Psychopathology最新文献

{"title":"Visual and Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia and Their Relation to Self-Disorders.","authors":"Bettina Magnolia Löfs, Andreas Rosén Rasmussen","doi":"10.1159/000548797","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The current definition of hallucinations as perception-like experiences has been criticized for neglecting their experiential character and context. This study examined the phenomenology of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and visual hallucinations (VHs) in schizophrenia and their relation to other psychopathology, particularly basic self-disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty patients with schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis and hallucinations participated in phenomenologically oriented, semi-structured interviews exploring the experiential characteristics and context of AVH and VH as well as a comprehensive psychopathological examination, including the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The far majority of participants considered their hallucinations distinct from perceptual experience and described alterations of the ordinary experiential structure of sensory experience. Generally, both AVH and persistent VH were experientially intertwined with self-disorders and other subjective pathological phenomena. Moreover, AVHs were characterized by alterations of spatiality and experienced as private, i.e., not being accessible to others. Compared to a control group, the participants with hallucinations had significantly higher levels of self-disorders, earlier onset of psychopathology, and lower IQ.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings align with prior research proposing that most AVHs in schizophrenia reflect an underlying alteration of the structure of subjectivity (i.e., disorder of basic self). We report novel findings suggesting that a similar link between self-disorders and VH should be further investigated. Our study highlights the importance of assessing hallucinations within the broader context of the patient's psychopathology for adequate differential diagnostic evaluation and understanding of lived experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"163-173"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145445141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Phenomenological Reappraisal of Dynamical Systems in Psychopathology.","authors":"Evan J Kyzar, George H Denfield, Jasper Feyaerts, Louis Sass, Barnaby Nelson","doi":"10.1159/000548025","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dynamical systems theory (DST) has recently gained traction as a framework to describe and predict the progression of psychopathology. However, a number of challenges to the application of DST to psychopathology have arisen, including the heterogeneity of symptom measures and the lack of theoretical underpinnings to describe the temporal unfolding of psychiatric illnesses.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>In this article, we aim to show how the integration of methods from phenomenology may strengthen the application of DST in psychopathology research. We explore how phenomenological psychopathology can improve DST-based investigations in two key ways: (1) by specifying the core symptoms of interest in psychopathological states in a more precise manner by focusing on subjective experiences, and (2) by deepening our theoretical understanding of how these symptoms evolve in severity over time. We show how incorporating phenomenologically informed measures of experience can complement DST using clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis as a test case, and we demonstrate the utility of combining phenomenologically informed theory and DST by examining the ipseity-disturbance model (IDM) of psychosis development. We close by offering a vision for the broader integration of DST and phenomenological research methods within psychopathological research.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Phenomenological investigations can synergize with and advance the use of DST to better understand and predict psychiatric disorders and transitions in states of mental health.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12377459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144874894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Experience to Symptoms: A Multilayer Hierarchy of Psychopathological Dimensions in Schizophrenia.","authors":"Stephan Lechner, Karl Erik Sandsten, Dusan Hirjak, Jonas Daub, Stefan Fritze, Geva A Brandt, Filipe Arantes-Gonçalves, Angelika Wolman, Riccardo Stefanelli, Julian Gojer, Sanjiv Gulati, Hasan Hersi, Josef Parnas, Georg Northoff","doi":"10.1159/000547153","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The psychopathology of schizophrenia is a complex amalgamation of features that span across different dimensions. These dimensions range from the experience of altered time and space through self-disorders to perceptual, positive, and negative symptoms. The relationship between these different psychopathological dimensions remains unclear. Addressing this gap was the aim of our study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected data on schizophrenia spectrum disorder at three medical expert centers, via semi-structured phenomenological interviews, consisting of the Scale for Space and Time Experience in Psychosis (STEP), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) and, for a subset of these data, the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE), and the perceptual domain of the Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms (BSABS or BONN). Various state-of-the-art statistical methods, including network and mediation analyses, were used to investigate the relationships between these psychopathological dimensions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found a relationship between altered time and space experiences (STEP) and both general symptoms (PANSS) and the basic self-disorders (EASE).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our various network and mediation analyses show that the basic self-disturbance is a key node in mediating the impact of the more fundamental time and space disturbances on both perceptual changes, and negative, positive, and general symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144529353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allostatic Load as a Mediator and Perceived Chronic Stress as a Moderator in the Association between Maternal Mental Health and Preterm Birth: A Prospective Cohort Study of Pregnant Women in Pakistan.","authors":"Shahirose Sadrudin Premji, Sharifa Lalani, Farooq Ghani, Sidrah Nausheen, Ntonghanwah Forcheh, Geoffrey Omuse, Nicole Letourneau, Neelofur Babar, Salima Sulaiman, Musana Wangira, Shahnaz Shahid Ali, Nazneen Islam, Aliyah Dosani, Ilona S Yim","doi":"10.1159/000540579","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000540579","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The complex biopsychosocial pathways linking maternal mental health with preterm birth (PTB) are not well understood. This study aimed to explore allostatic load (AL) as a mediator and perceived chronic stress as a moderator in the pathway linking maternal mental health and PTB.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cohort study of pregnant women (n = 1,567) recruited at clinic visits within 10-19 weeks of gestation was assessed for maternal mental health (i.e., pregnancy-related anxiety, state anxiety, depressive symptoms) and perceived chronic stress. Blood pressure and levels of cortisol, total cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and glycosylated hemoglobin were used to create a composite measure of AL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AL had the most significant effect on PTB (odds ratio (OR) = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.26-12.67, p = 0.001), while systolic blood pressure emerged as the only significant individual marker using variable selection (OR = 22%, 95% CI = 1.06-1.40, p < 0.001) in multiple logistic regression analysis. A mediation analysis revealed that maternal mental health did not have a significant direct effect on PTB (p = 0.824), but its indirect effect mediated by AL was significant (z = 2.33, p < 0.020). Low and high levels of perceived chronic stress, relative to the mean, moderated this indirect effect (z = 3.66, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AL has a significant direct influence on PTB and mediates the effect of maternal mental health on PTB; however, the indirect effect of AL is indistinguishable between women with higher or lower levels of perceived chronic stress than normal.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"13-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142352664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Centrality Evaluation of Yearning Symptoms for Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Cross-Cultural Approach.","authors":"Amelie Mazza, Andreas Maercker, Simon Forstmeier, Mario Müller, Clare Killikelly","doi":"10.1159/000541321","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541321","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The new ICD-11 diagnosis of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is characterized by the prominent role of yearning as hallmark symptom. A secondary analysis of eight international datasets on PGD was conducted to evaluate this assumption. Additionally, cross-cultural comparison explored whether the centrality of yearning differs across world regions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Primary studies originated from German-speaking countries (n = 4 samples), other European countries and Israel (n = 3 samples), as well as China (n = 1 samples). Different PGD measures were used, including yearning and longing as symptoms. For the centrality assessment of yearning, PGD symptoms were ranked by their factor loadings from confirmatory factor analyses, followed by statistical testing to determine significant differences between yearning and other symptoms of PGD in their factor loading estimates. Subsequently, ranking positions of yearning in three world regions (German-speaking, other Europe-Israel, and China) were compared. Finally, proxy thresholds for individuals at high-risk states for PGD were defined for the different datasets, and sensitivity-specificity analyses of yearning were performed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Yearning was ranked high in five out of 12 models tested. In the German-speaking region, it was predominantly ranked among the most central symptoms; in the other Europe-Israel region as well as China, it tended to fall into the middle or lower rankings of symptom centrality. Sensitivity values were consistently high, while specificity values indicated moderate levels.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;In line with previous research on the general outcomes of grief, the present study showed that yearning may be subject to a culture-specific distribution. Other central symptoms such as feeling as if a part of oneself died have also been shown to potentially play a central role in PGD across world regions. On the other hand, the sensitivity-specificity analyses revealed that yearning can be considered a significant (diagnostically highly sensitive) symptom for individuals in high-risk states for PGD, although it has only moderate specificity (i.e., its absence does not necessarily indicate individuals experiencing normative grief). Nonetheless, a culture-sensitive approach to psychopathology should consider the cultural differences in the centrality of this symptom group. More research is needed to better understand the role of yearning and its determinants across world regions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The new ICD-11 diagnosis of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is characterized by the prominent role of yearning as hallmark symptom. A secondary analysis of eight international datasets on PGD was conducted to evaluate this assumption. Additionally, cross-cultural comparison explored whether the centrality of yearning differs across world regions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Primary studies ori","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"69-79"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11965862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142401087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Suicide Attempts in Patients with First-Episode and Drug-Naïve Psychotic Major Depression.","authors":"Weijian Liu, Chunyu Yang, Xiangyang Zhang","doi":"10.1159/000542844","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Sex differences play an important role in depression prevalence, symptom profile, treatment response, and disease course. However, sex differences in factors associated with suicide attempts (SAs) in first-episode and drug-naïve (FEDN) patients with psychotic major depression (PMD) remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 171 patients with FEDN PMD were recruited. Patients' symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale. In addition, metabolic parameters and thyroid hormone levels were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of SA was remarkably high in both male and female PMD patients (53.19% vs. 50.81%), without significant differences between the two groups. In male PMD patients, the combination of marital status and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels was found to effectively distinguish between SA and non-SA cases, with an AUC value of 0.87. In addition, the HAMD score and diastolic blood pressure (BP) were significantly associated with the frequency of SAs in this subgroup. For female PMD patients, the combination of positive score, diastolic BP, TSH, and antithyroglobulin was found to be an effective discriminator between SA and non-SA cases, with an AUC of 0.91. Furthermore, duration of illness, positive score, systolic BP, and thyroid peroxidase antibody were found to be significantly associated with the frequency of SAs in this subgroup.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results indicate a high incidence of SAs in both men and women with PMD. Several clinically relevant factors, metabolic parameters, and thyroid hormone function contribute to sex differences in SAs in FEDN PMD patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"199-210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142953926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"For a Choreography of Emotions: Spatiotemporal Phenomenology.","authors":"Giovanni Stanghellini, Veronica Boniotti, Angelika Wolman, Helene Cæcilie Mørck, Georg Northoff","doi":"10.1159/000547559","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547559","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Emotions are a key feature of human life. Despite intensive research, we still do not have a full grasp of the complexity of emotions, such as their peculiar combination of emotional feeling and behavioral motor manifestation. We also lack translational research that links the phenomenal (experiential) with the pre-phenomenal (neurological) levels.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Operating within the framework of embodiment on experiential and neural levels, we characterize different emotions by their different movements as well as by their distinct experiences of time and space, rather than externally observable behavior. This leads literally to a choreography of emotions and spatiotemporal phenomenology, that is, a characterization of emotions in terms of corporeality, particularly how persons feel that their body moves in space and time and interacts with its environment. That is complemented by an outlook of linking such views of emotions to the brain through what has recently been introduced as \"Spatiotemporal Neuroscience,\" whose theoretical background is briefly sketched and outlined. This is accompanied by an example of the temporal changes, with abnormal slowness being shared by both, experience and brain, as their \"common currency\" during sadness.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>We here introduce the outline of a choreography of emotions as a descriptive framework that makes reference to the direction and timing of the way persons experience their bodily movement, as well as to the matching of bodily movements and the surrounding lived space, which carries high potential of being directly linked to the brain in a non-reductive way through spatiotemporal neuroscience.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"347-365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144732893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EAIE Scale: The Examination of Autistic Intersubjective Experiences - A Qualitative Tool to the Exploration of Sociality.","authors":"Valeria Bizzari, Tim Schnitzler, Thomas Fuchs","doi":"10.1159/000545919","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Examination of Autistic Intersubjective Experiences is a semi-structured interview aimed at a phenomenological exploration of experiential and subjective ways of dealing with sociality.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>As a qualitative study, this work can be understood in continuity with Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) and Examination of Anomalous World Experience (EAWE). While these models focus on anomalies of selfhood and experience of the external world, respectively, this semi-structured interview focuses instead on the divergent ways dealing with intersubjective experience and on the difficulties that people with a diagnosis of autism experience in the social domain.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The advantages are both theoretic and practical: from a philosophical perspective, it will be interesting to observe how intersubjectivity works. From a clinical perspective, the collected data will be useful both for clinicians and caregivers, allowing them to better understand and cope with the autistic subject, and favor the communication between different social styles.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"334-346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144053624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Associations of Anxiety Symptoms among Young Overweight or Obese Patients with Major Depressive Disorder.","authors":"Ting Wang, Yu Tang, Sanrong Xiao, Xiangyang Zhang","doi":"10.1159/000546692","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Overweight or obesity often co-occurs with depression among young adults. Major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently occurs alongside anxiety; nevertheless, research exploring the interaction between anxiety symptoms and MDD in young adults with overweight or obesity is limited. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of comorbid anxiety among young adults with overweight/obesity concomitant with MDD. Additionally, it aimed to identify predictors of anxiety within this demographic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study involved 523 young adults with overweight/obesity concomitant with MDD (age 18-35 years). Their demographic characteristics, clinical variables, and fasting biochemical parameters were collected utilizing the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 50.8%. Correlation analysis suggested strong associations between total HAMD scores and various factors, including total HAMA scores, body mass index, suicidal tendencies, and psychotic symptoms. Binary regression identified four clinical variables, namely, HAMD scores, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, excitement levels, and fasting blood glucose, as significant risk factors for anxiety within this demographic.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In summary, this research highlights a substantial prevalence of anxiety symptoms among young adults with overweight/obesity concomitant with MDD. Furthermore, it elucidates four risk factors associated with concurrent anxiety symptoms among this demographic. These findings have significant clinical implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"315-322"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144199859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Change in Emotional Arousal Variance in Clients with Borderline Personality Disorder during a Brief Psychiatric Treatment.","authors":"Loris Grandjean, Tobias Rohrbach, Aline Garbani, Fabienne Läderach, Ines Culina, José Blanco Machinea, Hélène Beuchat, Livia Alerci, Stéphane Kolly, Ueli Kramer","doi":"10.1159/000546284","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Background: Research in the field of psychotherapy suggests that emotional arousal (EA) might be a key element to therapeutic success. However, its relevance depends on a situation-bound complex process, requiring its assessment at the right time and in relation to significant personal themes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This article is a secondary analysis of a 4-month treatment RCT with two arms (General Psychiatric Management and Treatment As Usual) for borderline personality disorder (BPD). Fifty-five clients with BPD (GPM group: n = 28; TAU group: n = 27) as well as healthy controls (n = 29) participated in the study. We assessed them (intake, 2 months and discharge for the BPD group and intake and at consistent intervals for the healthy controls) using an experiential two-chair dialogue focused on the client's self-criticism, ensuring the idiosyncratic relevance of the aroused state. We evaluated EA during the two-chair dialogue at three time points (two for the controls) over the course of treatment via self-reported (Self-Assessment Manikin) and observer-rated (Client Emotional Arousal Scale-III) scales as well as borderline symptomatology (ZAN-BPD) and general psychological distress (Outcome Questionnaire 45).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In line with our expectations, we find that participants with diagnosed BPD show higher EA variance compared to controls. This heightened EA variance changes range over the course of the 4-month psychiatric treatment, with participants in the control and BPD groups showing levels of EA variance that are not significantly different at T3. There is no evidence that lower EA variance is associated with reduced symptoms.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In the treatment of BPD, change in EA variance may be a key element as it normalizes throughout the brief intervention. However, more research is needed to clarify the relationship between this normalization and symptom reduction. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"301-314"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12176351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144199903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}