Psychopathology最新文献

{"title":"What do we risk to SQuEASE by making psychiatric phenomenology too efficient ?","authors":"Florestan Delcourt, Jérôme Englebert","doi":"10.1159/000545169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143754324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliotherapy and Schizophrenia: a Stanghellinian Perspective.","authors":"Florestan Delcourt, Jerôme Englebert, Bernard Pachoud","doi":"10.1159/000545471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000545471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that has long been regarded as irreversibly degenerative. However, the recent improvements in treatment and prognosis, and the trend towards person-centred care has reversed this fatalistic tendency, and encouraged the development of theoretical and clinical tools to support these people as closely as possible to their concerns. In this article, we look at how bibliotherapy, namely care assisted by the reading of literary fictions, might be conceived in relation to the classic psychotherapeutic framework. To circumscribe the definition of this approach for people with schizophrenia, we will refer to the work of Giovanni Stanghellini, and in particular to two of his works: the Phenomenology, Hermeneutics and Psychodynamics model, and his epistemological theory of Images. Thus, we shall see that the clinical particularities of bibliotherapy could assist a person-centered psychotherapy by promoting the unfolding of people's phenomenological experiences, opening them up to other ways of interpreting them, and re-establishing the dialogue between the self and its existence. Bibliotherapy could hence participate in the contemporary movements of clinical hermeneutic phenomenology, medical humanities and experiential recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Contribution of Phenomenology to the Assessment of Severe Non-Psychotic Forms of Psychopathological Conditions in Transitional Age Youth: Two Case Studies.","authors":"Matteo Ballabio, Giovanni Stanghellini","doi":"10.1159/000544720","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000544720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent times, adolescents with severe forms of psychopathology that do not unambiguously fit into a precise diagnostic category have come to clinical observation. The diagnoses attributed to these young patients range from borderline personality disorder, to affective disorders, ADHD, and others. These diagnoses are mainly based on behavioural abnormalities (e.g., social withdrawal, aggressiveness, self-injuring behaviour), but fail to capture the experiential core of their suffering.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Research in psychopathology, particularly that with a phenomenological approach, has long been committed to identifying early markers of schizophrenia in clinical pictures that precede the full onset of this pathology. In this paper, two case studies in transitional age youth (TAY) and additional material taken from our own clinical practice are presented where self-disorders and anomalies of common sense - originally developed to phenomenologically characterise the schizophrenic spectrum phenotype, and especially non-delusional forms of schizophrenia - are used to complement standard nosographic assessments.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>We propose that using some of these phenomenological constructs can shed light on certain TAY pictures, in particular the most serious ones, helping us grasp their psychopathological core, and provide further elements for a fine-grained characterization and in-depth understanding. We propose as a work-in-progress a set of tentative criteria to differentiate such phenomena in TAY patients as compared to patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143415050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mothers of Young Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Depressive Symptoms and Perceived Stress.","authors":"Christian F J Woll-Weber, Corinna Reck, Anton K G Marx, Su Mevsim Küçükakyüz, Mitho Müller, Alexandra von Tettenborn, Nora Nonnenmacher, Anna-Lena Zietlow","doi":"10.1159/000543715","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, psychosocial well-being of families and parents worldwide has been impaired. As part of a larger online survey, we analyzed maternal depressive symptoms and perceived stress.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 666 mothers from Germany with young children (mostly aged 0-3 years) filled out the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) at 2 time points during the pandemic (T1: summer/fall 2020; T2: early spring 2021). We (1) calculated prevalence rates of a risk for depression and high perceived stress levels, (2) analyzed differences between time points via paired t tests, and (3) examined the reciprocal relation between the two constructs via cross-lagged panel modeling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Considering cut-off values of the EPDS (≥10) and PSS (≥27), 33.8% carried a risk for depression and 15.2% high levels of stress at T1, whereas, respectively, 55.1% and 26.0% did so at T2. Depressive symptom severity and perceived stress levels significantly differed between measurement points with higher values at T2 (p < 0.001). Our cross-lagged panel analysis revealed large correlations (p < 0.001) within as well as small to medium (i.e., [0.21, 0.47]) auto-regressive (p < 0.001) and reciprocal (p < 0.001) predictions across time points between the severity of depressive symptoms and perceived stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work demonstrates how severely mothers of infants were affected by depressive symptoms and perceived stress in a time of pandemic crisis. Psychosocial support should focus on screening and treating mothers as early as possible to mitigate the risk for subsequent depressive symptoms and perceived stress. Aiming attention at both depressive symptom reduction and stress relief most successfully promotes maternal well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143123471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between Childhood Trauma and Epistemic Trust, Attachment, Mentalizing, and Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder.","authors":"Saskia R Y Knapen, Wendy Mensink, Adriaan W Hoogendoorn, Wilma E Swildens, Puck Duits, Joost Hutsebaut, Aartjan T F Beekman","doi":"10.1159/000542919","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The construct of epistemic trust (ET) has gained wide acceptance and support in the field, although there is little empirical evidence to substantiate the theoretical assumed model. Studies of the assessment of ET were conducted in community samples only and the mediating role of attachment and mentalizing in addition to ET was not investigated. This study examines the theoretical assumed relationships between ET and attachment and mentalizing as well as the mediating role of attachment, mentalizing and ET in the association between childhood adversity and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in a heterogeneous sample containing also patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The associations between ET and attachment, mentalizing, childhood maltreatment and BPD were explored in a sample of 245 participants, including subjects from the community as well as patients diagnosed with anxiety and personality disorders from two clinical samples. Multiple mediation analysis was performed to explore the mediating role of attachment (ECR-R), mentalizing (RFQ), and ET within the relationship between childhood trauma (CTQ-SF) and BPD (MSI-BPD).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Strong relationships between ET and attachment and mentalizing were found indicating that lower degrees of cET are associated with insecure attachment and lower reflective functioning. Attachment, mentalizing, and ET together accounted for 75% of the mediation between childhood adversity and BPD. Hypomentalizing and anxious attachment accounted for the largest share of the mediation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings provide preliminary evidence for the theoretical supposed model of ET and suggest relevance of ET in the mediation between childhood adversity and PDs, although the role of ET seems smaller than assumed by recent theories.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142984598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Suicide Attempts in Patients with First-Episode and Drug-Naïve Psychotic Major Depression.","authors":"Weijian Liu, Chunyu Yang, Xiangyang Zhang","doi":"10.1159/000542844","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Sex differences play an important role in depression prevalence, symptom profile, treatment response, and disease course. However, sex differences in factors associated with suicide attempts (SAs) in first-episode and drug-naïve (FEDN) patients with psychotic major depression (PMD) remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, 171 patients with FEDN PMD were recruited. Patients' symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale. In addition, metabolic parameters and thyroid hormone levels were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of SA was remarkably high in both male and female PMD patients (53.19% vs. 50.81%), without significant differences between the two groups. In male PMD patients, the combination of marital status and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels was found to effectively distinguish between SA and non-SA cases, with an AUC value of 0.87. In addition, the HAMD score and diastolic blood pressure (BP) were significantly associated with the frequency of SAs in this subgroup. For female PMD patients, the combination of positive score, diastolic BP, TSH, and antithyroglobulin was found to be an effective discriminator between SA and non-SA cases, with an AUC of 0.91. Furthermore, duration of illness, positive score, systolic BP, and thyroid peroxidase antibody were found to be significantly associated with the frequency of SAs in this subgroup.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results indicate a high incidence of SAs in both men and women with PMD. Several clinically relevant factors, metabolic parameters, and thyroid hormone function contribute to sex differences in SAs in FEDN PMD patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142953926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Under and Overmentalizing in Personality Disorders: A Principal Component Analysis of Nonadaptive Personality and the Movie Assessment of Social Cognition.","authors":"Julia Jurist, Jenna M Traynor, Grace E Murray, Boyu Ren, Sara R Masland, Sam A Mermin, Kevin B Meehan, Lois W Choi-Kain","doi":"10.1159/000543363","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This secondary analysis of quality control data assessed principal components of personality dysfunction and their relationship to mentalizing in a sample of treatment-seeking women with severe personality disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) and the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) were administered to 37 females in routine quality assessments of a specialized residential treatment program. Principal component analysis (PCA) of SNAP scores was used to determine dimensions of personality most significantly contributing to overall maladaptive personality functioning. Bootstrapped stepwise regression tested the relationship of dimensional personality indices to hypermentalizing and hypomentalizing on the MASC controlling for general psychiatric severity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four principal components (PCs) explained 71.4% of the variance in personality dysfunction, mapping onto antisocial, obsessive compulsive, borderline, and narcissistic personality constellations. The borderline and antisocial PCs were positively predictive of hypermentalizing. The obsessive-compulsive PC was positively predictive of hypomentalizing, while the antisocial PC was negatively predictive of hypomentalizing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study reiterates prior findings of a relationship between hypermentalizing and borderline and antisocial personality profiles. It also contributes evidence to the limited research on hypomentalizing as a clinical indicator and potential treatment target for obsessive-compulsive personality, and shows evidence of a negative relationship between antisocial personality disorder and hypomentalizing. These findings provide clinical indications for enhancing and regulating mentalizing via attention to and interpretations of internal and interpersonal events in individuals with personality disorders. Further research is needed to replicate these associations in larger, more representative clinical samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142922658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allostatic Load as a Mediator and Perceived Chronic Stress as a Moderator in the Association between Maternal Mental Health and Preterm Birth: A Prospective Cohort Study of Pregnant Women in Pakistan.","authors":"Shahirose Sadrudin Premji, Sharifa Lalani, Farooq Ghani, Sidrah Nausheen, Ntonghanwah Forcheh, Geoffrey Omuse, Nicole Letourneau, Neelofur Babar, Salima Sulaiman, Musana Wangira, Shahnaz Shahid Ali, Nazneen Islam, Aliyah Dosani, Ilona S Yim","doi":"10.1159/000540579","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000540579","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The complex biopsychosocial pathways linking maternal mental health with preterm birth (PTB) are not well understood. This study aimed to explore allostatic load (AL) as a mediator and perceived chronic stress as a moderator in the pathway linking maternal mental health and PTB.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cohort study of pregnant women (n = 1,567) recruited at clinic visits within 10-19 weeks of gestation was assessed for maternal mental health (i.e., pregnancy-related anxiety, state anxiety, depressive symptoms) and perceived chronic stress. Blood pressure and levels of cortisol, total cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and glycosylated hemoglobin were used to create a composite measure of AL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AL had the most significant effect on PTB (odds ratio (OR) = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.26-12.67, p = 0.001), while systolic blood pressure emerged as the only significant individual marker using variable selection (OR = 22%, 95% CI = 1.06-1.40, p < 0.001) in multiple logistic regression analysis. A mediation analysis revealed that maternal mental health did not have a significant direct effect on PTB (p = 0.824), but its indirect effect mediated by AL was significant (z = 2.33, p < 0.020). Low and high levels of perceived chronic stress, relative to the mean, moderated this indirect effect (z = 3.66, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AL has a significant direct influence on PTB and mediates the effect of maternal mental health on PTB; however, the indirect effect of AL is indistinguishable between women with higher or lower levels of perceived chronic stress than normal.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"13-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142352664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Centrality Evaluation of Yearning Symptoms for Prolonged Grief Disorder: A Cross-Cultural Approach.","authors":"Amelie Mazza, Andreas Maercker, Simon Forstmeier, Mario Müller, Clare Killikelly","doi":"10.1159/000541321","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541321","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The new ICD-11 diagnosis of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is characterized by the prominent role of yearning as hallmark symptom. A secondary analysis of eight international datasets on PGD was conducted to evaluate this assumption. Additionally, cross-cultural comparison explored whether the centrality of yearning differs across world regions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Primary studies originated from German-speaking countries (n = 4 samples), other European countries and Israel (n = 3 samples), as well as China (n = 1 samples). Different PGD measures were used, including yearning and longing as symptoms. For the centrality assessment of yearning, PGD symptoms were ranked by their factor loadings from confirmatory factor analyses, followed by statistical testing to determine significant differences between yearning and other symptoms of PGD in their factor loading estimates. Subsequently, ranking positions of yearning in three world regions (German-speaking, other Europe-Israel, and China) were compared. Finally, proxy thresholds for individuals at high-risk states for PGD were defined for the different datasets, and sensitivity-specificity analyses of yearning were performed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Yearning was ranked high in five out of 12 models tested. In the German-speaking region, it was predominantly ranked among the most central symptoms; in the other Europe-Israel region as well as China, it tended to fall into the middle or lower rankings of symptom centrality. Sensitivity values were consistently high, while specificity values indicated moderate levels.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;In line with previous research on the general outcomes of grief, the present study showed that yearning may be subject to a culture-specific distribution. Other central symptoms such as feeling as if a part of oneself died have also been shown to potentially play a central role in PGD across world regions. On the other hand, the sensitivity-specificity analyses revealed that yearning can be considered a significant (diagnostically highly sensitive) symptom for individuals in high-risk states for PGD, although it has only moderate specificity (i.e., its absence does not necessarily indicate individuals experiencing normative grief). Nonetheless, a culture-sensitive approach to psychopathology should consider the cultural differences in the centrality of this symptom group. More research is needed to better understand the role of yearning and its determinants across world regions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The new ICD-11 diagnosis of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is characterized by the prominent role of yearning as hallmark symptom. A secondary analysis of eight international datasets on PGD was conducted to evaluate this assumption. Additionally, cross-cultural comparison explored whether the centrality of yearning differs across world regions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Primary studies ori","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"69-79"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142401087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Critical Review of Phenomenological Research Related to Schizophrenia in China.","authors":"Ya-Jing Tang, Wen-Hao Wang, Yu-Hui Yan, Xian-Jun Xu, Chuan Shi","doi":"10.1159/000541291","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Phenomenological qualitative research delves into the essence and meaning of phenomena through subjects' lived experiences. Despite its widespread use in humanities disciplines, its integration with psychopathology is rare in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically reviewed phenomenological studies on schizophrenia in China to assess their content and quality and offer insights for future research. Following PRISMA guidelines, we reviewed 28 articles. Quality assessment focused on adherence to theoretical principles, transparency, coherence, and evidence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Topics covered various illness-related experiences, including treatment seeking, medication, hospitalization, rehabilitation, relapse, sexuality, and reproduction. Some studies also explored caregiver experiences. However, only 5 articles were rated excellent, with most lacking theoretical depth.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Phenomenological research related to schizophrenia in China is mostly peripheral to the psychopathology of schizophrenia, and the qualification rate is low. Researchers should keep in mind the nature of phenomenological attitudes, delving into the essence and meaning of phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"119-133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142401078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}