronutrient deficiencies. Fortified PBA can contribute to daily recommended intakes and sometimes provide more micronutrients than their animal-based counterparts, while also providing more fibre and less energy and saturated fat. Despite these potential benefits, debates persist around processing classifications and their health implications. Given this complex landscape, assessing what kind of role PBA could play in our food systems will demand product-specific evaluation, targeted dietary recommendations and expanding the range of healthier PBA. To advance the field and accelerate dietary shifts without unintended consequences, critical considerations include strengthening the nutritional evidence base, classifying PBA further for dietary recommendations and informed regulatory approaches, understanding processing effects and use of additives, and standardising environmental outcomes and research beyond single ingredients.</p>","PeriodicalId":20751,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7619181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146202498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prioritising cultural food security and food sovereignty over conventional food security: a multi-dimensional analytical argument.","authors":"Andre M N Renzaho","doi":"10.1017/S0029665126102225","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0029665126102225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this review is to examine why cultural food security and cultural food sovereignty should be prioritised and embedded within conventional food security frameworks. It demonstrates how culturally grounded, community-driven approaches foster more just, sustainable and empowering food systems for ethnically diverse, Indigenous and local communities, while highlighting the limitations of conventional metrics that overlook socio-cultural, political and ecological dimensions essential to resilience. Conventional food security focuses on access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food, often sidelining access to culturally appropriate and spiritually meaningful foods that are integral to cultural identity and tradition (cultural food security) and the authority and decision-making power held by local people over their foodways (cultural food sovereignty). Its market-based, individualistic measurement paradigms further neglect collectivist, traditional and spiritual food values, resulting in assessments that may conform to global standards yet produce flawed outcomes, misaligned interventions and continued marginalisation of ethnically diverse, Indigenous and local communities. Drawing on socio-cultural, political, economic and environmental frameworks, the review demonstrates how food sovereignty and cultural food security provide more sustainable, equitable and empowering pathways for communities. It underscores the need for community-driven, culturally grounded food policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20751,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146119867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise, nutrition and medicine timing in metabolic health: implications for management of type 2 diabetes.","authors":"Brenda J Peña Carrillo, Rashmi Sivasengh, Alexandra M Johnstone, Brendan M Gabriel","doi":"10.1017/S0029665124007493","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0029665124007493","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chrono-medicine considers circadian biology in disease management, including combined lifestyle and medicine interventions. Exercise and nutritional interventions are well-known for their efficacy in managing type 2 diabetes, and metformin remains a widely used pharmacological agent. However, metformin may reduce exercise capacity and interfere with skeletal muscle adaptations, creating barriers to exercise adherence. Research into optimising the timing of exercise has shown promise, particularly for glycaemic management in people with type 2 diabetes. Aligning exercise timing with circadian rhythms and nutritional intake may maximise benefits. Nutritional timing also plays a crucial role in glycaemic control. Recent research suggests that not only what we eat but when we eat significantly impacts glycaemic control, with strategies like time-restricted feeding (TRF) showing promise in reducing caloric intake, improving glycaemic regulation and enhancing overall metabolic health. These findings suggest that meal timing could be an important adjunct to traditional dietary and exercise approaches in managing diabetes and related metabolic disorders. When taking a holistic view of Diabetes management and the diurnal environment, one must also consider the circadian biology of medicines. Metformin has a circadian profile in plasma, and our recent study suggests that morning exercise combined with pre-breakfast metformin intake reduces glycaemia more effectively than post-breakfast intake. In this review, we aim to explore the integration of circadian biology into type 2 diabetes management by examining the timing of exercise, nutrition and medication. In conclusion, chrono-medicine offers a promising, cost-effective strategy for managing type 2 diabetes. Integrating precision timing of exercise, nutrition and medication into treatment plans requires considering the entire diurnal environment, including lifestyle and occupational factors, to develop comprehensive, evidence-based healthcare strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20751,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society","volume":" ","pages":"68-73"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronotypical influence on eating behaviour and appetite control.","authors":"Kristine Beaulieu, Graham Finlayson, Jonas Salling Quist","doi":"10.1017/S0029665124007511","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0029665124007511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A person's chronotype reflects individual variability in diurnal rhythms for preferred timing of sleep and daily activities such as exercise and food intake. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the evidence around the influence of chronotype on eating behaviour and appetite control, as well as our perspectives and suggestions for future research. Increasing evidence demonstrates that late chronotype is associated with adverse health outcomes. A late chronotype may exacerbate the influence of greater evening energy intake on overweight/obesity risk and curtail weight management efforts. Furthermore, late chronotypes tend to have worse diet quality, with greater intake of fast foods, caffeine and alcohol and lower intake of fruits and vegetables. Late chronotype is also associated with eating behaviour traits that increase the susceptibility to overconsumption such as disinhibition, food cravings and binge eating. Whether an individual's chronotype influences appetite in response to food intake and exercise is an area of recent interest that has largely been overlooked. Preliminary evidence suggests additive rather than interactive effects of chronotype and meal timing on appetite and food reward, but that hunger may decrease to a greater extent in response to morning exercise in early chronotypes and in response to evening exercise in late chronotypes. More studies examining the interplay between an individual's chronotype, food intake/exercise timing and sleep are required as this could be of importance to inform personalised dietary and exercise prescriptions to promote better appetite control and weight management outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20751,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society","volume":" ","pages":"6-12"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142668889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are plant-based meat alternatives the stepping stone to healthier and more sustainable diets? A review of the literature.","authors":"Leona Lindberg, Jayne V Woodside, Anne P Nugent","doi":"10.1017/S0029665125100608","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0029665125100608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recognition of the impact of current dietary patterns on human and environmental health, dietary shifts towards sustainable diets are considered crucial to adequately feed a growing global population within planetary boundaries. Whilst the composition of sustainable diets varies to account for regional specificity, consensus exists on the need to reduce meat and increase plant protein intakes in sustainable dietary patterns for high-income settings. Due to the high environmental impact resulting from meat production and observational evidence of higher risks of negatives health outcomes associated with excess red and processed meat, a reduction in meat consumption is considered a 'win-win' for both people and the planet. However, meat is an important contributor to dietary protein and micronutrient intakes and plays an important sociocultural role, particularly in the UK and Ireland. Whilst a strong evidence-base exists on the environmental and health benefits associated with increased consumption of whole plant foods such as legumes, nuts and seeds, these foods may not address the barriers associated with lower meat diets. Plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) are products created to replicate the taste, texture, appearance and functionality of meat and therefore may provide an acceptable means of facilitating the shift to healthy and more sustainable diets. However, less is known about the health and environmental impact of substituting meat with PBMAs. Therefore, this review summarises the literature on the nutritional, health and environmental impact of PBMAs to better understand the role of these products in healthy and sustainable diets for the UK and Ireland.</p>","PeriodicalId":20751,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society","volume":" ","pages":"93-104"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144626990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal sleep: a key element in maintaining a healthy bodyweight.","authors":"Wendy L Hall","doi":"10.1017/S0029665125000072","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0029665125000072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As obesity rates rise globally, addressing modifiable lifestyle factors, such as sleep, presents an opportunity for public health interventions. This review explores the growing evidence linking sleep duration, quality and timing with weight management and dietary behaviours throughout the life course. Observational studies associate short or irregular sleep with increased obesity risk, poor diet quality and metabolic disturbances. Plausible mechanisms include decreased physical activity, heightened hedonic and/or emotional eating, dysregulated appetite signals and circadian misalignment of metabolism, which contribute to a positive energy balance. Unravelling the bidirectional relationship between sleep and weight is challenging; poor sleep exacerbates weight gain, while obesity-related comorbidities such as obstructive sleep apnoea further impair sleep. Despite promising evidence from sleep-restriction studies showing increased energy intake, long-term randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining interventions designed to improve sleep with weight management as an outcome are lacking. A handful of short-term interventions suggest benefits in reducing energy intake or improving dietary quality, but their effects on weight loss remain inconclusive. This review calls for robust, well-powered RCTs that integrate sleep, diet and physical activity interventions to evaluate the potential of sleep as a core component of obesity prevention and treatment strategies. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support sleep-focused interventions as a mandatory element in clinical weight-management programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20751,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society","volume":" ","pages":"40-58"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143256448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is the timing of eating relevant for weight loss?","authors":"Alan Flanagan","doi":"10.1017/S0029665124007547","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0029665124007547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The potential influence of the timing of eating on body weight regulation in humans has attracted substantial research interest. This review aims to critically evaluate the evidence on timed eating for weight loss, considering energetic and behavioural components of the timing of eating in humans. It has been hypothesised that timed eating interventions may alter energy balance in favour of weight loss by enhancing energy expenditure, specifically the thermic effect of food. This energetic effect has been suggested to explain greater weight loss which has been observed with certain timed eating interventions, despite comparable self-reported energy intakes to control diets. However, timed eating interventions have little impact on total daily energy expenditure, and the apparent effect of time of day on the thermic effect of food largely represents an artefact of measurement methods that fail to account for underlying circadian variation in RMR. Differences in weight loss observed in free-living interventions are more likely explainable by real differences in energy intake, notwithstanding similar self-reported energy intakes. In addition, the energetic focus tends to overlook the role of behavioural factors influencing the timing of eating, such as appetite regulation chronotype-environment interactions, which may influence energy intake under free-living conditions. Overall, there is scant evidence that timed eating interventions are superior to general energy restriction for weight loss in humans. However, the role of behavioural factors in influencing energy intake may be relevant for adherence to energy-restricted diets, and this aspect remains understudied in human intervention trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":20751,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society","volume":" ","pages":"59-67"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142953983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep and nutrition for athletes. The Nutrition Society, Scottish Section Conference 2024.","authors":"Rónán Doherty, Sharon Madigan, Giles Warrington, Jason G Ellis","doi":"10.1017/S0029665124007535","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0029665124007535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sleep is vital for the maintenance of physical and mental health, recovery and performance in athletes. Sleep also has a restorative effect on the immune system and the endocrine system. Sleep must be of adequate duration, timing and quality to promote recovery following training and competition. Inadequate sleep adversely impacts carbohydrate metabolism, appetite, energy intake and protein synthesis affecting recovery from the energy demands of daily living and training/competition related fatigue. Sleep's role in overall health and well-being has been established. Athletes have high sleep needs and are particularly vulnerable to sleep difficulties due to high training and competition demands, as such the implementation of the potential nutritional interventions to improve sleep duration and quality is commonplace. The use of certain nutrition strategies and supplements has an evidence base i.e. carbohydrate, caffeine, creatine, kiwifruit, magnesium, meal make-up and timing, protein and tart cherry. However, further research involving both foods and supplements is necessary to clarify the interactions between nutrition and the circadian system as there is potential to improve sleep and recovery. Additional research is necessary to clarify guidelines and develop products and protocols for foods and supplements to benefit athlete health, performance and/or recovery. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential interaction between sleep and nutrition for athletes and how these interactions might benefit sleep and/or recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":20751,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society","volume":" ","pages":"33-39"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142648748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of time-restricted eating on body composition, biomarkers of metabolism, inflammation, circadian system and oxidative stress in overweight and obesity: an exploratory review.","authors":"Marlene Lages, Sara Carmo-Silva, Renata Barros, Maria Pedro Guarino","doi":"10.1017/S002966512400747X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S002966512400747X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity is a chronic, complex and multi-factorial condition with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Irregular eating schedules might be a contributing factor to these numbers through the dysregulation of the circadian system. Time-restricted eating (TRE), an approach that limits eating windows, has been studied as a strategy to treat obesity, aligning eating occasions with metabolic circadian rhythms. This review aims to provide an overview of the impact of TRE protocols on metabolic, inflammatory, oxidative stress and circadian rhythm biomarkers in people with overweight or obesity. Most studies report significant weight loss following TRE protocols. While glucose levels decreased in nearly all TRE interventions, only a few studies demonstrated statistically significant differences when compared to the control groups. The findings for c-reactive protein and TNF-α were inconsistent, with limited significant differences. Changes in lipid profile changes were variable and generally did not reach statistical significance. Both 4-hour and 6-hour TRE interventions significantly reduced 8-isoprostane levels. Additionally, TRE significantly altered clock gene expression, as well as that of genes associated with metabolic regulation in subcutaneous adipose tissue. While the evidence is still inconsistent, limiting eating to a consistent daily window of 8 to 12 h can improve insulin sensitivity, reduce blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels and promote weight loss. These effects are likely attributable to both direct metabolic impacts and indirect benefits from weight loss and improved dietary habits. However, data on circadian, inflammatory and specific metabolic biomarkers remain scarce and occasionally contradictory, highlighting the need for further research on these interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20751,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Nutrition Society","volume":" ","pages":"13-22"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}