Psychology & HealthPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2024-01-22DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2305644
Felix G Rebitschek, Yvonne Eisenmann, Lena Krippner, Edmund Neugebauer, Clara O Schirren, Kristin Schnuppe, Michael Hauptmann
{"title":"Protecting mass-gathering events in a pandemic with testing tracks and transparent information: an experimental study with festival guests.","authors":"Felix G Rebitschek, Yvonne Eisenmann, Lena Krippner, Edmund Neugebauer, Clara O Schirren, Kristin Schnuppe, Michael Hauptmann","doi":"10.1080/08870446.2024.2305644","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08870446.2024.2305644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective.</b> To enable future open-air festivals during a pandemic, model festivals tested restricted access and behavioural rules to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmissions. However, the uptake of health-protective measures depends on informed acceptance, meaning people are more likely to follow measures if they understand their effectiveness and related disease risks. <b>Design and main outcome measures.</b> With a series of online surveys, we studied risk perceptions of 6,500 festival guests and the association of perceived effectiveness of protective behaviours with reported compliance. In a scenario-based online experiment (<i>N</i> = 1,958) among festival guests, we tested the effect of informing transparently about the risk-reducing potential of protective measures at festivals on the intention to attend hypothetical events. <b>Results.</b> We found that guests tended to overestimate infection risks while still perceiving them as low. Self-reported mask wearing and distancing at and around the festivals could not be associated with the understanding of the measures' effectiveness. However, in addition to protective measures themselves, providing transparent information about their absolute risk-reducing effect increased intentions to attend festivals that employ varying protective measures. <b>Conclusion.</b> Our findings suggest that the acceptance of protected festivals can be influenced by transparent information about the effectiveness of protective measures. This calls for further research on evidence-based public health communications to improve their impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":20718,"journal":{"name":"Psychology & Health","volume":" ","pages":"1198-1224"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139513357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Psychology & HealthPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2024-01-25DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2305133
Iina Tolonen, Aino Saarinen, Sylvain Sebert, Mirka Hintsanen
{"title":"Do compassion and self-compassion moderate the relationship between childhood socioeconomic position and adulthood body composition?","authors":"Iina Tolonen, Aino Saarinen, Sylvain Sebert, Mirka Hintsanen","doi":"10.1080/08870446.2024.2305133","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08870446.2024.2305133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aims to investigate the associations of compassion and self-compassion with body composition, and whether adulthood compassion and self-compassion moderate the relationship between childhood SEP and adulthood body composition. The participants came from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study (<i>n</i> = 789, 52.1% women), with a mean age of 34.0 years. Compassion and self-compassion were measured with the Dispositional Positive Emotions Scale and Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form, respectively. Body composition was assessed using anthropometric and body fat measurements at a clinic. Childhood SEP included parental occupation, education, and employment. The results showed that high compassion was associated with three out of the five body composition measurements, namely lower waist circumference (<i>B</i> = -0.960, <i>p</i> = 0.039, 95% CI: -1.870; -0.498), body fat percentage (<i>B</i> = -0.693, <i>p</i> = 0.030, 95% CI: -1.317; -0.069), and fat mass index (<i>B</i> = -0.325, <i>p</i> = 0.023, 95% CI: -0.605; -0.044) (adjusted for sex, and childhood and adulthood SEP) but not with body mass index or waist-to-hip ratio. Self-compassion was not associated with body composition. Neither compassion nor self-compassion moderated the association between childhood SEP and adulthood body composition, as the interaction effects were not significant. Therefore, the dispositions did not protect against the negative effects of childhood SEP on adulthood body composition. High other-directed compassion may be, however, associated with healthier body composition.</p>","PeriodicalId":20718,"journal":{"name":"Psychology & Health","volume":" ","pages":"1178-1197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139546913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Psychology & HealthPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2023-12-29DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2023.2300029
Fermín Fernández-Calderón, Óscar M Lozano-Rojas, Manuel Sanchez-Garcia
{"title":"The theory of planned behavior and alcohol protective behavioral strategies: a prospective study examining the role of habit and gender invariance.","authors":"Fermín Fernández-Calderón, Óscar M Lozano-Rojas, Manuel Sanchez-Garcia","doi":"10.1080/08870446.2023.2300029","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08870446.2023.2300029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Alcohol Protective Behavioral Strategies (PBS) have consistently shown to be effective in reducing alcohol use and its associated consequences. We aimed to examine the explanatory value of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) for using five PBS, studying the role of habit, and its potential variation across genders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Targeted sampling was used to recruit 339 young adults in the community (women = 50.7%; mean age = 2.21[<i>SD</i> = 2.21]), who completed baseline and 2-month follow-up questionnaires.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The explained variance of the TPB ranged from 58-68% for intention to use PBS, and 18-50% for behavior. The inclusion of habit produced increases of 17-26% in explained variance in intention, while explained variance in behavior remained similar. Habit was the strongest predictor of intention to use PBS, followed by attitude. Except for one behavior (drinking slowly), habits did not moderate the intention-behavior relationship, and the explanatory value of the TPB did not differ across genders.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings support the utility of the TPB as an explanatory model of alcohol PBS, along with the need to include habits within the framework of dual-process models. Interventions aimed at promoting alcohol PBS could be optimized by targeting attitudes towards PBS and habits.</p>","PeriodicalId":20718,"journal":{"name":"Psychology & Health","volume":" ","pages":"1123-1142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139058618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Psychology & HealthPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2024-02-04DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2309162
Richard G Cowden, Kenneth I Pargament, Renae Wilkinson
{"title":"Divine struggles and whole person functioning: a 9-year longitudinal study of middle-aged U.S. adults.","authors":"Richard G Cowden, Kenneth I Pargament, Renae Wilkinson","doi":"10.1080/08870446.2024.2309162","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08870446.2024.2309162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This longitudinal study examined the associations of divine struggles with 25 psychological distress, psychological well-being, social well-being, prosociality, physical health, and health behavior outcomes assessed approximately nine years later.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used three waves of data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (<i>N</i> = 4041): M1 (1995-1996), M2 (2004-2006), and M3 (2013-2014). Following the analytic template for outcome-wide longitudinal designs, our primary analysis employed a series of regression models to estimate the associations between a continuous measure of divine struggles assessed at M2 with each outcome assessed at M3. All models adjusted for a rich set of covariates, including prior values of all outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was modest evidence suggesting that divine struggles were associated with worse subsequent functioning on one or more outcomes for each domain except health behaviors (effect sizes were generally very small).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Divine struggles have the potential to degrade long-term functioning across multiple domains of life. Practitioners should attend to and address divine struggles in their clinical work.</p>","PeriodicalId":20718,"journal":{"name":"Psychology & Health","volume":" ","pages":"1225-1242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139681425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From social withdrawal sub-types to sleep problems: the cross-sectional and longitudinal mediating role of depression.","authors":"Ye Yuan, Linna Lu, Yudi Peng","doi":"10.1080/08870446.2025.2527874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2025.2527874","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The approach-avoidance motivation theory divides social withdrawal into three sub-types: Social avoidance, shyness, and unsociable. Behavioral patterns influence physiological health according to the mind-body medicine model. Previous studies had associated withdrawal sub-types with depression, and sleep problems are typical symptoms of depression. Therefore, it was reasonable to hypothesize that withdrawal sub-types predict sleep problems through depression. However, the association between withdrawal and sleep problems, and the possible mediating role of depression between them, was rarely explored. Thus, the present research (targeted Chinese college students) aimed to study the relationships of withdrawal sub-types, depression, and sleep problems, comprised comprising two questionnaire-survey studies: Study 1 (<i>N</i> = 494) explored the cross-sectional relationships with hierarchical multiple regression and cross-sectional mediating analysis. Study 2 (<i>N</i> = 233) examined the longitudinal relationships with three-wave longitudinal mediation models. The results of study 1 showed that both social avoidance and shyness significantly predicted sleep problems fully through depression, but unsociable was not associated with depression or sleep problems. The results of study 2 showed that social avoidance was the only sub-type longitudinally predicted sleep problems through depression. The conclusion was that social avoidance is may be the riskiest sub-type due to its significant associations with the two outcomes in both studies, the effects of shyness on the two outcomes are questionable due to its conflicted results of two studies, unsociable is may be the most benign sub-type due to its weak associations with the two outcomes. The different relationship-patterns of three sub-types implicate that socially avoidant college students are potentially at higher risk of depression and sleep problems and require special attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":20718,"journal":{"name":"Psychology & Health","volume":" ","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144542049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Psychology & HealthPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2024-01-11DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2023.2297794
Olga Rapoport, Lisa Ruppenthal, Sarah Möcklinghoff, Simon Merz, Eva Neidhardt
{"title":"When the night is too short. Bedtime procrastination, self-compassion, and sleep in a daily diary study.","authors":"Olga Rapoport, Lisa Ruppenthal, Sarah Möcklinghoff, Simon Merz, Eva Neidhardt","doi":"10.1080/08870446.2023.2297794","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08870446.2023.2297794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Since sleep is an important part of life and too little sleep can lead to disastrous consequences, it is important to look at the factors that may disturb healthy sleep. While procrastination and in particular bedtime procrastination is such a disruptive factor, self-compassion on the other side might be a protective factor.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this reason, in this study, we took a closer look at the interplay between bedtime procrastination, self-compassion, as well as at the actual sleep outcomes in a longitudinal diary study over 1 week. Our assumption was that bedtime procrastination has a negative impact on sleep outcomes, yet self-compassion could be a protective factor buffering this influence. To enable comparability with a previous study, analyses of variance were carried out.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Utilizing frequentist and Bayesian analyses, we found a consistent negative influence of bedtime procrastination and a positive influence of self-compassion on almost all sleep outcomes. While self-compassion did not entirely mitigate the effect of bedtime procrastination on sleep, its positive impact on sleep outcomes was evident.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the significance of self-compassion and procrastination in relation to actual sleep behaviour, adding to the existing body of literature on sleep research.</p>","PeriodicalId":20718,"journal":{"name":"Psychology & Health","volume":" ","pages":"1083-1101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139417932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Psychology & HealthPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2024-01-03DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2023.2299243
Jasmine Kobrosli, Kenzie Tapp, Kendall Soucie
{"title":"Construction of identity in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease across the lifespan.","authors":"Jasmine Kobrosli, Kenzie Tapp, Kendall Soucie","doi":"10.1080/08870446.2023.2299243","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08870446.2023.2299243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic illness that affects 10 million individuals worldwide; however, Canada has the highest rates of IBD per capita in the world. Presently, 0.7% of Canadians are diagnosed with IBD, which is expected to rise to 1% by 2030. Disease onset is typically between the ages of 15-45 years old. This is a crucial period for identity development and growth; however, IBD symptoms often disrupt these processes and cause individuals to abandon or reconstruct parts of their identity. As a result, changes in individuals' life plans and health status may cause them to grieve their former pre-IBD identities. In this qualitative narrative study, we captured the lived experiences of IBD, with a focus on what individuals have lost, gained, or accomplished across various avenues (e.g. relationships, education, and future scripts). Thirteen participants constructed IBD narratives using a holistic-form narrative approach, a method that captures various plot formulations and discourses that emerge through storytelling. We found three main plotlines: The 'journey to acceptance', which detailed a route to acceptance wherein individuals integrated IBD into their identity, 'the ambivalent story', which exemplified individuals who were unsure of IBD and the resulting impacts of the diagnosis on their identity, and 'the grief story', which outlined grief and loss surrounding one's pre-IBD self. These results illuminate the role of narrative in shaping meaning-making and identity processes over the life course. We urge future researchers to explore narrative inquiry as a route to further understand the integration of IBD into one's life story/identity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20718,"journal":{"name":"Psychology & Health","volume":" ","pages":"1102-1122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139088138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Psychology & HealthPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2023.2300037
Tara L Stewart, Matthew E Schumann, Joelle C Ruthig
{"title":"Development and validation of a scale to assess the belief that 'age causes illness'.","authors":"Tara L Stewart, Matthew E Schumann, Joelle C Ruthig","doi":"10.1080/08870446.2023.2300037","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08870446.2023.2300037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Self-directed ageism is the application of stereotypic age-related beliefs to oneself, and is known to negatively impact health-related motivation (Levy, 2003; 2022). This study focused on the specific self-directed stereotype that 'age causes illness' and aimed to develop and test a multi-item measure to assess this implicit, limiting belief.</p><p><strong>Methods and measures: </strong>Survey data was collected from <i>N</i> = 347 adults in southeastern Idaho (ages 45-65 years old, 60% female). A variety of measures were used to assess the discriminant, convergent and predictive validity of the <i>Age Causes Illness</i> scale including: socio-demographics (age, sex, education), psychosocial resources (personality, optimism, social support, depressive symptoms), health/aging expectations, and indicators of physical health.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The seven-item <i>Age Causes Illness</i> scale is reliable and shows an expected pattern of discriminant and convergent correlations with relevant socio-demographic, psychosocial, and aging-related measures. The belief that 'age causes illness,' as assessed with this new scale, is related to both objective and subjective indicators of physical health.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The <i>Age Causes Illness</i> scale is a brief screening tool, potentially applicable in behavioral health settings as an initial step toward discussion of the implicit, and often unchallenged, belief that age alone determines the onset, progression, and offset of illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":20718,"journal":{"name":"Psychology & Health","volume":" ","pages":"1143-1155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139378206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Psychology & HealthPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2024-01-22DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2302486
Johanna Netzl, Burkhard Gusy, Barbara Voigt, Jalid Sehouli, Sylvia Mechsner
{"title":"Physical and psychosocial factors are crucial for maintaining physical and mental health in endometriosis: a longitudinal analysis.","authors":"Johanna Netzl, Burkhard Gusy, Barbara Voigt, Jalid Sehouli, Sylvia Mechsner","doi":"10.1080/08870446.2024.2302486","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08870446.2024.2302486","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To test the associations of physical and psychosocial factors with physical and mental health in individuals living with endometriosis (EM) by means of cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.</p><p><strong>Methods and measures: </strong>Data were gathered via an online survey between February and August 2021. At survey date t1, sociodemographic, EM-related and psychosocial factors as well as physical and mental health of people with EM were assessed. At survey date t2 three months later, physical and mental health was reassessed. The sample consisted of <i>n_t1</i> = 723 (30.60 ± 6.31 years) and <i>n_t2</i> = 216 (30.56 ± 6.47 years) cis women with EM. Statistical analyses included bivariate and partial correlation analyses and hierarchical regression analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The participants' physical health was within the average range and their mental health was below-average at t1 and t2. Cross-sectional analyses revealed that worse health was associated with longer diagnostic delay, more surgeries, greater pelvic pain and lower sense of coherence, self-efficacy, sexual satisfaction and satisfaction with the gynecological treatment. In longitudinal analyses, pelvic pain and participants' satisfaction with the gynecological treatment remained significantly associated with health.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Treatment should address both pelvic pain and psychosocial factors to improve long-term physical and mental health in EM.</p>","PeriodicalId":20718,"journal":{"name":"Psychology & Health","volume":" ","pages":"1156-1177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139513339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Psychology & HealthPub Date : 2025-07-01Epub Date: 2023-12-28DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2023.2296584
Jessica E LaBuda, Logan B Kochendorfer, Judith Gere
{"title":"Daily perceptions of romantic partner autonomy support and undermining of health behavior.","authors":"Jessica E LaBuda, Logan B Kochendorfer, Judith Gere","doi":"10.1080/08870446.2023.2296584","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08870446.2023.2296584","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined accuracy and bias in daily perceptions of a romantic partner's autonomy support and undermining of health behaviors and the associations between misperceptions and both partners' daily experiences.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A sample of 106 cohabiting couples from the community completed daily reports (<i>N</i> = 2377) of their own and their partner's autonomy support and undermining, and their daily experiences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found tracking accuracy and projection in perceptions of provider's autonomy support and undermining, and evidence of misperceptions: people over-perceived the provider's undermining and under-perceived the provider's autonomy support. Misperceptions were linked with more negative experiences, indicating support and undermining may have the most benefit and least harm when more accurately perceived.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although there is some accuracy in daily perceptions of provider support and undermining of health behaviors, there are also biases at play in perceptions and misperceptions are linked with more negative experiences, indicating that support and undermining have the most benefit and least harm to both perceiving and providing partners when such behaviors are accurately perceived.</p>","PeriodicalId":20718,"journal":{"name":"Psychology & Health","volume":" ","pages":"1063-1082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139049187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}