Protein and Peptide Letters最新文献

{"title":"Hybrid 3D Bioprinted Scaffolds for the Delivery of Peptide Therapeutics.","authors":"Shikha Baghel Chauhan, Indu Singh, Shreyanshi Mishra, Chirag Jain","doi":"10.2174/0109298665413736251119100019","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665413736251119100019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein-based drugs have great potential owing to their high specificity, compatibility, and low toxicity, but they are not widely applicable owing to enzymatic degradation, instability, and poor absorption. Nanostructured hybrid scaffolds comprising bioprinting platforms are a revolutionary approach to confronting such challenges. The combination of natural and artificial polymers with inorganic nanomaterials creates hybrid scaffolds that offer safe environments to improve peptide stability and controlled release. Bioprinting platforms increase spatial accuracy to create personalized drug-delivery platforms with a structure modeled on the extracellular matrix to support complex tissue functions. Recent studies have clarified the therapeutic potential of such platforms. For example, self-assembled peptide hydrogels together with three-dimensional printed polycaprolactone scaffolds have greatly improved osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration, reflecting their ability to stabilize peptides and support tissue repair. In similar studies, bioinks containing peptides have been used to create extracellular matrix-mimicry environments to improve cell adhesion and proliferation, reflecting their potential to support scaffold-peptide collaborations to improve drugdelivery functions. Aside from the peptide encapsulation approaches, the introduction of techniques such as electrospinning, microfluidics, and extrusion-based printing widens the window of opportunities for the design of hybrid nanoscaffolds that allow customized release profiles while maintaining peptide integrity. Key aspects include peptide-matrix interaction, scaffold degradation kinetics, and their biocompatibility, besides regulatory and translation challenges. Recent emerging directions like AI-guided scaffold design, bio-orthogonal chemistry, and stimuli-responsive nanomaterials also serve to improve prospects toward clinical applications. This review places hybrid bioprinted nanoscaffolds in the perspective of next-generation tools for peptide therapeutics with promising applications in cancer therapy, immunomodulation, and regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":"33 1","pages":"275-289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Cell Surface Expression Enables Purification and Structural Characterization of Human GPRC6A.","authors":"Yifeng Zhong, Tianjin Liu, Yuequan Shen, Xue Yang, Tianlei Wen","doi":"10.2174/0109298665478783260331092803","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665478783260331092803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The G-protein-coupled receptor class C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) is a member of the class C G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family and functions as a nutrient and hormone sensor involved in metabolic and endocrine regulation. GPRC6A localizes to the cell membrane and forms homodimers for its physiological function. However, human GPRC6A (hGPRC6A) exhibits limited cell-surface expression, hindering its structural and functional studies. Previous studies have shown that insertion/deletion variants in the Intracellular Loop 3 (ICL3) of hGPRC6A cause intracellular retention during protein expression. This study aimed to optimize the recombinant expression of hGPRC6A to enable structural characterization.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Recombinant hGPRC6A constructs were engineered by substituting the native signal peptide and modifying the ICL3 region. The optimized receptor was expressed in mammalian cells, purified using detergent solubilization and chromatography, and analyzed by negative-staining Electron Microscopy (EM) followed by Two-Dimensional (2D) classification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Signal peptide substitution and ICL3 modification markedly improved the membrane expression of hGPRC6A. Negative-staining EM revealed well-defined particles, and 2D class averages displayed an overall architecture characteristic of canonical class C GPCRs.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>We demonstrate that engineering of the signal peptide and ICL3 region promotes proper cell surface expression of GPRC6A. This strategy provides a useful approach for the expression and purification of other GPCRs that are difficult to traffic to the plasma membrane.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We established an effective expression and purification strategy for hGPRC6A that restores membrane localization and yields well-defined particles consistent with class C GPCR architecture. These results provide a foundation for future high-resolution structural and functional studies of hGPRC6A.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":"480-487"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147676089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Applications of Tissue-Engineered 3D Scaffolds in Oncology: Present and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Devika Tripathi, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Prashant Pandey","doi":"10.2174/0109298665391686251124053211","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665391686251124053211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds are essential in tissue engineering, providing optimal conditions for cellular proliferation, tissue repair, and regeneration. In oncology, these structures are crucial for correctly reproducing the in vivo milieu and effectively modelling the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent advancements indicate that 3D scaffolds are very effective in preserving cell viability, improving connections between tumors and stroma, and properly replicating cellular communication. Developing sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) cell culture methods that accurately emulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential, given the inherent constraints of traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures and animal models. These advanced 3D in vitro cancer models provide significant advantages for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, improving our understanding of cancer development and therapy. This article examines the latest advancements in three-dimensional tissue scaffolds for cancer therapy. It discusses the potential impact of such shifts on the field and the types of cancer research and treatments that will be feasible in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":"33 1","pages":"190-225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147874771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potent Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of ≤3 kDa Hydrolyzed Sarcoplasmic Proteins from IPB-D1 Chicken.","authors":"Fadella Haqqi Seutia, Zakiah Wulandari, Cahyo Budiman, Irma Isnafia Arief","doi":"10.2174/0109298665430612260207170942","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665430612260207170942","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rising demand for natural bioactive compounds has increased interest in underutilized animal proteins, with sarcoplasmic muscle proteins showing potential for functional peptide production. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of sarcoplasmic protein hydrolysates from IPB-D1 chicken, a dual-purpose Indonesian line.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sarcoplasmic proteins were hydrolyzed with chymotrypsin, ultrafiltered (MWCO ≤3 kDa), and analyzed for antioxidant and antibacterial activities.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hydrolysates (SHF) showed a sharp decrease in protein concentration (from 49.86 ± 6.19 mg to 0.79 ± 0.05 mg) and disappearance of SDS-PAGE bands, confirming breakdown into smaller peptides. Antioxidant activity increased significantly in SHF compared with the unhydrolyzed fraction (SF). In antibacterial tests, SHF produced larger inhibition zones for all tested bacteria, with the strongest against S. typhi (2.20 ± 1.27 mm) and B. cereus (2.13 ± 0.99 mm), and the lowest against S. aureus (0.36 ± 0.06 mm). Gram-positive bacteria were generally more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These results suggest that enzymatic hydrolysis and size reduction (<3 kDa) enhance bioactivity by increasing peptide accessibility and interaction with bacterial membranes. The higher sensitivity of Gram-positive strains is likely related to simpler cell wall structures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>IPB-D1 chicken sarcoplasmic hydrolysates are a promising source of multifunctional peptides with antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This highlights the potential of IPB-D1 not only as a meat source but also as a strategic genetic resource for sustainable bioprocessing and functional food innovation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":"33 1","pages":"325-336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive Peptides: Production Strategies, Biological Activities, and Emerging Therapeutic Applications.","authors":"Jasvinder Saini, Smita Narwal, Jagdeep Singh, Ashwani K Dhingra, Dushyant, Gurvirender Singh, Nisha Grewal","doi":"10.2174/0109298665438727260217054757","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665438727260217054757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioactive peptides, short chains of amino acids derived from natural sources like animals, plants, and marine organisms, are increasingly being explored for their roles in nutrition, functional foods, and therapeutic applications. These peptides display a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects, making them valuable in both disease prevention and treatment. Progress in production techniques such as enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, chemical synthesis, and recombinant methods has facilitated the targeted development and efficient production of peptides with specific bioactivities. Techniques such as ultrafiltration, chromatography, mass spectrometry, and electrophoresis are essential for the purification and characterization of particular peptides for bioactivities. Despite their significant potential, challenges like purification difficulties, stability issues, and bioavailability constraints diminish their applicability for widespread use. Advancements in nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems, synthetic biology, and bioinformaticsdriven discovery are overcoming these limitations and expanding therapeutic possibilities. Synergistic multidisciplinary research, the sustainable supply of agro-industrial waste, and enhanced delivery methods will augment the efficacy and commercial viability of bioactive peptides. Current research and development in this field have the potential to advance the creation of next-generation foods and medications that effectively improve global health and well-being. This review uniquely integrates current molecular, biotechnological, and informatics-driven perspectives on bioactive peptide research, offering an updated synthesis of 2024-2025 developments in production strategies, bioassay optimization, and therapeutic translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":"176-189"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Glycine-Proline-Hydroxyproline Tripeptide Reduces Cell Death Caused by Glycative Stress.","authors":"Shoko Yamamoto, Yo Matsumoto, Fumihiro Yanbe, Akiko Sakai-Sakasai, Masayoshi Takeuchi, Noriaki Numata","doi":"10.2174/0109298665432008260403055737","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665432008260403055737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Long-term intake of Collagen Tripeptide (CTP), which is rich in Glycine- X-Y sequences, improves blood vessel elasticity and reduces the serum levels of cytotoxic glyceraldehyde (GA)-derived Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs), also known as Toxic AGEs (TAGE). Therefore, the anti-glycation effect of CTP may be one of the mechanisms contributing to its ability to improve vascular elasticity. This study aims to investigate the antiglycation effects of the tripeptide, glycine-proline-hydroxyproline (Gly-Pro-Hyp; GPHyp), the main component of CTP, using in vitro GA glycation models and comparing its metabolite sequences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cell viability and mRNA expression were measured in GA-treated HepG2 cells with or without the addition of GPHyp. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of GPHyp for inhibiting TAGE formation and for inhibiting lysozyme glycation crosslinking was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only GPHyp significantly suppressed cell death and interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA expression in GA-treated cells. The IC₅₀ for TAGE production and inhibitory effect on lysozyme crosslinking demonstrated that GPHyp exhibited stronger anti-glycation effects than its metabolite amino acids and peptides. The addition of GPHyp also resulted in increased GA consumption. Analysis of the changes in GA concentrations during the reaction revealed that the addition of GPHyp significantly reduced GA levels within the first hour.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These results suggest that GPHyp possesses potent GA-scavenging activity and inhibits TAGE production, contributing to the CTP-mediated reduction in serum TAGE levels and to improvements in vascular elasticity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The anti-glycation effect of GPHyp may support a healthy lifestyle and warrant further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":"33 2","pages":"454-464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Antimicrobial Peptide CM11: Structure, Biological Properties, and Therapeutic Prospects.","authors":"Roya Khalilifar, Mohammad Sadegh Lotfi, Mozafar Mohammadi, Mohammad Sadegh Hashemzadeh","doi":"10.2174/0109298665449691260331114022","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665449691260331114022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing prevalence of drug-resistant infections and the constraints of existing cancer treatment have increased efforts to find new therapeutic agents. CM11 is a synthetic hybrid peptide derived from Cecropin and Melittin, which is a promising candidate because it has a broadspectrum of antimicrobial and anticancer effects. Preclinical research indicates that it has a rapid mechanism of action, interfering with bacterial membranes, preventing biofilm formation, and inducing apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, including leukemia and hepatocellular carcinoma. To address the inherent limitations of peptide therapeutics, new formulations, such as chitosanbased nanoparticles, have been developed to increase the stability, targeted delivery, and therapeutic efficacy of CM11. Moreover, CM11 exhibits synergistic activity with standard antibiotics or anticancer agents, thereby enabling lower effective dosages and reducing the challenges of toxicity and resistance. Despite its potential, it faces translational challenges, including peptide stability, dose-dependent toxicity, immunogenicity, and limited clinical data. Further peptide engineering, optimization of advanced delivery systems, and extensive clinical trials will be needed to achieve successful translation of CM11 from bench to bedside. In conclusion, CM11 is a multifunctional and promising tool for the development of new, synergistic regimens against resistant infections and malignancies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":"33 2","pages":"409-421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective Plant-Derived Proteins and Peptides in Leukemia Treatment.","authors":"Zahra Moghaddasi, Azam Bolhassani, Elnaz Agi","doi":"10.2174/0109298665395842250814085828","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665395842250814085828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leukemia is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide that causes the unusual evolution of hematopoietic stem cells. The type of leukemia determines the optimal treatment plan and the patient's survival. However, finding safer and more effective medications and developing novel therapeutic strategies are still the most challenging research topics. Nowadays, over half of the medications used to treat cancer are derived from natural ingredients. Medicinal plants are a reliable natural source of anti-leukemic medications. Plant-derived biologically active compounds, including secondary metabolites, have long been considered extremely valuable for treating various human illnesses. However, the limitations of secondary metabolites have led scientists to seek alternative biologically active compounds. Plant-derived proteins and peptides have recently been explored as potential treatments for various human ailments, showing anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-HIV, anti-cancer, ribosome-inactivating, and neuromodulatory properties. Until now, no review article has documented the biologically active proteins and peptides against leukemia. This review article explores the therapeutic properties of plant-derived proteins and peptides against leukemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":"32-48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LanthMS: A Computational Tool for the Structure Elucidation of Lanthipeptides from Tandem Mass Spectrometry Data.","authors":"Lingyun Zhao, Wenya Zhao, Yujing Li, Yang Zhang, Yana Wang, Feiyan Zhang, Yingxue Feng, Liping Zhang, Hongwei Liu","doi":"10.2174/0109298665461951260413052350","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665461951260413052350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objective: </strong>Lanthipeptides are a class of ribosomally synthesized peptides with intricate ring structures, whose structural elucidation poses significant challenges. This study aimed to develop a computational tool named LanthMS to efficiently and accurately determine the topology of lanthipeptides directly from tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) data, thereby overcoming the limitations of conventional approaches in deciphering their dehydration and cyclization modifications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study developed the specialized software LanthMS. The software exhaustively enumerates all possible lanthipeptide structures derived from given peptide sequences and assigns multidimensional scores by comprehensively comparing theoretical spectra against experimental MS/MS data, thereby predicting the most probable structures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using this approach, two novel lanthipeptides, amyA and amyC, were identified, from the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens WS-8 strain.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The LanthMS tool developed and validated in this study provides an automated solution for the structural elucidation of lanthipeptides. It not only significantly reduces the difficulty and subjectivity of manual interpretation but also deeply integrates computational structural prediction with experimental mass spectrometry data. This establishes a key technological framework for accelerating the discovery of lanthipeptides with novel activities and guiding their rational engineering.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As a specialized in silico prediction tool, LanthMS substantially reduces the burden of manual interpretation, enhances the efficiency and accuracy of structural confirmation, and serves as a powerful engine for rapidly exploiting and engineering lanthipeptides with novel activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":"33 2","pages":"439-453"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13172255/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems: From Biodegradability to Nanocarrier Technologies.","authors":"Abhay Thakur, Rohit Sharma, Shriyanshu Thakur, Shivam Sharma, Anjana Devi, Manish Kumar","doi":"10.2174/0109298665407742251124044925","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0109298665407742251124044925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research studies indicate that biodegradable polymers play a crucial role in effective drug delivery, helping to manage drug release and decreasing potential toxic reactions. It thoroughly reviews different types of biodegradable polymers, the ways they are produced, and how they work for releasing drugs. The article begins by outlining drug-delivery polymers and then categorizes them into natural, synthetic, and biodegradable types. Eco-friendliness and biocompatibility are crucial attributes of degradable polymers, enhancing treatment outcomes significantly. The review covers the ways to develop and design biodegradable substances and how they are used in controlled-release medicines. The study delivers detailed descriptions of how controlled drugs are released through diffusion, degradation, and swelling. Different forms of polymer micelles, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and hydrogels are used to assess whether they can boost drug delivery methods. Polymeric nanocarriers improve targeting drugs, ensure their release over a long time, and enhance the solubility of some hydrophobic drugs. They are suitable for use in various types of therapy. The review points out that biodegradable polymers play a role in drug delivery for cancer and ocular disorders. This article aims to examine and evaluate biodegradable polymers, sharing their impacts on the development of controlled-release drug delivery technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":"136-154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}