Psychopathology最新文献

{"title":"Machine Learning Facial Emotion Classifiers in Psychotherapy Research: A Proof-of-Concept Study.","authors":"Martin Steppan, Ronan Zimmermann, Lukas Fürer, Matthew Southward, Julian Koenig, Michael Kaess, Johann Roland Kleinbub, Volker Roth, Klaus Schmeck","doi":"10.1159/000534811","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000534811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>New advances in the field of machine learning make it possible to track facial emotional expression with high resolution, including micro-expressions. These advances have promising applications for psychotherapy research, since manual coding (e.g., the Facial Action Coding System), is time-consuming.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We tested whether this technology can reliably identify in-session emotional expression in a naturalistic treatment setting, and how these measures relate to the outcome of psychotherapy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We applied a machine learning emotion classifier to video material from 389 psychotherapy sessions of 23 patients with borderline personality pathology. We validated the findings with human ratings according to the Clients Emotional Arousal Scale (CEAS) and explored associations with treatment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, machine learning ratings showed significant agreement with human ratings. Machine learning emotion classifiers, particularly the display of positive emotions (smiling and happiness), showed medium effect size on median-split treatment outcome (d = 0.3) as well as continuous improvement (r = 0.49, p &lt; 0.05). Patients who dropped out form psychotherapy, showed significantly more neutral expressions, and generally less social smiling, particularly at the beginning of psychotherapeutic sessions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Machine learning classifiers are a highly promising resource for research in psychotherapy. The results highlight differential associations of displayed positive and negative feelings with treatment outcomes. Machine learning emotion recognition may be used for the early identification of drop-out risks and clinically relevant interactions in psychotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"159-168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138445989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impairments in Cognitive and Emotional Empathy as Markers of General versus Specific Personality Pathology.","authors":"Ludwig Ohse, Johannes Zimmermann, André Kerber, Leonie Kampe, Jil Mohr, Robert Schierz, Michael Rentrop, Isabel Dziobek, Susanne Hörz-Sagstetter","doi":"10.1159/000533861","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The alternative model for personality disorders (AMPD) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 5th edition (DSM-5) considers impairments in empathy a basic feature of personality disorders (PDs). In contrast, the AMPD pathological personality trait model and the categorical DSM-5 Section II PD model associate deficits in empathy to specific forms of personality pathology. The present study investigated to what extent impairments in cognitive and emotional empathy are markers of general versus specific personality pathology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a clinical sample (n = 119), the Multifaceted Empathy Test was used to assess cognitive empathy, emotional empathy for positive emotions, and emotional empathy for negative emotions. Personality functioning, pathological personality traits, and DSM-5 Section II PDs were assessed via interviews and self-reports. Confirmatory factor analyses were applied to associate the three empathy facets with the three personality pathology approaches, each modeled with general personality pathology (common factor) and specific personality pathology (residuals of indicators).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Impairments in cognitive empathy and emotional empathy for positive emotions were significantly correlated with general personality pathology. All three empathy facets were also correlated to specific personality pathology when controlling for general personality pathology, respectively. Impairments in cognitive empathy were incrementally associated with identity and empathy (personality functioning), psychoticism (pathological personality traits), and paranoid and dependent PD (DSM-5 Section II PDs). Deficits in emotional empathy for positive emotions were incrementally associated with self-direction and intimacy (personality functioning) and detachment (pathological personality traits). Impairments in emotional empathy for negative emotions were incrementally associated with antagonism (pathological personality traits) and antisocial PD (DSM-5 Section II PDs).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results suggest that impairments in cognitive empathy and emotional empathy for positive emotions, but not for negative emotions, are markers of general personality pathology, while deficits in the three empathy facets are also markers for specific personality pathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"136-148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71426276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretative Phenomenology of Grief following Reproductive Loss: A Narrative Review and Considerations on Improving Support.","authors":"Rita Facão, Luís Madeira","doi":"10.1159/000533323","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The loss of pregnancy through miscarriage or stillbirth is typically an unexpected and highly distressing event for parents. While death in any form may be overwhelming to those bereaved, pregnancy and newborn loss are unique in several ways because they involve the added loss of parental identity and the idealized baby and family. In this study, the authors performed a narrative review of the literature regarding the phenomenon of grief following reproductive loss in bereaved parents, focusing on heteronormative mothers and fathers and on nontraditional families. One of the main highlighted aspects is the disenfranchisement of grief, which refers to a loss that is not or cannot be acknowledged, publicly mourned, or socially supported. This feeling is elicited by family, society, and healthcare providers. Although the literature has consistently documented the negative impact of this type of experience on parents and families, it is still largely unrecognized by healthcare providers. As most studies demonstrate, there are significant gaps in the psychosocial components of miscarriage and stillbirth care, including a lack of clarity in communication about the loss and subsequent steps, a lack of empathy, an invalidation of grief, and a failure to attend to emotional needs. Since healthcare providers are most often the first point of contact as they experience the loss, it is imperative to act so that patients' needs are more adequately met. To this purpose, the authors propose a set of measures aimed at improving the quality of care and support.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"45-52"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10515662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship between Reasons for Smartphone Use, Addictive Use Tendencies, Fear of Missing Out, Depression, and Life Satisfaction: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis.","authors":"Jan Stirnberg, Jürgen Margraf, Lena-Marie Precht, Julia Brailovskaia","doi":"10.1159/000538263","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In the present cross-sectional study, we investigated whether reasons for smartphone use are similar to those of social media use. Also, we explored links between reasons of smartphone use and mental health variables (problematic smartphone use, FOMO, depression symptoms, and life satisfaction) in Germany during the COVID-19 lockdown period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Overall, 571 smartphone users (Mage = 31.60, SDage = 12.73) provided their reasons for smartphone use. The reasons were assigned to six categories by an inductive qualitative content analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five of six reasons were similar to those of social media described by previous research. \"Search for social interaction\" goes along with less problematic smartphone use and depression symptoms and more life satisfaction. \"Search for positive feelings\" is associated with lower life satisfaction. More depressed people, those with problematic smartphone use tendencies, higher FOMO, and lower life satisfaction tend to \"escape from negative emotions.\"</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our results help to understand the relationships between reasons for smartphone use and mental health variables.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"359-368"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140857413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emphatic Memories and Their Meaning in Societal and Legal Contexts: A Narrative Review and Position Paper.","authors":"Michael Linden, Beate Muschalla","doi":"10.1159/000539240","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000539240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Many past and ongoing conflicts in the world are associated with memories. The role of emphatic memories is however often neglected in conflict solving. Therefore, this narrative review gives a short introduction to the phenomenon of emphatic memories and implications for counteracting dysfunctional effects of emphatic memories.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Memory has two connotations. One is remembering and knowing (I can remember when I got married) and on the other is reminding and emphasizing memories (I remind my partner of our wedding day). Memories are less a report on the past but result of current emotions and motives. Emphatic memories serve for self-portrayal and distinction from others, self-exculpation, accusation of others, justification of claims. They are regularly reproachful, have an aggressive character, and are distorted and pseudologic. This is also true on a societal level, as memories are used for defining social groups, and by this for political purposes, in order to juxtapose one group against the other. If memories are revoked, they are regularly accompanied with the very emotions, which were associated with the past event. Corresponding behavior is motivated. Many people suffer from memories and associated emotions and dysfunctional behavior, as is well described in the context of post-traumatic stress disorders. Also, social groups can as a whole suffer from negative emotions because of memories, which may go back up to thousand years. To ensure that memories do not adversely affect individuals and social groups, they should best be forgotten, or at least rescripted, in a way that they are disentangled from negative emotions and motives. An important psychological process in this regard is wisdom and forgiveness, which must not be confused with understanding, justification, tolerating, or reconciliation. Wisdom and forgiveness allow persons to close the books, act self-determined, find freedom from external events, and end suffering because of the past. It is a rational and emotional act.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Emphatic memories can cause that individuals and groups do not find peace and persistently provoke new conflicts. Internal and interactional peace can be found if memories are let alone and fade away. Forgiveness and wisdom describe avenues to let dysfunctional memories go.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"444-450"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11446290/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141555391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Affective Permeability: On Hysteria and Atmospheres.","authors":"Cecilia Maria Esposito, Giovanni Stanghellini","doi":"10.1159/000535188","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phenomenological literature has recently given much attention to the concept of atmosphere, which is the pre-individual affective tonality of the intersubjective space. The importance of atmospheres in psychopathology has been described for various disorders, but little is known about the interaction with hysteria. The aim of the present paper was to describe the psychopathology of hysteria from the angle of the phenomenon of atmosphere, focussing on the hysterical person's peculiar \"affective permeability\".</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Hysterical people have difficulty defining themselves autonomously. As compensation, they adopt models transposed from the external environment such as social gender stereotypes or are influenced by the gaze and desire of others. They also possess a special sensitivity in perceiving the affectivity present in a given social situation, by which they are easily impressed and influenced. Their sensibility to environmental affectivity may allow them to take centre stage, assuming the postures and behaviours that others desire and that they sense by \"sniffing\" the atmosphere in which the encounter is immersed. Thus, a paradox may take place: sensibility is not mere passivity in hysteria but may become a tool for \"riding\" the emotional atmosphere and manipulating it.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Affective permeability to environmental atmospheres and manipulation of the environment are the two sides of the same coin. This overlap of passive impressionability and active manoeuvring is necessary to be grasped in the clinical encounter with hysterical persons not to be submerged by their theatricality, that is, by the hyper-intensive expressivity of their feelings and behaviours.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"63-69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10836918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138806101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenomenology of Somatization in Immigrants: An Idealtypical Approach.","authors":"Massimiliano Aragona, Federica Ferrari, Marcella Cavallo, Silvia Pierconti, Chiara Pajno, Paola Coletta, Giulia Barbarossa, Gianluca Nicolella, Giovanna Laurendi","doi":"10.1159/000538460","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Somatization in immigrants is frequent but standard studies do not differentiate between various forms of somatization. In this qualitative study, we used an idealtypical approach with the aim of phenomenologically differentiating between different forms of somatization in immigrants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The clinical description of the ideal types was based on seven levels: medical examination; description of somatization symptoms; the patients' own interpretation of their somatic experience; concomitant psychopathological phenomena; genetic understanding; clinician's interpretation; and course and treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five different ideal typologies of patients emerged: anxious hypochondriasis, somatization with cultural features playing a pathogenetic role, culturally shaped somatization (through pathoplastic effects), somatization as part of adjustment reactions due to migratory living difficulties, and somatization as post-traumatic reaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These differences are useful to highlight the complex interrelationship between socioeconomic, migratory, cultural, and value factors in the construction of somatization among immigrants. Implications for research methodology, nosology, clinical management, and organization of medical facilities are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"399-411"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141248453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depressive-Like Effects of Foreclosing: A Cross-Sectional Study of Hair Cortisol Concentration.","authors":"Maria J Portella, Isabel González-González, Miriam Jubero, Joan Trujols, Víctor Pérez","doi":"10.1159/000530706","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000530706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Foreclosing and home eviction have been associated with various negative health outcomes, probably due to exposure to such stressful circumstance, but there is no evidence about foreclosure and home eviction to elicit cortisol responses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants who recently had received a court eviction notice were compared to subjects suffering a depressive disorder and to healthy controls in terms of hair cortisol concentrations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Subjects under the stressful circumstance of foreclosure and patients with depression showed comparable concentrations in most of the hair segments while healthy subjects displayed the lowest levels of cortisol.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings show that foreclosure and home eviction are associated with increased cumulative hair cortisol and with depressive-like symptoms. Foreclosing procedures yielded to maintain high levels of cortisol which may increase the risk to develop major depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"10-17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9657086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Gender on Identification and Interpretation of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury.","authors":"Cate Curtis, Michaela Terry","doi":"10.1159/000531551","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000531551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Reported rates of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) differ by gender but may be under-reported and under-recognised in men. People engaging in NSSI rarely seek professional help without encouragement, so others play a key role in its identification and potential intervention. The current research investigated others' interpretations of NSSI, examining whether gender affects the likelihood of NSSI identification and views of how common and acceptable NSSI is.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants (N = 429; 74.1% female, 23.3% male; please see below for further demographic information) responded to two vignettes describing a person self-injuring by punching a wall or by cutting themselves. The person's gender in each vignette was manipulated. Following each vignette, the participants rated the level to which they agreed the behaviour was common for the gender of the person described, as well as the level to which they agreed the behaviour was acceptable for the gender of the person described, on a 5-point Likert scale. Following both vignettes, participants were presented with a definition of NSSI and rated the level to which they agreed cutting and wall-punching were forms of NSSI on 5-point Likert scales. Independent-samples t tests and goodness of fit χ2 tests were conducted as appropriate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants were more likely to identify wall-punching as common for men and cutting as common for women. However, there was no significant difference in whether wall-punching was identified as NSSI or considered to be an acceptable behaviour, regardless of the gender of the person engaging in it. That is, although research suggests that men are far more likely to engage in wall-punching as a form of NSSI than women, participants did not recognise this. Overall, the results indicated a gender-dependent difference in how acceptable and common NSSI is thought to be, but no noticeable difference in identification of a behaviour as NSSI. Wall-punching, typically a form of NSSI engaged in by males, tended not to be identified as such.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is an effect of gender on how NSSI is interpreted, and it seems that men's NSSI is, and will continue to be, under-recognised. This has important implications for the treatment of men's NSSI, which is more likely to be seen as aggression and therefore deserving of punishment than an attempt at emotion regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"18-26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10031063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder.","authors":"Wenhai Zhang, Cancan Zhao, Fanggui Tang, Wenbo Luo","doi":"10.1159/000533334","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibit hypoactivity to positive stimuli and hyperactivity to negative stimuli in terms of neural responses. Automatic emotion regulation (AER) activates triple networks (i.e., the central control network, default mode network, and salience network). Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that adolescents with MDD exhibit dissociable spatiotemporal deficits during positive and negative AER.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We first collected EEG data from 32 adolescents with MDD and 35 healthy adolescents while they performed an implicit emotional Go/NoGo task. Then, we characterized the spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical activity during AER.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In Go trials, MDD adolescents exhibited reduced N2 amplitudes, enhanced theta power for positive pictures, and stronger bottom-up information flow from the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) to the right superior frontal gyrus compared to top-down information flow than the controls. In contrast, in NoGo trials, MDD adolescents exhibited elevated P3 amplitudes, enhanced theta power, and stronger top-down information flows from the right middle frontal gyrus to the right OFC and the left insula than the controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, adolescents with MDD exhibited impaired automatic attention to positive emotions and impaired automatic response inhibition. These findings have potential implications for the clinical treatment of adolescents with MDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"111-122"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10123941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}