{"title":"A tutorial: Laserspray ionization and related laser-based ionization methods for use in mass spectrometry","authors":"Sarah Trimpin","doi":"10.1002/mas.21762","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mas.21762","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This <i>Tutorial</i> is to provide a summary of parameters useful for successful outcomes of laserspray ionization (LSI) and related methods that employ a laser to ablate a matrix:analyte sample to produce highly charged ions. In these methods the purpose of the laser is to transfer matrix-analyte clusters into the gas phase. Ions are hypothesized to be produced by a thermal process where emitted matrix:analyte gas-phase particles/clusters are charged and loss of matrix from the charged particles leads to release of the analyte ions into the gas phase. The thermal energy responsible for the charge-separation process is relatively low and not necessarily supplied by the laser; a heated inlet tube linking atmospheric pressure with the first vacuum stage of a mass spectrometer is sufficient. The inlet becomes the “ion source”, and <i>inter alia</i>, pressure, temperature, and the matrix, which can be a solid, liquid, or combinations, become critical parameters. Injecting matrix:analyte into a heated inlet tube using laser ablation, a shockwave, or simply tapping, all produce the similar mass spectra. Applications are provided that showcase new opportunities in the field of mass spectrometry.</p>","PeriodicalId":206,"journal":{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Reviews","volume":"42 5","pages":"2234-2267"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5701431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques for atmospheric chemistry research on molecular-level","authors":"Wen Zhang, Lu Xu, Haofei Zhang","doi":"10.1002/mas.21857","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mas.21857","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Earth's atmosphere is composed of an enormous variety of chemical species associated with trace gases and aerosol particles whose composition and chemistry have critical impacts on the Earth's climate, air quality, and human health. Mass spectrometry analysis as a powerful and popular analytical technique has been widely developed and applied in atmospheric chemistry for decades. Mass spectrometry allows for effective detection, identification, and quantification of a broad range of organic and inorganic chemical species with high sensitivity and resolution. In this review, we summarize recently developed mass spectrometry techniques, methods, and applications in atmospheric chemistry research in the past several years on molecular-level. Specifically, new developments of ion-molecule reactors, various soft ionization methods, and unique coupling with separation techniques are highlighted. The new mass spectrometry applications in laboratory studies and field measurements focused on improving the detection limits for traditional and emerging volatile organic compounds, characterizing multiphase highly oxygenated molecules, and monitoring particle bulk and surface compositions.</p>","PeriodicalId":206,"journal":{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Reviews","volume":"43 5","pages":"1091-1134"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9770749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guilherme J. Guimaraes, Jaeah Kim, Michael G. Bartlett
{"title":"Characterization of mRNA therapeutics","authors":"Guilherme J. Guimaraes, Jaeah Kim, Michael G. Bartlett","doi":"10.1002/mas.21856","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mas.21856","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Therapeutic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have emerged as powerful tools in the treatment of complex diseases, especially for conditions that lack efficacious treatment. The successful application of this modality can be attributed to its ability to encode entire proteins. While the large nature of these molecules has supported their success as therapeutics, its extended size creates several analytical challenges. To further support therapeutic mRNA development and its deployment in clinical trials, appropriate methods to support their characterization must be developed. In this review, we describe current analytical methods that have been used in the characterization of RNA quality, identity, and integrity. Advantages and limitations from several analytical techniques ranging from gel electrophoresis to liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and from shotgun sequencing to intact mass measurements are discussed. We comprehensively describe the application of analytical methods in the measurements of capping efficiency, poly A tail analysis, as well as their applicability in stability studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":206,"journal":{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Reviews","volume":"43 5","pages":"1066-1090"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mas.21856","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9738173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicole Eyet, Shaun G. Ard, Nicholas S. Shuman, Albert A. Viggiano
{"title":"Ion-molecule studies of energetic oxygen allotropes in flow tubes: \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 O\u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 (\u0000 v\u0000 )\u0000 ,\u0000 \u0000 O\u0000 2\u0000 \u0000 (\u0000 a\u0000 \u0000 Δ\u0000 g\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 1\u0000 \u0000 )\u0000 ,\u0000 \u0000 O\u0000 3\u0000 \u0000 ,\u0000 and\u0000 \u0000 O","authors":"Nicole Eyet, Shaun G. Ard, Nicholas S. Shuman, Albert A. Viggiano","doi":"10.1002/mas.21846","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mas.21846","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Starting in the 1960s, flow tube apparatuses have played a central role in the study of ion-molecule kinetics, allowing for immense chemical diversity of cationic, anionic, and neutral reactants. Here, we review studies of oxygen allotropes, excluding ground state O<sub>2</sub> (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>X</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 \u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 <mo>∑</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>g</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </semantics></math>), and focusing instead on reactions of cations, anions, and metal chemi-ionization reactions with ground state atomic oxygen (O <sup>3</sup>P), vibrationally excited molecular oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>(v)), electronically excited molecular oxygen (O<sub>2</sub> (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>a</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 \u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>Δ</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>g</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </semantics></math>)), and ozone (O<sub>3</sub>). Historical outlines of work over several decades are given along with a focus on more recent work by our group at the Air Force Research Laboratory.</p>","PeriodicalId":206,"journal":{"name":"Mass Spectrometry Reviews","volume":"44 2","pages":"185-209"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9739192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}