Psychopathology最新文献

{"title":"Hallucinations and Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Jan Dirk Blom","doi":"10.1159/000540003","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000540003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vitamin B12 deficiency is primarily associated with pernicious anaemia, polyneuropathy, and spinal-cord disease, but publications on its association with hallucinations are on the rise.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>I carried out a systematic literature search on these hallucinations in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar, up until July 1, 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search yielded 50 case studies published between 1960 and 2023. The hallucinations described therein are predominantly visual and/or auditory in nature, with 20% being specified as complex, compound, or panoramic. They are often described in the context of vitamin B12-related neuropsychiatric conditions such as dementia, delirium, epilepsy, psychotic disorder, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, catatonia, or obsessive-compulsive disorder. In the context of such disorders, they tend to appear first and also often appear to be the first to disappear with cobalamin treatment. Within an average of 2 months, full amelioration was thus obtained in 75% of the cases and partial amelioration in the remaining 25%. Remarkably, a quarter of the cases involved therapy-resistant hallucinations that fully resolved under cobalamin monotherapy, while other neuropsychiatric manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency disappeared in 60% of the treated cases. Only 32% of the cases involved comorbid pernicious anaemia. This suggests that two separate or diverging pathways exist for perceptual and haematological symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the light of the high prevalence rate of vitamin B12 deficiency in the general population, the findings here presented should be interpreted with great caution. Nonetheless, they offer cues for further research and experimental application in clinical practice. This may be especially relevant in light of the recent increase in the popularity of vegetarianism and the recreational use of nitrous oxide (laughing gas), which are both risk factors for vitamin B12 deficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"492-503"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11651228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reframing Anorexia Nervosa: A Phenomenological Exploration of the Self-Other Relationship with Husserl's Intersubjective Theory.","authors":"Junguo Zhang","doi":"10.1159/000533989","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533989","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper explores the overlooked contributions of Husserl's Phenomenology of intersubjectivity in understanding anorexia nervosa. It highlights the intricate relationship between the self and others, emphasizing their mutual constitution while acknowledging inherent differences. The distorted body image approach often overlooks this perspective, leading to psychopathological issues in individuals with anorexia nervosa. By integrating subjective experience and external observation, a more balanced and equal intersubjective relationship can be established. Utilizing this philosophical framework allows for a deeper understanding of the disorder's dynamics and sheds new light on the subjective experiences of individuals with anorexia nervosa in relation to others.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"229-235"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41150201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Nested States Model: A Phenomenologically-Grounded Model of the Mind.","authors":"George H Denfield, Evan J Kyzar","doi":"10.1159/000540319","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000540319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Subjective experience is central to the nature of mental illness, yet it has not played a central role in most empirical approaches to psychopathology. While phenomenological perspectives in psychiatry have seen a recent resurgence, there remains a need for more detailed models of psychopathological processes based on explicit phenomenological and enactive foundations.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>We present a framework derived from the Nested States Model (NSM) through which such phenomenologically-grounded models might be constructed. The NSM describes the dynamic structure of subjective experience as a system of nested states that reciprocally influence one another across hierarchical layers. Here, we show how the NSM provides a scheme for characterizing patterns of experience that comprise various psychopathological processes. We demonstrate the utility of this scheme both for clinical practice and for building our knowledge of psychopathological processes more broadly.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>The NSM can advance three aims that we see as critical for the lasting integration of phenomenological approaches to psychopathology within psychiatry. First, we show that the NSM provides a means for constructing clinical formulations and treatment considerations that center squarely on an individual's subjective experiences. Second, the NSM supplies a framework for organizing findings from clinical-phenomenological research that can guide the construction of broader phenomenologically-grounded models of psychopathological processes. Lastly, the NSM aligns our perspective on subjective experience with emerging perspectives on brain dynamics, helping to bridge phenomenological work with ongoing neurophysiological research.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"504-518"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11652238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injustice and Embitterment: Crucial Stressors in Psychosomatic Patients.","authors":"Michael Linden, Barbara Lieberei","doi":"10.1159/000531254","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000531254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>\"Disorders specifically associated with stress\" are receiving increasing attention in clinical practice, research, and modern classification systems of mental disorders. This includes not only reactions to \"extremely threatening or horrific events\" as it is characteristic for \"post-traumatic stress disorders\" but also a variety of day-to-day experiences. Examples are experiences of injustice, humiliation, or breach of trust which can have dire psychological consequences such as feelings of embitterment, a strong and crippling emotion. This study investigated the frequency of feelings of injustice and concomitant embitterment across different areas of daily life of psychosomatic patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In an observational archival study, 200 inpatients of a department of behavioral medicine filled in the \"Differential Life Burden Scale, DLB-Scale\" and the \"Post-Traumatic Embitterment Scale, PTED-Scale\" which asks for experiences of injustice and embitterment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>More than half of all patients (58.5%) reported about very or extremely unjust and unfair life events and 51.5% additionally about feelings of embitterment. This was primarily associated with complaints about problems in the family and the workplace and was accompanied by an impairment of well-being.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings indicate that experiences of injustice and embitterment are frequently seen in psychosomatic inpatients and should get special attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"39-44"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10051302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between Value-Based Behaviors and Scheduled Activities of University Students before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Model.","authors":"Koki Takagaki, Satoshi Yokoyama","doi":"10.1159/000530909","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000530909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>University students are in a phase during which they have various experiences typical in the academic environment and face situations that require adaptability and influence value formation. In the abnormal situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, university students' life rhythms, academic, interpersonal, and financial situations have changed drastically. In those situational cues, the value-based behavior of university students may have changed. Values provide purpose and direction for each action. Furthermore, values are situational goals that lead to specific real-time behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether there is a two-way influencing relationship between value-based behavior and scheduled activities of university students at two points in time (before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the COVID-19 pandemic). 417 university students answered a questionnaire at Times 1 and 2 (with a 1-year interval). We examined the relationship between value-based behavior and scheduled activities using a longitudinal cross-lagged model analysis. The findings of this study indicate that promoting value-based behaviors is positively associated with the frequency of value-based behaviors and scheduled activities even during anomalies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Even in anomalous situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing value-based behaviors such as behavioral activation can improve the lives of university students. Future intervention studies should show whether behavioral activation is effective in decreasing depressive symptoms among university students even in abnormal situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"70-75"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9627347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do Adherence to COVID-19 Mitigation Measures and Its Predictors Change between 2020 and 2021? An Explorative Investigation in Eight European Union and Non-European Union Countries.","authors":"Julia Brailovskaia, Silvia Schneider, Xiao Chi Zhang, Jürgen Margraf","doi":"10.1159/000533647","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Adherence to COVID-19 mitigation measures is an important vehicle that has contributed to the fight against the pandemic. The present study investigated potential changes of the level of adherence and its predictors between 2020 and 2021 in eight countries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adherence to COVID-19 measures and its potential predictors (perception of usefulness of the measures, rating of the governmental COVID-19 communication, mental health variables, COVID-19 burden) were compared between representative population samples from European Union countries (France, Germany, Poland, Spain, Sweden) and non-European Union countries (Russia, UK, USA) assessed in 2020 (N = 7,658) and 2021 (N = 8,244).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the overall sample, multiple analyses of variance revealed significantly higher levels of adherence to the measures, their perception as useful, positive mental health, and feelings of being well supported and well informed by governments in 2020 than in 2021. In contrast, feelings of being left alone and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were significantly higher in 2021 than in 2020. In France, Poland, Spain, and the UK, the adherence level was significantly higher in 2020 than in 2021. In European Union countries, ratings of governmental communication were less positive, and levels of mental health were lower in 2021 than in 2020. In non-European countries, an opposite result pattern was found.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current results indicate a decrease in adherence to the mitigation measures and factors that could foster it. Potential ways how governments and authorities could enhance the population's trust in COVID-19 mitigation measures are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"123-135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11251661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41210695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning Facial Emotion Classifiers in Psychotherapy Research: A Proof-of-Concept Study.","authors":"Martin Steppan, Ronan Zimmermann, Lukas Fürer, Matthew Southward, Julian Koenig, Michael Kaess, Johann Roland Kleinbub, Volker Roth, Klaus Schmeck","doi":"10.1159/000534811","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000534811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>New advances in the field of machine learning make it possible to track facial emotional expression with high resolution, including micro-expressions. These advances have promising applications for psychotherapy research, since manual coding (e.g., the Facial Action Coding System), is time-consuming.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We tested whether this technology can reliably identify in-session emotional expression in a naturalistic treatment setting, and how these measures relate to the outcome of psychotherapy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We applied a machine learning emotion classifier to video material from 389 psychotherapy sessions of 23 patients with borderline personality pathology. We validated the findings with human ratings according to the Clients Emotional Arousal Scale (CEAS) and explored associations with treatment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, machine learning ratings showed significant agreement with human ratings. Machine learning emotion classifiers, particularly the display of positive emotions (smiling and happiness), showed medium effect size on median-split treatment outcome (d = 0.3) as well as continuous improvement (r = 0.49, p &lt; 0.05). Patients who dropped out form psychotherapy, showed significantly more neutral expressions, and generally less social smiling, particularly at the beginning of psychotherapeutic sessions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Machine learning classifiers are a highly promising resource for research in psychotherapy. The results highlight differential associations of displayed positive and negative feelings with treatment outcomes. Machine learning emotion recognition may be used for the early identification of drop-out risks and clinically relevant interactions in psychotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"159-168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138445989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impairments in Cognitive and Emotional Empathy as Markers of General versus Specific Personality Pathology.","authors":"Ludwig Ohse, Johannes Zimmermann, André Kerber, Leonie Kampe, Jil Mohr, Robert Schierz, Michael Rentrop, Isabel Dziobek, Susanne Hörz-Sagstetter","doi":"10.1159/000533861","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The alternative model for personality disorders (AMPD) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 5th edition (DSM-5) considers impairments in empathy a basic feature of personality disorders (PDs). In contrast, the AMPD pathological personality trait model and the categorical DSM-5 Section II PD model associate deficits in empathy to specific forms of personality pathology. The present study investigated to what extent impairments in cognitive and emotional empathy are markers of general versus specific personality pathology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a clinical sample (n = 119), the Multifaceted Empathy Test was used to assess cognitive empathy, emotional empathy for positive emotions, and emotional empathy for negative emotions. Personality functioning, pathological personality traits, and DSM-5 Section II PDs were assessed via interviews and self-reports. Confirmatory factor analyses were applied to associate the three empathy facets with the three personality pathology approaches, each modeled with general personality pathology (common factor) and specific personality pathology (residuals of indicators).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Impairments in cognitive empathy and emotional empathy for positive emotions were significantly correlated with general personality pathology. All three empathy facets were also correlated to specific personality pathology when controlling for general personality pathology, respectively. Impairments in cognitive empathy were incrementally associated with identity and empathy (personality functioning), psychoticism (pathological personality traits), and paranoid and dependent PD (DSM-5 Section II PDs). Deficits in emotional empathy for positive emotions were incrementally associated with self-direction and intimacy (personality functioning) and detachment (pathological personality traits). Impairments in emotional empathy for negative emotions were incrementally associated with antagonism (pathological personality traits) and antisocial PD (DSM-5 Section II PDs).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results suggest that impairments in cognitive empathy and emotional empathy for positive emotions, but not for negative emotions, are markers of general personality pathology, while deficits in the three empathy facets are also markers for specific personality pathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"136-148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71426276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretative Phenomenology of Grief following Reproductive Loss: A Narrative Review and Considerations on Improving Support.","authors":"Rita Facão, Luís Madeira","doi":"10.1159/000533323","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The loss of pregnancy through miscarriage or stillbirth is typically an unexpected and highly distressing event for parents. While death in any form may be overwhelming to those bereaved, pregnancy and newborn loss are unique in several ways because they involve the added loss of parental identity and the idealized baby and family. In this study, the authors performed a narrative review of the literature regarding the phenomenon of grief following reproductive loss in bereaved parents, focusing on heteronormative mothers and fathers and on nontraditional families. One of the main highlighted aspects is the disenfranchisement of grief, which refers to a loss that is not or cannot be acknowledged, publicly mourned, or socially supported. This feeling is elicited by family, society, and healthcare providers. Although the literature has consistently documented the negative impact of this type of experience on parents and families, it is still largely unrecognized by healthcare providers. As most studies demonstrate, there are significant gaps in the psychosocial components of miscarriage and stillbirth care, including a lack of clarity in communication about the loss and subsequent steps, a lack of empathy, an invalidation of grief, and a failure to attend to emotional needs. Since healthcare providers are most often the first point of contact as they experience the loss, it is imperative to act so that patients' needs are more adequately met. To this purpose, the authors propose a set of measures aimed at improving the quality of care and support.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"45-52"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10515662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship between Reasons for Smartphone Use, Addictive Use Tendencies, Fear of Missing Out, Depression, and Life Satisfaction: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis.","authors":"Jan Stirnberg, Jürgen Margraf, Lena-Marie Precht, Julia Brailovskaia","doi":"10.1159/000538263","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In the present cross-sectional study, we investigated whether reasons for smartphone use are similar to those of social media use. Also, we explored links between reasons of smartphone use and mental health variables (problematic smartphone use, FOMO, depression symptoms, and life satisfaction) in Germany during the COVID-19 lockdown period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Overall, 571 smartphone users (Mage = 31.60, SDage = 12.73) provided their reasons for smartphone use. The reasons were assigned to six categories by an inductive qualitative content analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five of six reasons were similar to those of social media described by previous research. \"Search for social interaction\" goes along with less problematic smartphone use and depression symptoms and more life satisfaction. \"Search for positive feelings\" is associated with lower life satisfaction. More depressed people, those with problematic smartphone use tendencies, higher FOMO, and lower life satisfaction tend to \"escape from negative emotions.\"</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our results help to understand the relationships between reasons for smartphone use and mental health variables.</p>","PeriodicalId":20723,"journal":{"name":"Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":"359-368"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140857413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}