Psychopathology最新文献

{"title":"Islands of Inference: A Neurodevelopmental Architecture for Fixed Delusions.","authors":"Paul Goldsmith","doi":"10.1159/000552299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000552299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background Delusions can be strikingly selective: individuals may hold highly elaborated, unshakeable beliefs in one domain while remaining otherwise cognitively intact. Models emphasising dopaminergic salience or belief-updating failures account for the intensity and persistence of delusions but struggle to explain their circumscribed nature. Summary This paper develops a conceptual framework that complements dominant functional accounts. Subtle neurodevelopmental variation in cortical micro-architecture, as commonly occurs, may give rise to focal cortical regions (\"islands\") with greater representational depth than their surrounding networks. When such a region supports high-order social inference - particularly advanced Theory of Mind - it may generate internally coherent narratives that exceed the integrative capacity of neighbouring circuits. These inferences cannot be adequately contextualised, simulated or revised by the broader network and therefore become fixed. The \"Islands of Inference\" model accounts for several core features of schizophrenia, including the social content of delusions, their typical onset in late adolescence, their resistance to counter-evidence, and their progression over time. It also clarifies the distinct roles of dopamine and cannabis: neuromodulators amplify the influence of the island's output without determining its content. Finally, the framework clarifies implications for empirical investigation. During delusional thought, focal regions within the mentalising network should support deeper internal representations than their surrounding circuits, even when those neighbouring areas are active and coherent. Key messages This framework reframes delusions as reflecting a failure of architectural constraint rather than global cognitive dysfunction, and suggests new directions for empirical investigation and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Self-Disorders Be Self-Rated? Theoretical and Empirical Validity of the Inventory of Psychotic-Like Anomalous Self-Experiences (IPASE).","authors":"Mads Gram Henriksen, Håvard Hovstad, Helena Cobanovic, Ida-Marie Mølstrøm, Sofie Ørsted-Høyer, Marlene Buch Pedersen, Julie Nordgaard","doi":"10.1159/000552007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000552007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Inventory of Psychotic-Like Anomalous Self-Experiences (IPASE) was developed as an easy-to-use, self-report measure of self-disorders. Self-disorders are subtle, trait-like, non-psychotic anomalous self-experiences that are traditionally assessed by trained raters using a semi-structured clinical interview, such as the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE). Whether self-disorders can be validly assessed via self-report measures remains uncertain. This study explores the theoretical and empirical validity of IPASE.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-one participants (patients with psychosis or schizotypal disorder, patients with other mental disorders, and healthy controls) completed the IPASE and were subsequently assessed with the EASE. Correlations between total scores of IPASE and EASE were analyzed using Spearman's ρ, and group differences were examined with one-way ANOVA. Participants were also asked to describe the experiences they had in mind when agreeing with IPASE items, enabling a qualitative comparison of IPASE item interpretation relative to EASE phenomena.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Scores on IPASE and EASE were moderately correlated (Spearman's ρ = 0.54, p < 0.01), corresponding to approximately 29% shared variance. While participants with higher EASE scores tended to report higher IPASE scores, the overlap was limited. Qualitative analyses showed that ordinary experiences, medication-related sensations, or psychotic phenomena often were the basis for agreement with IPASE items.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that, although related, IPASE and EASE do not measure the same construct. The moderate correlation and qualitative discrepancies cast serious doubts on the alledged validity of IPASE for assessing self-disorders, underscoring the importance of phenomenological-clinical interviewing for assessing such psychopathological phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Lived Experience of Suffering Among Transitional-Age Youth with Mental Disorders: A Phenomenological Thematic Analysis.","authors":"Samy Kozlowitz, Ella Ben-Shaool, Jordan Sibeoni, Astrid Chevance","doi":"10.1159/000551658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Transitional age youth (TAY ; ages 16-25) is a developmental period marked by major biopsychosocial changes and a peak onset of mental disorders. While psychiatric diagnoses rely heavily on distress as a criterion, the concept remains underdefined, particularly for youth who often report subthreshold symptoms. This study aims to explore how TAY with mental disorders experience and describe their suffering, in order to clarify its phenomenological features and clinical relevance within the context of emerging adulthood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted individual, semi-structured interviews with 15 TAY receiving psychiatric care at a public hospital in Brussels. Participants were aged 17-25 and came from both inpatient and outpatient settings. Each interview began with a visual tool, where participants brought visual materials representing their suffering. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified five themes. First, for participants, suffering meant enduring \"mental pain,\" an aversive and inescapable experience, often tied to suicidality. Second, this pain was described as submerging their reality, disrupting their sense of time, world, and self. Third, participants struggled to explain this pain to others and themselves. Fourth, they nonetheless thought it to be abnormal and to require professional help, as it signaled the presence of a mental disorder. Lastly, they reported the underlying cause of their mental pain as having no place in the world, due to patterns of social adversity or an inability to meet social expectations Conclusion: For these TAY, suffering was tied to a damaged social sense of self, fueled by ideals of autonomy and self-improvement that are increasingly hard to achieve. Excessive suffering was often characterized as \"depression\" and many of their experiences did echo phenomenological accounts of depression. While prior definitions of suffering emphasize causes or outcomes, this study details the experiential core of suffering as mental pain. However, some participants distinguished between pain as an immediate pre-reflective experience and suffering as its reflective aftermath. This supports the view that clinicians must address not only the raw experience but also help patients build meaning from it, bridging symptom relief with narrative understanding.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147532182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ketamine as a Rapid-Acting Antidepressant: A Scoping Review of Mechanisms and Efficacy in Treatment-Resistant Depression.","authors":"Xiaoran Ding, Yaping Wu, Juan Yang, Guohui Zhu, Hongwei Sun","doi":"10.1159/000551413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ketamine has emerged as a promising rapid-acting antidepressant with distinct advantages for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Its therapeutic effects are mediated through multi-target modulation of the glutamatergic system. Unlike conventional antidepressants, ketamine exerts a markedly faster onset of action; however, its long-term safety profile and potential risk of dependence require rigorous evaluation. This scoping review aims to systematically summarize recent advances in research on ketamine's role in depression treatment.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review synthesizes current evidence regarding ketamine's molecular mechanisms of action, neuroimaging correlates, pharmacological characteristics, and associated ethical considerations. By primarily antagonizing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, ketamine rapidly disinhibits the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway and upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression via eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) suppression, thereby activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and enhancing synaptic plasticity. Neuroimaging studies further reveal that ketamine induces rapid remodeling of prefrontal-limbic functional connectivity, modulates default mode network activity, and promotes the normalization of cerebral metabolism and structure. Pharmacologically, ketamine exhibits a rapid onset of action and a relatively broad therapeutic window, though notable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences exist between its enantiomers and active metabolites, which warrants further investigation.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Ketamine displays rapid onset and high efficacy in the management of TRD; nevertheless, its long-term safety, risk of dependence, and potential cognitive effects necessitate close clinical monitoring. Future research should prioritize the exploration of synergistic treatment regimens and the development of novel ketamine derivatives with improved target specificity and safety profiles to advance the application of precision psychiatry. Collectively, this review provides a foundational reference to guide clinical practice and inform subsequent mechanistic studies on ketamine-based antidepressant therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147532219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-disorders, imagination, and creativity in professional visual artists: an exploratory phenomenological study.","authors":"Andreas Rosén Rasmussen, Sidse Marie Arnfred, Henriette Sabroe Ebbesen","doi":"10.1159/000551582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epidemiological studies have reported associations between creativity and genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders. Alterations of selfhood have been proposed as a possible link between these phenomena. In this explorative study, we examined disturbances of basic selfhood and imagination, as well as general psychopathology, in a non-clinical sample of professional visual artists. Methods Ten visual artists, exhibiting at prestigious galleries, were recruited through professional networks. They underwent a comprehensive interview assessment of psychopathology, including the Present State Examination (PSE), the Examination of Anomalous Self-experience (EASE), the Examination of Anomalous fantasy and Imagination (EAFI), and a qualitative interview exploring the creative working process. Results Four participants described a moderate to high level of self-disorders and/or anomalies of imagination and described an involvement of these experiences in their creative working process. The participants met ICD-10 research criteria for lifetime diagnoses of mood, anxiety and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Discussion The findings are exploratory and based on a small sample. Drawing on phenomenological considerations, we tentatively suggest that, for some individuals, alterations of the pre-reflective structure of subjectivity may be related to creativity through subtle alienation from fundamental common-sense categories, an inclination towards preoccupation with the imaginary, and a spatialized mode of experiencing the inner life.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147491480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Cortical Gyrification and Major Depression: Clinical Correlates.","authors":"Andreas Buchmann, Adrian Hase, Christopher Johannes Ritter, Sabrina Theresia Müller, Melanie Haynes, Carmen Ghisleni, Ruth O Apos Gorman Tuura, Charlotte Sophie Kohler, Gregor Hasler","doi":"10.1159/000550951","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most frequent psychiatric diseases worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that cortical gyrification measures may present an early risk marker for depression. Medial views of cortical surface reconstructions provide the basis for a simple, expert-rated measure of cortical gyrification. In this study, we examined left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) gyrification as a potential marker of MDD. We selected this region of interest based on the limbic-cortical dysregulation model of depression and prior research results.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a sample of 386 healthy and depressed young adults (147 with MDD), experts rated ACC gyrification using structural MRI reconstructions. Gyrification patterns were compared on clinical (e.g., MDD status), MRI (e.g., automatically derived region-wise curvature and volumetric variables), and psychological outcomes (e.g., personality questionnaire scores).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One-third of subjects exhibited two anteroposterior gyri in the left hemisphere, whereas the other subjects exhibited one longitudinal gyrus or longitudinal gyrification was interrupted. Subjects with the fewer-gyri left ACC variant more often experienced MDD at some point in their lifetime (p = 0.048). Moreover, among all subjects with MDD, disorder onset happened earlier in subjects with the fewer gyri variant (d = -0.30), hinting at early developmental contributions to the phenotypic marker. In addition, subjects with fewer longitudinal gyri scored higher on neuroticism (η2 = 0.02), but not on extraversion. Automatically derived measures of gyrification and cortical surface area were largely consistent with the differences observed using the expert rater-based gyrification measure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Future studies should investigate left ACC gyrification and, to what extent, it exists in at-risk subjects, further elucidating it with ACC structural and functional connectivity measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13075862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146228424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elements for a Phenomenology of Cultures: Cultural Existentials and the Dialectical Experiential Matrix.","authors":"Riccardo Poggioli, Giovanni Stanghellini","doi":"10.1159/000550835","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phenomenological psychopathology has traditionally focused on individual experience, yet contemporary clinical practice increasingly requires understanding of how collective cultural forces shape psychological life. In an era of advanced globalization, stable social aggregates have given way to fluid \"cultural flows\" that transcend geographical and social boundaries, necessitating new conceptual frameworks for clinical assessment.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This paper proposes a critical expansion of phenomenological psychopathology of the individual to explicitly integrate the collective dimension. In order to accurately describe the scenario of collective life, and its relationship with the psychology and psychopathology of individual existences, we propose two moves: (1) a shift of focus from society (which denotes an organized aggregate of individuals) to culture (a transversal symbolic system, capable of extending beyond the boundaries of the original social group) since in the context of advanced globalization the conception of stable social aggregates has been replaced by models of fluid and changing \"cultural flows\" and (2) to phenomenologically describe these cultural flows that traverse the contemporary world, we introduce the concept of \"cultural existentials\" (time, space, body, and others) as a priori conditions of experience derived from the analysis of the fundamental structures of individual lifeworlds, as employed in phenomenology. These cultural existentials are integrated into a dialectical experiential matrix (DEM), designed to overcome the reductionism of both structuralism and subjectivist individualism. The DEM frames the patient's experience as a dynamic interplay between individual freedom (the capacity for self-positioning) and cultural influence. An illustrative application analyzing the convergence between \"pornographic culture\" and the \"homo œconomicus\" anthropological type is provided to demonstrate how cultural existentials offer a collective model for specific narcissistic vulnerabilities and dysregulations of alterity, providing a crucial diagnostic device for the clinician.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>The DEM provides clinicians with a diagnostic device for understanding how contemporary cultural configurations shape individual psychopathology. By articulating the dialectical relationship between cultural existentials and individual positioning, this framework enables more accurate phenomenological description of patients whose suffering reflects not merely idiosyncratic biography but participation in collective cultural patterns. This approach addresses the limitations of purely individualistic psychopathology while maintaining phenomenological rigor.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Felt Presence and Psychosis Risk in the General Population.","authors":"Tatiana Baxter, Sohee Park","doi":"10.1159/000548612","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548612","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Felt presence (FP) is the experience that another entity is present in one's proximal environment, despite no sensory evidence. Occurrence of FP is linked to psychosis risk, but qualities of FP in the context of psychosis are not well understood. We conducted an online, exploratory survey assessing qualities of FP in relation to psychosis risk in the general population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three hundred and seventy-six participants completed an anonymous online survey consisting of validated measures of sensed presence, psychosis risk, loneliness, trauma, resilience and general mental health. They also responded to questions about perceptual qualities of FP. We investigated the role of the presence and its qualities in predicting psychosis risk, and relationships between qualities of FP and psychosis risk. We also examined the relationships between qualities of FP and psychosocial variables with psychosis risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FP and anxiety significantly predicted elevated psychosis risk. FP experiences in the high-risk group were more frequent, distressing, vivid, and multisensory than in the low-risk group. Specifically, distress during FP significantly predicted psychosis-risk status over and above demographic and psychiatric covariates (including anxiety). Cumulative trauma was linked with total number of FP experiences as well as increased frequency, distress, vividness, and understandings of FP's identity. Depression, anxiety, and stress were associated with more physiological sensations and increased distress during FP, as well as knowledge of FP's identity. Resilience was associated with more frequent and vivid FPs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results demonstrate strong links between FP and psychosis risk in the general population and provide preliminary evidence of qualitative markers that differentiate FP from psychosocial factors in the context of psychosis risk. Assessment and clinical conceptualizations of risk for schizophrenia should consider including experiences of bodily self-disturbance, such as FP.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"36-55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12581722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revising the Standard Definition of Hallucination: Delirium and Schizophrenia.","authors":"Kasper Møller Nielsen, Julie Nordgaard, Søren Overgaard, Mads Gram Henriksen","doi":"10.1159/000548200","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>According to the standard definition, a hallucination is (1) a perceptual experience occurring in the absence of a relevant perceptual object, (2) it has the sense of reality of a veridical perception, and (3) it is unwilled and not under voluntary control of the hallucinator. This definition is supposed to encompass all hallucinations, across mental disorders and experiential modalities.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>In this article, we examine the standard definition's validity by comparing visual hallucinations in delirium and auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) in schizophrenia, focusing especially on the definition's second criterion, i.e., the sense of reality criterion. Our analysis reveals stark differences between these two disorders, their concomitant experiential structures, and the experience of hallucinations. While hallucinated objects are experienced as real in both disorders, they are typically not experienced as real in the same sense of the term. In delirium, hallucinatory objects are experienced as real in the way perceptual objects are, and they often are indistinguishable from such objects. In schizophrenia, by contrast, hallucinatory objects are often not experienced as real in the way perceptual objects are, and they often are distinguishable from such objects.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>An appreciation of the different kinds of sense of reality of hallucinations is relevant for developing more precise psychopathological concepts, clinical care, and empirical research. Based on our findings, we offer a revision of the standard definition of hallucination, making it valid for the variety of hallucinations that are found across mental disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"56-66"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Data-Driven Decomposition of Anxiety.","authors":"Andreas Buchmann, Adrian Hase, Christopher Johannes Ritter, Sabrina Theresia Müller, Melanie Haynes, Sylvia Huber, Carmen Ghisleni, Ruth O'Gorman Tuura, Gregor Hasler","doi":"10.1159/000548258","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The present paper identified key components of anxiety and fear based on a large community sample of 387 psychiatrically healthy or depressed participants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Subfactors were defined based on a principal component analysis with promax rotation and characterized via correlations with other psychiatric as well as physiological and volumetric indicators collected in this large study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The key components were labeled \"discomfort,\" \"fright,\" \"nervousness,\" \"lack of self-confidence,\" and \"worry.\" We discuss the components according to their organizational complexity, but also in terms of their affective and motivational content.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The components may be useful for future research, as they are based on three of the most-used psychiatric questionnaires assessing anxiety and fear symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"23-35"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}