Psychopathology最新文献

{"title":"The Lived Experience of Suffering among Transitional Age Youth with Mental Disorders: A Phenomenological Thematic Analysis.","authors":"Samy Kozlowitz, Ella Ben-Shaool, Jordan Sibeoni, Astrid Chevance","doi":"10.1159/000551658","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000551658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Transitional age youth (TAY; age 16-25) is a developmental period marked by major biopsychosocial changes and a peak onset of mental disorders. While psychiatric diagnoses rely heavily on distress as a criterion, the concept remains underdefined, particularly for youth who often report subthreshold symptoms. This study aimed to explore how TAY with mental disorders experience and describe their suffering, in order to clarify its phenomenological features and clinical relevance within the context of emerging adulthood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted individual semi-structured interviews with 15 TAY receiving psychiatric care at a public hospital in Brussels. Participants were aged 17-25 and came from both inpatient and outpatient settings. Each interview began with a visual tool, during which participants brought visual materials representing their suffering. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified five themes. First, for participants, suffering meant enduring \"mental pain,\" an aversive and inescapable experience, often tied to suicidality. Second, this pain was described as submerging their reality, disrupting their sense of time, world, and self. Third, participants struggled to explain this pain to others and themselves. Fourth, they nonetheless thought it to be abnormal and required professional help, as it signaled the presence of a mental disorder. Lastly, they reported the underlying cause of their mental pain was \"having no place in the world,\" due to patterns of social adversity or an inability to meet social expectations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>For these TAY, suffering was tied to a damaged social sense of self, fueled by ideals of autonomy and self-improvement that are increasingly hard to achieve. Excessive suffering was often characterized as \"depression,\" and many of their experiences did echo phenomenological accounts of depression. While prior definitions of suffering emphasize causes or outcomes, this study details the experiential core of suffering as mental pain. However, some participants distinguished between pain as an immediate pre-reflective experience and suffering as its reflective aftermath. This supports the view that clinicians must address not only the raw experience but also help patients build meaning from it, bridging symptom relief with narrative understanding.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"283-295"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147532182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Felt Presence and Psychosis Risk in the General Population.","authors":"Tatiana Baxter, Sohee Park","doi":"10.1159/000548612","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548612","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Felt presence (FP) is the experience that another entity is present in one's proximal environment, despite no sensory evidence. Occurrence of FP is linked to psychosis risk, but qualities of FP in the context of psychosis are not well understood. We conducted an online, exploratory survey assessing qualities of FP in relation to psychosis risk in the general population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three hundred and seventy-six participants completed an anonymous online survey consisting of validated measures of sensed presence, psychosis risk, loneliness, trauma, resilience and general mental health. They also responded to questions about perceptual qualities of FP. We investigated the role of the presence and its qualities in predicting psychosis risk, and relationships between qualities of FP and psychosis risk. We also examined the relationships between qualities of FP and psychosocial variables with psychosis risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FP and anxiety significantly predicted elevated psychosis risk. FP experiences in the high-risk group were more frequent, distressing, vivid, and multisensory than in the low-risk group. Specifically, distress during FP significantly predicted psychosis-risk status over and above demographic and psychiatric covariates (including anxiety). Cumulative trauma was linked with total number of FP experiences as well as increased frequency, distress, vividness, and understandings of FP's identity. Depression, anxiety, and stress were associated with more physiological sensations and increased distress during FP, as well as knowledge of FP's identity. Resilience was associated with more frequent and vivid FPs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results demonstrate strong links between FP and psychosis risk in the general population and provide preliminary evidence of qualitative markers that differentiate FP from psychosocial factors in the context of psychosis risk. Assessment and clinical conceptualizations of risk for schizophrenia should consider including experiences of bodily self-disturbance, such as FP.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"36-55"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12581722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ketamine as a Rapid-Acting Antidepressant: A Scoping Review of Mechanisms and Efficacy in Treatment-Resistant Depression.","authors":"Xiaoran Ding, Yaping Wu, Juan Yang, Guohui Zhu, Hongwei Sun","doi":"10.1159/000551413","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000551413","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ketamine has emerged as a promising rapid-acting antidepressant with distinct advantages for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Its therapeutic effects are mediated through multi-target modulation of the glutamatergic system. Unlike conventional antidepressants, ketamine exerts a markedly faster onset of action; however, its long-term safety profile and potential risk of dependence require rigorous evaluation. This scoping review aims to systematically summarize recent advances in research on ketamine's role in depression treatment.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review synthesizes current evidence regarding ketamine's molecular mechanisms of action, neuroimaging correlates, pharmacological characteristics, and associated ethical considerations. By primarily antagonizing N-methyl-<sc>d</sc>-aspartate receptors, ketamine rapidly disinhibits the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway and upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression via eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) suppression, thereby activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and enhancing synaptic plasticity. Neuroimaging studies further reveal that ketamine induces rapid remodeling of prefrontal-limbic functional connectivity, modulates default mode network activity, and promotes the normalization of cerebral metabolism and structure. Pharmacologically, ketamine exhibits a rapid onset of action and a relatively broad therapeutic window, though notable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences exist between its enantiomers and active metabolites, which warrants further investigation.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Ketamine displays rapid onset and high efficacy in the management of TRD; nevertheless, its long-term safety, risk of dependence, and potential cognitive effects necessitate close clinical monitoring. Future research should prioritize the exploration of synergistic treatment regimens and the development of novel ketamine derivatives with improved target specificity and safety profiles to advance the application of precision psychiatry. Collectively, this review provides a foundational reference to guide clinical practice and inform subsequent mechanistic studies on ketamine-based antidepressant therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"265-274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147532219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Interoception in Felt Presence and Psychosis Risk.","authors":"Anne Felsenheimer, Tatiana Baxter, Michael Sangimino, Sohee Park","doi":"10.1159/000549423","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Background: Felt presence (FP) - the sensation of someone nearby without sensory evidence - is common in healthy adults and related to psychosis risk. FP may arise from a misattribution of internal signals to an external source and often occurs when people are alone. Interoception, the ability to perceive one's own bodily signals, may help distinguish oneself from others. FP could relate to interoception across several dimensions: through altered signal perception (interoceptive accuracy), insight into their perception (interoceptive insight), and/or self-reported beliefs (interoceptive beliefs). This is the first study that investigates this potential relationship.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 55 healthy adults completed the heartbeat counting task to assess interoceptive accuracy and insight under three \"social\" conditions: self-view (observing oneself on a screen), other view (being observed by the experimenter on a screen), and baseline (no viewing). Participants completed the Prodromal Questionnaire-16 to screen for psychosis risk, the Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale as a measure of self-other overlap, the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA-2), and indicated whether they ever had a \"felt- or sensed-presence experience\" (Y/N).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Psychotic experiences were elevated in individuals with FP, and it was experienced more often in solitude. Overall, the other-view condition reduced both interoceptive accuracy and insight. Distinct interoceptive patterns emerged for FP and psychosis risk. High risk was related to lower interoceptive accuracy, particularly when perceived self-other overlap was low. In contrast, individuals with FP showed intact interoceptive insight when the self-other overlap was low. Both FP and psychosis risk were associated with lower trust in bodily signals and tendency to not distract oneself from bodily sensations. Only FP group reported attending to bodily sensations to calm oneself.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Interoceptive accuracy was preserved in those with FP regardless of their psychosis risk, but their trust of and insight into their own bodily signals were reduced. This mismatch may lead to misattributing internal signals to external sources, contributing to FP. However, preserved interoceptive accuracy may support self-regulation, potentially offering a protective effect. These results highlight the potential of interoceptive training to enhance resilience in individuals at risk for psychosis. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"215-227"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12716850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145506582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revising the Standard Definition of Hallucination: Delirium and Schizophrenia.","authors":"Kasper Møller Nielsen, Julie Nordgaard, Søren Overgaard, Mads Gram Henriksen","doi":"10.1159/000548200","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>According to the standard definition, a hallucination is (1) a perceptual experience occurring in the absence of a relevant perceptual object, (2) it has the sense of reality of a veridical perception, and (3) it is unwilled and not under voluntary control of the hallucinator. This definition is supposed to encompass all hallucinations, across mental disorders and experiential modalities.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>In this article, we examine the standard definition's validity by comparing visual hallucinations in delirium and auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) in schizophrenia, focusing especially on the definition's second criterion, i.e., the sense of reality criterion. Our analysis reveals stark differences between these two disorders, their concomitant experiential structures, and the experience of hallucinations. While hallucinated objects are experienced as real in both disorders, they are typically not experienced as real in the same sense of the term. In delirium, hallucinatory objects are experienced as real in the way perceptual objects are, and they often are indistinguishable from such objects. In schizophrenia, by contrast, hallucinatory objects are often not experienced as real in the way perceptual objects are, and they often are distinguishable from such objects.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>An appreciation of the different kinds of sense of reality of hallucinations is relevant for developing more precise psychopathological concepts, clinical care, and empirical research. Based on our findings, we offer a revision of the standard definition of hallucination, making it valid for the variety of hallucinations that are found across mental disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"56-66"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elements for a Phenomenology of Cultures: Cultural Existentials and the Dialectical Experiential Matrix.","authors":"Riccardo Poggioli, Giovanni Stanghellini","doi":"10.1159/000550835","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550835","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phenomenological psychopathology has traditionally focused on individual experience, yet contemporary clinical practice increasingly requires understanding of how collective cultural forces shape psychological life. In an era of advanced globalization, stable social aggregates have given way to fluid \"cultural flows\" that transcend geographical and social boundaries, necessitating new conceptual frameworks for clinical assessment.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This paper proposes a critical expansion of phenomenological psychopathology of the individual to explicitly integrate the collective dimension. In order to accurately describe the scenario of collective life, and its relationship with the psychology and psychopathology of individual existences, we propose two moves: (1) a shift of focus from society (which denotes an organized aggregate of individuals) to culture (a transversal symbolic system, capable of extending beyond the boundaries of the original social group) since in the context of advanced globalization the conception of stable social aggregates has been replaced by models of fluid and changing \"cultural flows\" and (2) to phenomenologically describe these cultural flows that traverse the contemporary world, we introduce the concept of \"cultural existentials\" (time, space, body, and others) as a priori conditions of experience derived from the analysis of the fundamental structures of individual lifeworlds, as employed in phenomenology. These cultural existentials are integrated into a dialectical experiential matrix (DEM), designed to overcome the reductionism of both structuralism and subjectivist individualism. The DEM frames the patient's experience as a dynamic interplay between individual freedom (the capacity for self-positioning) and cultural influence. An illustrative application analyzing the convergence between \"pornographic culture\" and the \"homo œconomicus\" anthropological type is provided to demonstrate how cultural existentials offer a collective model for specific narcissistic vulnerabilities and dysregulations of alterity, providing a crucial diagnostic device for the clinician.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>The DEM provides clinicians with a diagnostic device for understanding how contemporary cultural configurations shape individual psychopathology. By articulating the dialectical relationship between cultural existentials and individual positioning, this framework enables more accurate phenomenological description of patients whose suffering reflects not merely idiosyncratic biography but participation in collective cultural patterns. This approach addresses the limitations of purely individualistic psychopathology while maintaining phenomenological rigor.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"189-197"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Disorders, Imagination, and Creativity in Professional Visual Artists: An Exploratory Phenomenological Study.","authors":"Andreas Rosén Rasmussen, Sidse Marie Arnfred, Henriette Sabroe Ebbesen","doi":"10.1159/000551582","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000551582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Epidemiological studies have reported associations between creativity and genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders. Alterations of selfhood have been proposed as a possible link between these phenomena. In this explorative study, we examined disturbances of basic selfhood and imagination, as well as general psychopathology, in a non-clinical sample of professional visual artists.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten visual artists, exhibiting at prestigious galleries, were recruited through professional networks. They underwent a comprehensive interview assessment of psychopathology, including the Present State Examination (PSE), the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE), the Examination of Anomalous Fantasy and Imagination (EAFI), and a qualitative interview exploring the creative working process.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four participants described a moderate to high level of self-disorders and/or anomalies of imagination and described an involvement of these experiences in their creative working process. The participants met ICD-10 research criteria for lifetime diagnoses of mood, anxiety, and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings are exploratory and based on a small sample. Drawing on phenomenological considerations, we tentatively suggest that, for some individuals, alterations of the pre-reflective structure of subjectivity may be related to creativity through subtle alienation from fundamental common sense categories, an inclination toward preoccupation with the imaginary, and a spatialized mode of experiencing the inner life.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"235-242"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147491480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learn to Control Your Anger: Neural Effects of Mechanism-Based Anti-Aggression Psychotherapy in Borderline Personality Disorder.","authors":"Marc Wenigmann, Corinne Neukel, Karen Spieß, Katja Bertsch, Sabine C Herpertz","doi":"10.1159/000549876","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Severe anger and overt aggression are common phenomena in borderline personality disorder (BPD) which have serious negative consequences for those affected and their environment. New developments in psychotherapy for personality disorders aim to target etiological mechanisms involved in psychopathology. Since affect dysregulation is a prominent biobehavioral mechanism underlying overt aggressive behavior in BPD, we aimed to clarify whether a psychotherapy that has been shown to decrease aggression in BPD does indeed modulate this mechanism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Accordingly, the neural effects of a novel mechanism-based anti-aggression psychotherapy (MAAP) were compared to those of a nonspecific supportive psychotherapy (NSSP). Twenty-seven highly overt aggressive patients with BPD and 29 healthy controls were included in this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The BPD patients treated with MAAP showed an increase in neural activation in clusters comprising the left anterior insula, the right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the bilateral anterior caudate being related to a reduction in overt aggression. In contrast, the BPD group that had received NSSP exhibited a decrease in activity in the aforementioned clusters, each associated with a rise in overt aggressive behavior. Furthermore, MAAP showed an increase and NSSP a decrease in context-dependent functional connectivity between the caudate seed cluster mentioned above and the left dorsolateral PFC. Likewise, this interaction effect was negatively related to the change in overt aggression with an OAS-M reduction for the MAAP and a rise for the NSSP group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The data may suggest that the aggression-reducing effect of MAAP is mediated through increasing cognitive control over dysregulated feelings of anger.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"198-214"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145763682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islands of Inference: A Neurodevelopmental Architecture for Fixed Delusions.","authors":"Paul Goldsmith","doi":"10.1159/000552299","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Background: Delusions can be strikingly selective: individuals may hold highly elaborated, unshakeable beliefs in one domain while remaining otherwise cognitively intact. Models emphasising dopaminergic salience or belief-updating failures account for the intensity and persistence of delusions but struggle to explain their circumscribed nature. Summary: This paper develops a conceptual framework that complements dominant functional accounts. Subtle neurodevelopmental variation in cortical micro-architecture, as commonly occurs, may give rise to focal cortical regions (\"islands\") with greater representational depth than their surrounding networks. When such a region supports high-order social inference - particularly advanced theory of mind - it may generate internally coherent narratives that exceed the integrative capacity of neighbouring circuits. These inferences cannot be adequately contextualised, simulated, or revised by the broader network and therefore become fixed. The \"Islands of Inference\" model accounts for several core features of schizophrenia, including the social content of delusions, their typical onset in late adolescence, their resistance to counter-evidence, and their progression over time. It also clarifies the distinct roles of dopamine and cannabis: neuromodulators amplify the influence of the island's output without determining its content. Finally, the framework clarifies implications for empirical investigation. During delusional thought, focal regions within the mentalising network should support deeper internal representations than their surrounding circuits, even when those neighbouring areas are active and coherent. Key Messages: This framework reframes delusions as reflecting a failure of architectural constraint rather than global cognitive dysfunction and suggests new directions for empirical investigation and treatment. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"275-282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13327662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Data-Driven Decomposition of Anxiety.","authors":"Andreas Buchmann, Adrian Hase, Christopher Johannes Ritter, Sabrina Theresia Müller, Melanie Haynes, Sylvia Huber, Carmen Ghisleni, Ruth O'Gorman Tuura, Gregor Hasler","doi":"10.1159/000548258","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The present paper identified key components of anxiety and fear based on a large community sample of 387 psychiatrically healthy or depressed participants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Subfactors were defined based on a principal component analysis with promax rotation and characterized via correlations with other psychiatric as well as physiological and volumetric indicators collected in this large study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The key components were labeled \"discomfort,\" \"fright,\" \"nervousness,\" \"lack of self-confidence,\" and \"worry.\" We discuss the components according to their organizational complexity, but also in terms of their affective and motivational content.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The components may be useful for future research, as they are based on three of the most-used psychiatric questionnaires assessing anxiety and fear symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"23-35"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}