Polymer Testing最新文献

{"title":"Coupling of fatigue crack growth and crack nucleation fatigue approach for non-crystallising rubber under fully relaxing uniaxial loading with multiaxial stress–strain state of 3D dumbbell test specimen","authors":"Tadej Kocjan ,&nbsp;Marko Nagode ,&nbsp;Jernej Klemenc ,&nbsp;Simon Oman","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coupling the two main approaches for characterizing the fatigue life of rubber materials, crack nucleation and crack growth approach, provides the opportunity to find a more universal approach to fatigue characterization since both approaches characterize the same intrinsic material property.</div><div>In this work, we have investigated the possibility of coupling the fatigue tests on planar tension, uniaxial and 3D dumbbell specimens. As is common in fatigue testing, the tests were performed at variable frequencies depending on the magnitude of the load and the limits of the testing machine. Fatigue test data for planar tension and 3D dumbbell specimens were taken from our previous works, whereas fatigue tests results on uniaxial specimens are presented herein.</div><div>First, the fatigue crack growth curve is converted into a crack nucleation fatigue life curve for room temperature and, in the next step, into an isothermal fatigue life curve for the 3D dumbbell specimens to check the applicability of the method. These represent a more complex three-dimensional geometry with a multiaxial stress–strain field that also exhibits considerable internal heat generation and could, in practice, be replaced with a product of arbitrary geometry. With an additional transformation, the room temperature isothermal fatigue curve can be used to estimate the fatigue life for any rubber product regardless of its geometry and loading condition/level.</div><div>The results presented herein show that the coupling provides a promising basis for the development of a universal method that opens the way to a faster and more versatile fatigue characterization of new rubber compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108752"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring glass transition in polyethylene via molecular dynamics: From bulk to isolated chain","authors":"Etienne Beaumont ,&nbsp;Alexandre Fleury ,&nbsp;Ali Noroozi ,&nbsp;Guillaume Vignaud ,&nbsp;Marc Meunier ,&nbsp;Armand Soldera","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we investigate the glass transition behavior of polyethylene (PE) chains in the bulk and isolated, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Leveraging both simulated dilatometry, Arrhenius analysis, and a procedure based on the evolution of percentage of <em>trans</em> states, we identified three distinct regimes with different behaviors, proposing a glass transition domain delimited by glass transition temperatures (<span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>l</mi></msubsup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>u</mi></msubsup></mrow></math></span> delimiting the transition domain, and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>d</mi></msubsup></mrow></math></span> extracted from dilatometry) for bulk polymers. The two latter methods were then used to characterize this domain for isolated chains, allowing us to compare with data stemming from the bulk polymer. Our findings reveal that <em>T</em>_<em>g</em>s of an isolated chain are generally lower than that of the bulk except for <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>l</mi></msubsup></mrow></math></span> which remains unchanged. This observation aligns with previous experimental and simulation studies. The study further investigates the dynamic and static flexibilities of the polymer, correlating the potential energy barriers associated with dihedral transitions to the observed <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>l</mi></msubsup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>u</mi></msubsup></mrow></math></span> values. We propose that <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>l</mi></msubsup></mrow></math></span> is an intrinsic property of the polymer, as it depends on the potential energy barrier required to escape from the <em>trans</em> state. In contrast, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>u</mi></msubsup></mrow></math></span> is influenced by more complex interactions and is lower for the isolated chain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108758"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and evaluation of modified gelatin films to address the aging problem of soft capsule shells","authors":"Chungang Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao Xie ,&nbsp;Huimin Fu ,&nbsp;Jiahui Li ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Minyuan Tian ,&nbsp;Heng Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108759","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108759","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this experiment was to modify the structure of gelatin using succinic anhydride in order to address the issue of aging caused by the gelatin cross-linking reaction. The addition of succinic anhydride to the gelatin solution enabled the initiation of a chemical reaction, resulting in the formation of succinylated gelatin. The structure of the succinylated gelatin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). By comparing the disintegration time and mechanical properties of formaldehyde-treated gelatin, it was found that the disintegration time of formaldehyde-treated gelatin was much higher than that of acylated gelatin, and the change in mechanical properties was more pronounced. The stability and hygroscopicity of the two films before and after succinic anhydride modification were measured. The results of the moisture diffusion mechanism and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated that the moisture absorption capacity of the two films was essentially the same. The findings demonstrated that the alteration of the gelatin configuration through succinic anhydride incorporation exhibited a discernible anti-formaldehyde impact. Moreover, the hygroscopic ability of the two types of films was largely unchanged before and after the succinic anhydride modification, indicating that the modified gelatin had no significant impact on its hygroscopic property. In light of these findings, we postulate that the modification of gelatin with succinic anhydride may prove an effective strategy for achieving an anti-ageing effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108759"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melt processable fluorinated Poly(aryl ether)s with low dielectric and good mechanical properties","authors":"Chang Yu,&nbsp;Yang Wang,&nbsp;Bo Jiang,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;Jinxuan Han,&nbsp;Haibo Zhang,&nbsp;Yingshuang Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid development in high-frequency communication has raised the demand for intrinsic low dielectric materials. Fluorinated poly(aryl ether)s (FPAEs) have gained significant attention due to their excellent dielectric properties and heat resistance. However, current methods for preparing FPAE films involve organic solvents, which generate substantial waste during large-scale production. There is an urgent need for simpler and more efficient processing methods, such as injection molding or melt processing, to overcome the limitations of solvent-based approaches. In this study, FPAEs with different molecular weights were synthesized from decafluorobiphenyl (DFBP) and bisphenol AF. The melting index and rheological tests demonstrated that FPAEs exhibited good thermal stability and melt processing performance. Notably, the dielectric loss (D_f) of FPAEs prepared by melt processing was significantly reduced (below 0.001) while their dielectric constant (D_k), mechanical strength, and flexibility remained comparable to those of FPAEs produced using solution processing. This study advances the melt processing of FPAEs with perfluorinated biphenyl groups, providing insights for large-scale production of low dielectric materials and broadening their potential applications in high-frequency communication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108755"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrolytic degradation of poly(lactic acid): Population balance modelling for simulating molecular weight distribution","authors":"Wanwarang Limsukon ,&nbsp;Maria Rubino ,&nbsp;Muhammad Rabnawaz ,&nbsp;Loong-Tak Lim ,&nbsp;Puttha Sakkaplangkul ,&nbsp;Rafael Auras","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most promising biobased and biodegradable polymers able to replace several fossil-based plastics for packaging and other applications. However, PLA is susceptible to hydrolytic degradation, impacting its overall service performance and end-of-life. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) is a critical parameter that provides insights during hydrolytic degradation. In this study, we introduced a population balance model, utilizing the high-order moment-conserving method of classes, to describe the MWD during the hydrolytic degradation of amorphous PLA film at 45 °C and 65 °C and expanded to 85 °C. The phenomenological model provided hydrolysis constants that clarified noncatalytic and autocatalytic reaction mechanisms and information on specific chain scission of a particular length. Our predictions demonstrate a promising alignment in weight location and distribution shape with the experimental MWDs observed throughout the hydrolytic process of PLA. One notable advantage is the MWD simulation, conducted over an extended time frame. Furthermore, this predictive capability extends to forecasting the lifetime of PLA films at various temperatures within the tested range, thereby fostering insights into PLA hydrolysis applicable to real-life scenarios and supporting environmentally conscious degradation practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108756"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synchronous application of DIC and DVC techniques for the global-local characterization of carbon fiber-reinforced composite laminates","authors":"Chaeyoung Hong ,&nbsp;Minsu Park,&nbsp;Wooseok Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>DIC is capable of continuously measuring the global deformation behavior of a specimen because its scanning can be done quickly over a wider observation area. While the DIC information is limited to the surface on which a speckle pattern is applied, DVC can compute three-dimensional strain fields inside a material. However, DVC data can be obtained over a smaller region at a limited number of load levels. Here, the DIC and DVC techniques are simultaneously utilized for the first time. The previous <em>in situ</em> test setup of the authors based on synchrotron radiation computed tomography was modified to add the DIC capability. The <em>in situ</em> testbed was installed with a CCD camera with blue lighting to obtain images for DIC analysis. The opaque tubular frame of a micro-tensile stage was newly fabricated with a transparent material causing minimal optical distortion. The qualities of speckle pattern images obtained through the transparent tube were carefully evaluated. The combination of the DVC and DIC techniques was demonstrated with an open-hole tensile test. The global and local failure progression of the composite was non-destructively characterized. Especially, a load-displacement curve without machine compliance was obtained because the deformation of the specimen could be directly measured owing to the DIC technique. The resolutions of DVC and DIC in the presented study were 0.65 μm and 2.27 μm, respectively. This specification is expected to provide unprecedented results that can truly validate multi-scale simulation models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108757"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmentally tolerant high-adhesion conductive eutectogels","authors":"Jiating Liu ,&nbsp;Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Shuo Li ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Tao Li ,&nbsp;Tian Zhao ,&nbsp;Yi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the development of environmentally tolerant, high-adhesion conductive eutectogels based on poly(N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide) (PHEAA) based eutectogels. The eutectogels were synthesized via a one-pot polymerization process, resulting in materials with exceptional mechanical properties, including high stretchability, tear resistance, and self-recovery capabilities. The eutectogels exhibited strong adhesion to various substrates, making them suitable for flexible sensor applications. Their non-volatile nature and thermal stability provided outstanding environmental tolerance, maintaining flexibility across a wide temperature range. Additionally, the eutectogels demonstrated high ionic conductivity and precise responsiveness, enabling their use in strain sensors and real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. The results highlight the potential of PHEAA/DESs eutectogels for applications in flexible electronics, healthcare monitoring, and smart materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108753"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solvent-free, slow-curing, and corrosion-resistant flame retardant polyurea enabled by a Schiff base latent curing agent and phosphate polyol","authors":"Yun-Cheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Xing-Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Ke Shang ,&nbsp;Bin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyurea (PUA) is widely recognized for its excellent waterproofing and impact resistance, making it a popular choice for protective coatings. However, its inherent flammability and rapid reaction kinetics pose significant challenges for both fire safety and processing. In this study, a Schiff base latent curing agent (D2000-MIBK) and a phosphate-containing polyol (OP550) were employed to develop a solvent-free, intrinsically flame-retardant, slow-curing PUA. The incorporation of D2000-MIBK effectively moderated the curing process, addressing the rapid reaction typical of conventional PUA systems, while OP550 significantly improved flame retardancy and mechanical performance. At just 2.22 wt%, OP550 enabled PUA-2 to achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating, demonstrating self-extinguishing behavior and reduced flaming drips. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that OP550 promoted char formation without altering the thermal decomposition profile of PUA, while dynamic mechanical analysis showed increased stiffness with negligible impact on the glass transition temperature. PUA-2 exhibited exceptional mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 15.4 MPa, elongation at break of 1287.5 %, and tearing strength of 65.4 N mm⁻¹, as well as excellent resistance to acidic, alkaline, and saline environments. Atomic force microscopy revealed optimized microphase-separated morphology, enhancing interfacial interactions and contributing to improved toughness and flexibility. This study introduces a novel strategy for developing high-performance PUA materials with superior flame retardancy, mechanical robustness, and controllable curing, offering significant potential for applications in protective coatings and structural components under demanding conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108754"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoprobing in polymeric materials","authors":"Ulf W. Gedde (Editor of the special edition),&nbsp;Amir Pourrahimi (Editor of the special edition)","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108731","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 108731"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on 3D printability of PLA/PBAT/PHBV biodegradable blends for packaging applications","authors":"Annalisa Apicella,&nbsp;Paola Scarfato,&nbsp;Loredana Incarnato","doi":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing offers a fast and cost-effective pathway to develop new sustainable, multifunctional packaging prototypes. However, the range of biodegradable polymers suitable for this technology is still critically narrow. Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy valerate) (PHBV) possess favorable barrier, mechanical properties and biodegradability; however, its low thermal stability and poor melt strength pose severe challenges in 3D printing process. On their side, PBAT-rich Ecovio blends provide high ductility and thermal stability but suffer from buckling issues due to excessive flexibility of the filaments. To address these concerns, this study systematically evaluates the role of PHBV in Ecovio-based blends for 3D printing, providing new insights into the relationship between blend composition, processability and dimensional stability, for the development of new packaging prototypes using fused deposition modeling (FDM). The printing temperature (from 200 to 250 °C) and the blends composition (up to 40 % PHBV concentration) were optimized to enhance the printability, the dimensional accuracy and the mechanical properties of the specimens for the target application, based on preliminary characterization of chemical, thermal, rheological and morphological investigations. Results showed that the incorporation of PHBV into the blends at concentrations ≥20 % ensured a decrease in viscosity and adequate rigidity to guarantee successful 3D printing, while Ecovio increased the thermal stability of PHBV and expanded the processing window, enabling the blends to be printed up to 250 °C. Among all, the Ecovio/PHBV 70/30 blend printed at 230 °C demonstrated to be best combination of composition and temperature to achieve better compactness, flexural properties and optimized processability, while minimizing warpage, shrinkage and degradation phenomena, making it a promising candidate for the realization of novel, sustainable packaging prototypes. Finally, overall migration tests demonstrated the compliance of the developed packages to the limits of Regulation (EU) No October 2011 for food contact applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20628,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Testing","volume":"145 ","pages":"Article 108748"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}