Protein and Peptide Letters最新文献

{"title":"Peptidomics: A New Dimension in Microbiome Research.","authors":"Kai Hilpert","doi":"10.2174/0109298665436241260327111926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298665436241260327111926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human gut microbiome is now recognised as a major determinant of health, with roles extending beyond digestion to influence neurodegeneration, metabolism, immunity, and pharmacological responses. Clinical studies link microbial imbalances to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, and cardiovascular disorders, yet the underlying mechanisms remain only partly understood. Methodological advances have progressively deepened our insight. DNA-based sequencing (metagenomics) catalogues microbial genes but reveals only potential functions. RNA-based sequencing (metatranscriptomics) highlights active gene expression, but instability of transcripts and poor correlation with protein activity limit its predictive value. Metabolomics measures small-molecule end products, providing direct evidence of microbial biochemistry and identifying disease-linked metabolites such as urolithin A, trimethylamine N-oxide, and equol. These approaches together have transformed microbiome science, but they remain incomplete. A critical and underutilised dimension is peptidomics: the systematic analysis of endogenous peptides in the gut and circulation. Enabled by peptide-enriching, protease-inhibiting workflows and high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), peptidomics directly captures unstable signaling peptides and proteolytic fragments that are often invisible to conventional proteomics. Coupled with emerging gut-specific peptide databases, such as MetaPep, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) assisted de novo sequencing and spectral prediction for non-human peptides, this provides a concrete technical route to reading out the functional peptide layer of the microbiome. Peptidomics can capture functional signals of host-microbiome interaction, reveal context-specific biomarkers, and provide mechanistic insight into disease. Recent studies demonstrate that peptide-level resolution uncovers microbial contributions to gut inflammation, modulates the gut-brain axis, and enables peptide-based disease stratification in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease. However, despite these promising examples, peptidomics remains largely absent from mainstream microbiome research, which needs to be changed. Integrating peptidomics with existing genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic approaches will generate a more complete and functional picture of the microbiome. This shift will accelerate biomarker discovery, refine diagnostics, and expand the search for peptide-based therapeutics, positioning peptidomics as an essential next step in microbiome science.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147676065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Cell Surface Expression Enables Purification and Structural Characterization of Human GPRC6A.","authors":"Yifeng Zhong, Tianjin Liu, Yuequan Shen, Xue Yang, Tianlei Wen","doi":"10.2174/0109298665478783260331092803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298665478783260331092803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The G-protein-coupled receptor class C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) is a member of the class C G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family and functions as a nutrient and hormone sensor involved in metabolic and endocrine regulation. GPRC6A localizes to the cell membrane and forms homodimers for its physiological function. However, human GPRC6A (hGPRC6A) exhibits limited cell-surface expression, hindering its structural and functional studies. Previous studies have shown that insertion/deletion variants in the Intracellular Loop 3 (ICL3) of hGPRC6A cause intracellular retention during protein expression. This study aimed to optimize the recombinant expression of hGPRC6A to enable structural characterization.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Recombinant hGPRC6A constructs were engineered by substituting the native signal peptide and modifying the ICL3 region. The optimized receptor was expressed in mammalian cells, purified using detergent solubilization and chromatography, and analyzed by negative-staining Electron Microscopy (EM) followed by Two-Dimensional (2D) classification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Signal peptide substitution and ICL3 modification markedly improved the membrane expression of hGPRC6A. Negative-staining EM revealed well-defined particles, and 2D class averages displayed an overall architecture characteristic of canonical class C GPCRs.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>We demonstrate that engineering of the signal peptide and ICL3 region promotes proper cell surface expression of GPRC6A. This strategy provides a useful approach for the expression and purification of other GPCRs that are difficult to traffic to the plasma membrane.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We established an effective expression and purification strategy for hGPRC6A that restores membrane localization and yields well-defined particles consistent with class C GPCR architecture. These results provide a foundation for future high-resolution structural and functional studies of hGPRC6A.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147676089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Developments, Challenges in Bitter Gourd Protein and Peptide Extraction Strategies, Techno-Functional Properties, Bioaccessibility, and Commercial Applications.","authors":"Tawseefa Jan, Rajvinder Kour, Seerat Sharma, Imran Sheikh, Ajar Nath Yadav, Naseer Ahmed","doi":"10.2174/0109298665403605260209062701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298665403605260209062701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) has turned out to be a significant source of proteins and bioactive peptides, which have prospects of finding application in functional foods and nutraceuticals. It contains a high level of proteins and phytochemicals, which offer significant health benefits. Leaves, seeds, and stems are also high sources of antioxidants and are good stores of important nutrients. It can help prevent and treat a number of lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cancer, nephrolithiasis, scabies, abdominal pain, and fever. This review critically evaluates the latest developments in methods of extraction of proteins and peptides from bitter gourd and emphasizes innovative methods. Such methods have enhanced extraction efficiency and protein yield, and improved functional properties. However, there are still issues in optimizing these processes to make them bioavailable and provide stable products. Furthermore, the commercial feasibility of bitter gourd proteins is limited by cost, flexibility, and marketability. This review highlights the need for research to improve extraction methods, explore new uses, and overcome trade barriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioactive Peptides: Production Strategies, Biological Activities, and Emerging Therapeutic Applications.","authors":"Jasvinder Saini, Smita Narwal, Jagdeep Singh, Ashwani K Dhingra, Dushyant, Gurvirender Singh, Nisha Grewal","doi":"10.2174/0109298665438727260217054757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298665438727260217054757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioactive peptides, short chains of amino acids derived from natural sources like animals, plants, and marine organisms, are increasingly being explored for their roles in nutrition, functional foods, and therapeutic applications. These peptides display a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antihypertensive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects, making them valuable in both disease prevention and treatment. Progress in production techniques such as enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, chemical synthesis, and recombinant methods has facilitated the targeted development and efficient production of peptides with specific bioactivities. Techniques such as ultrafiltration, chromatography, mass spectrometry, and electrophoresis are essential for the purification and characterization of particular peptides for bioactivities. Despite their significant potential, challenges like purification difficulties, stability issues, and bioavailability constraints diminish their applicability for widespread use. Advancements in nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems, synthetic biology, and bioinformaticsdriven discovery are overcoming these limitations and expanding therapeutic possibilities. Synergistic multidisciplinary research, the sustainable supply of agro-industrial waste, and enhanced delivery methods will augment the efficacy and commercial viability of bioactive peptides. Current research and development in this field have the potential to advance the creation of next-generation foods and medications that effectively improve global health and well-being. This review uniquely integrates current molecular, biotechnological, and informatics-driven perspectives on bioactive peptide research, offering an updated synthesis of 2024-2025 developments in production strategies, bioassay optimization, and therapeutic translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems: From Biodegradability to Nanocarrier Technologies.","authors":"Abhay Thakur, Rohit Sharma, Shriyanshu Thakur, Shivam Sharma, Anjana Devi, Manish Kumar","doi":"10.2174/0109298665407742251124044925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298665407742251124044925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research studies indicate that biodegradable polymers play a crucial role in effective drug delivery, helping to manage drug release and decreasing potential toxic reactions. It thoroughly reviews different types of biodegradable polymers, the ways they are produced, and how they work for releasing drugs. The article begins by outlining drug-delivery polymers and then categorizes them into natural, synthetic, and biodegradable types. Eco-friendliness and biocompatibility are crucial attributes of degradable polymers, enhancing treatment outcomes significantly. The review covers the ways to develop and design biodegradable substances and how they are used in controlled-release medicines. The study delivers detailed descriptions of how controlled drugs are released through diffusion, degradation, and swelling. Different forms of polymer micelles, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and hydrogels are used to assess whether they can boost drug delivery methods. Polymeric nanocarriers improve targeting drugs, ensure their release over a long time, and enhance the solubility of some hydrophobic drugs. They are suitable for use in various types of therapy. The review points out that biodegradable polymers play a role in drug delivery for cancer and ocular disorders. This article aims to examine and evaluate biodegradable polymers, sharing their impacts on the development of controlled-release drug delivery technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimerization of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and the Role of the A7G/V125G Zipper Interface.","authors":"Rafida Razali, Cahyo Budiman, Vijay Kumar","doi":"10.2174/0109298665442327260216063524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298665442327260216063524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objectives: </strong>The 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential for viral replication and is catalytically active only in its dimeric form. Elucidating the molecular determinants that stabilize this dimer may uncover novel antiviral drug targets. This study aimed to characterize the oligomerization behavior of wild-type 3CLpro and to elucidate the functional role of an alanine- valine zipper motif in dimer stability and enzymatic activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Wild-type 3CLpro (3CLpro-WT) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified by nickel-affinity chromatography. Oligomerization behavior was examined using Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) under varying protein concentrations, pH conditions, and ionic strengths. An alanine-valine zipper mutant (A7G/V125G; 3CLpro-ZM) was generated by site-directed mutagenesis, overexpressed, purified using the same protocol, and analyzed for changes in folding, oligomerization, and enzymatic activity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>3CLpro-WT predominantly existed as a stable dimer, independent of protein concentration and ionic strength, but was destabilized under extreme pH conditions. In contrast, 3CLpro-ZM exhibited a perturbed dimerization equilibrium, altered secondary structure, and a pronounced reduction in both protease and esterase activities compared with the wild-type enzyme.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings demonstrate that hydrophobic interactions are the primary force stabilizing the 3CLpro dimer, while ionic interactions provide pH-sensitive modulation. Disruption of the alanine-valine zipper compromises dimer integrity and allosterically impairs catalytic activity, despite the mutation being distant from the active site.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Ala7-Val125 interface contributes to 3CLpro stability and activity and may be a promising site for future allosteric inhibitor design.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting Autoimmunity in Myasthenia Gravis: From Conventional to Novel Therapeutic Approaches.","authors":"Vishal Chanalia, Smita Narwal, Gurvirender Singh, Dushyant, Ashwani K Dhingra, Nisha Grewal, Khushbu, Ashutosh","doi":"10.2174/0109298665429857260206223221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298665429857260206223221","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myasthenia Gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness, most commonly involving ocular, bulbar, respiratory, and limb muscles. This weakness stems from autoantibodies, predominantly immunoglobulin G, against neuromuscular junction components such as acetylcholine receptors or muscle-specific kinase, which ultimately reduces synaptic transmission. MG causes a severe functional impact on normal patients, which often contributes to the reduced quality of life and life-threatening myasthenic crises. This article provides an extensive review of MG's immunopathogenesis with a focus on T and B lymphocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokine involvement, and the components of the complement cascade. Humoral and innate immune mechanisms cooperate and indirectly result from antibodies and continued neuromuscular dysfunction. Clinical MG approval usually depends on a combination of a clinical approach to testing antibodies, electrophysiological technique trials, and, if necessary, imaging methods for thymoma or thymic fusion abnormalities. Regular MG treatment involves acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, corticosteroids, and steroid-sparing immunosuppressant agents (e.g., azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil). Rapid treatment of MG exacerbations necessitates a process of rapid immunomodulation, including plasma exchanges and intravenous immunoglobulin to rapidly reduce reversed autoantibodies. Novel drug discovery is aimed at targeted immunomodulation, including clinical application of inhibitors of the complement C5 (eculizumab, ravulizumab, zilucoplan), type I neonatal Fc receptor antagonists (efgartigimod, rozanolixizumab), BTK inhibitors, B-cell-directed monoclonal antibodies, and new dendritic cell T cell antireceptor constructs. They can carve out paradigm shifts as these novel resourcing solutions and therapeutic options allow precision medicine to individual immunopathogenic profiles. Synergistic combinations of conventional and modern medicine are a promising comprehensive strategy for MG patients. Reappraisal driven by the biological mechanism, three may deliver better long-term functional outcomes and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147609721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peptide Extract from Apricot Kernels Mitigates Damage in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells Induced by Polystyrene Microplastics through the Inhibition of the NLRP3 Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Minghui Tian, Yemeng Zhang, Xiaolei Liu, Xiaoyu Liu, Wei Li","doi":"10.2174/0109298665410365251118113915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298665410365251118113915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) contribute to cardiovascular pathologies by inducing vascular endothelial injury through oxidative stress and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the protective role of apricot kernel peptide extract (AKPE) against PS-MPs- induced damage in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>AKPE was isolated from apricot kernels using an activity-guided fractionation approach based on its protective efficacy in HAECs exposed to PS-MPs. Cytotoxicity and dose-response experiments established an optimal concentration of 20 μM. Subsequent analyses included cell viability (CCK-8 assay), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, inflammatory cytokine levels (α, IL-1β, IL-18) via ELISA, apoptosis assessment by flow cytometry, and evaluation of mitochondrial function. Bioactive oligopeptides within AKPE were identified by mass spectrometry. The involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways was examined using Western blotting and quantitative PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AKPE significantly counteracted the PS-MPs-induced reduction in HAEC viability, increasing it by 16.2% (p < 0.01). It also reduced intracellular ROS levels by 35.1% (p < 0.01) while preserving SOD activity. Furthermore, AKPE suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18) by 17-38% (p < 0.01). PS-MPs-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis were markedly attenuated, with a 39.1% decrease in apoptotic cells (p < 0.01). Mass spectrometry identified eight key oligopeptides as the primary bioactive constituents of AKPE. Mechanistically, these components acted synergistically to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation and to modulate the dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin pathway.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>AKPE protects HAECs from PS-MPs-induced damage through dual mechanisms: (1) suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome-driven inflammation and (2) mitigating oxidative stress via Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibition. The synergy among AKPE peptides enhances resilience against PS-MPs, highlighting their potential as natural antioxidants. This study is the first to link apricot kernel peptides to PS-MPs-induced endothelial protection, providing novel insights into combating microplastic-related cardiovascular risks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AKPE exerts potent protective effects against oxidative and inflammatory injury in HAECs caused by PS-MPs. These effects are mediated by its constituent bioactive oligopeptides, which concurrently regulate the NLRP3 inflammasome and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Our findings highlight AKPE's potential as a promising natural therapeutic agent for alleviating vascular endothelial damage associated with microplastic exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147494305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRIM44 as a Multifunctional Regulator in Cancer and Non-Cancer Diseases: From Oncogenic Driver to Immune and Stress Response Modulator.","authors":"Guive Sharifi, Tohid Emami Meybodi, Fatemeh Jayervand, Mahmood Emami Meybodi, Khatere Mokhtari, Parnaz Mohseni, Hanie Mahaki, Hamidreza Hasanzadeh, Elham Bateni, Yaser Sharafi, Farzan Fahim, Ahmad Hemmatyar, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Maryam Ahmadi, Majid Jahanshahi, Hamid Tanzadehpanah","doi":"10.2174/0109298665428424251216064630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298665428424251216064630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tripartite motif-containing protein 44 (TRIM44), a unique member of the TRIM family that lacks the canonical RING domain, has recently attracted significant attention for its broad oncogenic potential across diverse malignancies. Accumulating evidence indicates that TRIM44 is markedly overexpressed in cancers, including colorectal, gastric, lung, breast, ovarian, and prostate carcinomas, as well as glioblastoma, multiple myeloma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanistically, TRIM44 drives tumor progression by modulating critical signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), primarily through stabilizing regulatory proteins or participating in non-coding RNA- mediated networks. In addition to its role in cancer, TRIM44 has been implicated in cardiovascular dysfunction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, diabetic complications, and neuroinflammation, underscoring its biological versatility. This review provides an overview of current evidence regarding the multifaceted roles of TRIM44 in both oncogenic and non-oncogenic diseases. By integrating insights from oncology, cardiology, neurology, and metabolic research, this review offers a unified perspective on TRIM44 as a pivotal molecular hub and an emerging diagnostic and therapeutic target.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147494254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Development of the Probes for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry and Electron Microscopy in Cancer Diagnosis.","authors":"Shikha Baghel Chauhan, Saksham Sharma, Chirag Jain, Indu Singh","doi":"10.2174/0109298665437863260127091529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298665437863260127091529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Among the different types of cancer, brain cancer is one of the most dangerous and fatal. Therefore, the emphasis on effective and accurate diagnosis and treatment methods is highly significant. The combination of fluorescent probes and mass spectrometry has significantly expedited proteomic analysis in brain cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of the fluorescent probes enable simultaneous detection of the biomarkers of brain cancer. The probes show a selective reaction to the enzymes found specifically and different molecular properties that differentiate a glioblastoma from other brain cancers; therefore, a remarkable advancement has occurred. Separately, being a significant advancement, mass spectrometry allows a high level of accuracy towards the identification and analysis of the protein. Additionally, the complete fingerprint of the proteomes is attained. At present, some of the advances made in brain cancer are: activatable fluorescent probes, real-time mass analysis, along with the delivery platform of nanotechnology, which has shown remarkable improvements in tissue uptake with less background interference. Considering some limitations such as tumor heterogeneity, less biological compatibility of probes, as well as some limitations of the blood-brain barrier, collectively these techniques demonstrate an unparalleled advancement in targeted cancer therapy. This article aims to illuminate the principles and recent advancements in fluorescent probe development, along with their synergistic combination with mass spectrometry for the identification and treatment of cancer. The combination of these techniques will completely revolutionize the detection and treatment of brain cancer and will be a turning point in molecular neuro-oncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":20736,"journal":{"name":"Protein and Peptide Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147494307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}