Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing最新文献_第7页

Forrelation: A Problem that Optimally Separates Quantum from Classical Computing 关联:量子计算与经典计算的最佳分离问题

Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing Pub Date : 2014-11-20 DOI: 10.1145/2746539.2746547

S. Aaronson, A. Ambainis

{"title":"Forrelation: A Problem that Optimally Separates Quantum from Classical Computing","authors":"S. Aaronson, A. Ambainis","doi":"10.1145/2746539.2746547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746539.2746547","url":null,"abstract":"We achieve essentially the largest possible separation between quantum and classical query complexities. We do so using a property-testing problem called Forrelation, where one needs to decide whether one Boolean function is highly correlated with the Fourier transform of a second function. This problem can be solved using 1 quantum query, yet we show that any randomized algorithm needs Ω(√(N)log(N)) queries (improving an Ω(N1/4) lower bound of Aaronson). Conversely, we show that this 1 versus Ω(√(N)) separation is optimal: indeed, any t-query quantum algorithm whatsoever can be simulated by an O(N1-1/2t)-query randomized algorithm. Thus, resolving an open question of Buhrman et al. from 2002, there is no partial Boolean function whose quantum query complexity is constant and whose randomized query complexity is linear. We conjecture that a natural generalization of Forrelation achieves the optimal t versus Ω(N1-1/2t) separation for all t. As a bonus, we show that this generalization is BQP-complete. This yields what's arguably the simplest BQP-complete problem yet known, and gives a second sense in which Forrelation \"captures the maximum power of quantum computation.\"","PeriodicalId":20566,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83718763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 115

The Directed Grid Theorem 有向网格定理

Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing Pub Date : 2014-11-20 DOI: 10.1145/2746539.2746586

K. Kawarabayashi, S. Kreutzer

{"title":"The Directed Grid Theorem","authors":"K. Kawarabayashi, S. Kreutzer","doi":"10.1145/2746539.2746586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746539.2746586","url":null,"abstract":"The grid theorem, originally proved in 1986 by Robertson and Seymour in Graph Minors V, is one of the most central results in the study of graph minors. It has found numerous applications in algorithmic graph structure theory, for instance in bidimensionality theory, and it is the basis for several other structure theorems developed in the graph minors project. In the mid-90s, Reed and Johnson, Robertson, Seymour and Thomas, independently, conjectured an analogous theorem for directed graphs, i.e. the existence of a function f : N-> N such that every digraph of directed tree width at least f(k) contains a directed grid of order k. In an unpublished manuscript from 2001, Johnson, Robertson, Seymour and Thomas give a proof of this conjecture for planar digraphs. But for over a decade, this was the most general case proved for the conjecture. Only very recently, this result has been extended by Kawarabayashi and Kreutzer to all classes of digraphs excluding a fixed undirected graph as a minor. In this paper, nearly two decades after the conjecture was made, we are finally able to confirm the Reed, Johnson, Robertson, Seymour and Thomas conjecture in full generality. As consequence of our results we are able to improve results by Reed 1996 on disjoint cycles of length at least l and by Kawarabayashi, Kobayashi, Kreutzer on quarter-integral disjoint paths. We expect many more algorithmic results to follow from the grid theorem.","PeriodicalId":20566,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing","volume":"7 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78504577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 45

Deterministic Global Minimum Cut of a Simple Graph in Near-Linear Time 一类简单图在近线性时间下的确定性全局最小割

Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing Pub Date : 2014-11-18 DOI: 10.1145/2746539.2746588

K. Kawarabayashi, M. Thorup

{"title":"Deterministic Global Minimum Cut of a Simple Graph in Near-Linear Time","authors":"K. Kawarabayashi, M. Thorup","doi":"10.1145/2746539.2746588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746539.2746588","url":null,"abstract":"We present a deterministic near-linear time algorithm that computes the edge-connectivity and finds a minimum cut for a simple undirected unweighted graph G with n vertices and m edges. This is the first o(mn) time deterministic algorithm for the problem. In near-linear time we can also construct the classic cactus representation of all minimum cuts. The previous fastest deterministic algorithm by Gabow from STOC'91 took O(m+λ2 n), where λ is the edge connectivity, but λ could be Ω(n). At STOC'96 Karger presented a randomized near linear time Monte Carlo algorithm for the minimum cut problem. As he points out, there is no better way of certifying the minimality of the returned cut than to use Gabow's slower deterministic algorithm and compare sizes. Our main technical contribution is a near-linear time algorithm that contracts vertex sets of a simple input graph G with minimum degree δ, producing a multigraph G with ~O(m/δ) edges which preserves all minimum cuts of G with at least two vertices on each side. In our deterministic near-linear time algorithm, we will decompose the problem via low-conductance cuts found using PageRank a la Brin and Page (1998), as analyzed by Andersson, Chung, and Lang at FOCS'06. Normally such algorithms for low-conductance cuts are randomized Monte Carlo algorithms, because they rely on guessing a good start vertex. However, in our case, we have so much structure that no guessing is needed.","PeriodicalId":20566,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74145285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 64

Preserving Statistical Validity in Adaptive Data Analysis 自适应数据分析中保持统计有效性

Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing Pub Date : 2014-11-10 DOI: 10.1145/2746539.2746580

C. Dwork, V. Feldman, Moritz Hardt, T. Pitassi, Omer Reingold, Aaron Roth

{"title":"Preserving Statistical Validity in Adaptive Data Analysis","authors":"C. Dwork, V. Feldman, Moritz Hardt, T. Pitassi, Omer Reingold, Aaron Roth","doi":"10.1145/2746539.2746580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746539.2746580","url":null,"abstract":"A great deal of effort has been devoted to reducing the risk of spurious scientific discoveries, from the use of sophisticated validation techniques, to deep statistical methods for controlling the false discovery rate in multiple hypothesis testing. However, there is a fundamental disconnect between the theoretical results and the practice of data analysis: the theory of statistical inference assumes a fixed collection of hypotheses to be tested, or learning algorithms to be applied, selected non-adaptively before the data are gathered, whereas in practice data is shared and reused with hypotheses and new analyses being generated on the basis of data exploration and the outcomes of previous analyses. In this work we initiate a principled study of how to guarantee the validity of statistical inference in adaptive data analysis. As an instance of this problem, we propose and investigate the question of estimating the expectations of m adaptively chosen functions on an unknown distribution given n random samples. We show that, surprisingly, there is a way to estimate an exponential in n number of expectations accurately even if the functions are chosen adaptively. This gives an exponential improvement over standard empirical estimators that are limited to a linear number of estimates. Our result follows from a general technique that counter-intuitively involves actively perturbing and coordinating the estimates, using techniques developed for privacy preservation. We give additional applications of this technique to our question.","PeriodicalId":20566,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84028293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 347

Sketching and Embedding are Equivalent for Norms 写生和嵌入对于规范是等价的

Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing Pub Date : 2014-11-10 DOI: 10.1145/2746539.2746552

Alexandr Andoni, Robert Krauthgamer, Ilya P. Razenshteyn

{"title":"Sketching and Embedding are Equivalent for Norms","authors":"Alexandr Andoni, Robert Krauthgamer, Ilya P. Razenshteyn","doi":"10.1145/2746539.2746552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746539.2746552","url":null,"abstract":"An outstanding open question (http://sublinear.info, Question #5) asks to characterize metric spaces in which distances can be estimated using efficient sketches. Specifically, we say that a sketching algorithm is efficient if it achieves constant approximation using constant sketch size. A well-known result of Indyk (J. ACM, 2006) implies that a metric that admits a constant-distortion embedding into lp for p∈(0,2] also admits an efficient sketching scheme. But is the converse true, i.e., is embedding into lp the only way to achieve efficient sketching? We address these questions for the important special case of normed spaces, by providing an almost complete characterization of sketching in terms of embeddings. In particular, we prove that a finite-dimensional normed space allows efficient sketches if and only if it embeds (linearly) into l1-ε with constant distortion. We further prove that for norms that are closed under sum-product, efficient sketching is equivalent to embedding into l1 with constant distortion. Examples of such norms include the Earth Mover's Distance (specifically its norm variant, called Kantorovich-Rubinstein norm), and the trace norm (a.k.a. Schatten 1-norm or the nuclear norm). Using known non-embeddability theorems for these norms by Naor and Schechtman (SICOMP, 2007) and by Pisier (Compositio. Math., 1978), we then conclude that these spaces do not admit efficient sketches either, making progress towards answering another open question (http://sublinear.info, Question #7). Finally, we observe that resolving whether \"sketching is equivalent to embedding into l1 for general norms\" (i.e., without the above restriction) is equivalent to resolving a well-known open problem in Functional Analysis posed by Kwapien in 1969.","PeriodicalId":20566,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76610687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 42

How Well Can Graphs Represent Wireless Interference? 图形如何很好地表示无线干扰?

Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing Pub Date : 2014-11-05 DOI: 10.1145/2746539.2746585

M. Halldórsson, Tigran Tonoyan

{"title":"How Well Can Graphs Represent Wireless Interference?","authors":"M. Halldórsson, Tigran Tonoyan","doi":"10.1145/2746539.2746585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746539.2746585","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient use of a wireless network requires that transmissions be grouped into feasible sets, where feasibility means that each transmission can be successfully decoded in spite of the interference caused by simultaneous transmissions. Feasibility is most closely modeled by a signal-to-interference-plus-noise (SINR) formula, which unfortunately is conceptually complicated, being an asymmetric, cumulative, many-to-one relationship. We re-examine how well graphs can capture wireless receptions as encoded in SINR relationships, placing them in a framework in order to understand the limits of such modelling. We seek for each wireless instance a pair of graphs that provide upper and lower bounds on the feasibility relation, while aiming to minimize the gap between the two graphs. The cost of a graph formulation is the worst gap over all instances, and the price of (graph) abstraction is the smallest cost of a graph formulation. We propose a family of conflict graphs that is parameterized by a non-decreasing sub-linear function, and show that with a judicious choice of functions, the graphs can capture feasibility with a cost of O(log* Δ), where Δ is the ratio between the longest and the shortest link length. This holds on the plane and more generally in doubling metrics. We use this to give greatly improved O(log* Δ)-approximation for fundamental link scheduling problems with arbitrary power control. We also explore the limits of graph representations and find that our upper bound is tight: the price of graph abstraction is Ω(log* Δ). In addition, we give strong impossibility results for general metrics, and for approximations in terms of the number of links.","PeriodicalId":20566,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76521603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 39

Proof of the Satisfiability Conjecture for Large k 大k的可满足性猜想的证明

Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing Pub Date : 2014-11-03 DOI: 10.1145/2746539.2746619

Jian Ding, A. Sly, Nike Sun

引用次数: 176

Fast Matrix Multiplication: Limitations of the Coppersmith-Winograd Method 快速矩阵乘法:Coppersmith-Winograd方法的局限性

Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing Pub Date : 2014-11-01 DOI: 10.1145/2746539.2746554

A. Ambainis, Yuval Filmus, F. Gall

{"title":"Fast Matrix Multiplication: Limitations of the Coppersmith-Winograd Method","authors":"A. Ambainis, Yuval Filmus, F. Gall","doi":"10.1145/2746539.2746554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746539.2746554","url":null,"abstract":"Until a few years ago, the fastest known matrix multiplication algorithm, due to Coppersmith and Winograd (1990), ran in time O(n2.3755). Recently, a surge of activity by Stothers, Vassilevska-Williams, and Le~Gall has led to an improved algorithm running in time O(n2.3729). These algorithms are obtained by analyzing higher and higher tensor powers of a certain identity of Coppersmith and Winograd. We show that this exact approach cannot result in an algorithm with running time O(n2.3725), and identify a wide class of variants of this approach which cannot result in an algorithm with running time $O(n^{2.3078}); in particular, this approach cannot prove the conjecture that for every ε > 0, two n x n matrices can be multiplied in time O(n2+ε). We describe a new framework extending the original laser method, which is the method underlying the previously mentioned algorithms. Our framework accommodates the algorithms by Coppersmith and Winograd, Stothers, Vassilevska-Williams and Le~Gall. We obtain our main result by analyzing this framework. The framework also explains why taking tensor powers of the Coppersmith--Winograd identity results in faster algorithms.","PeriodicalId":20566,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77863477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 70

Inapproximability of Combinatorial Problems via Small LPs and SDPs 基于小lp和sdp的组合问题的不可逼近性

Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing Pub Date : 2014-10-31 DOI: 10.1145/2746539.2746550

Gábor Braun, S. Pokutta, Daniel Zink

{"title":"Inapproximability of Combinatorial Problems via Small LPs and SDPs","authors":"Gábor Braun, S. Pokutta, Daniel Zink","doi":"10.1145/2746539.2746550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746539.2746550","url":null,"abstract":"Motivated by [12], we provide a framework for studying the size of linear programming formulations as well as semidefinite programming formulations of combinatorial optimization problems without encoding them first as linear programs. This is done via a factorization theorem for the optimization problem itself (and not a specific encoding of such). As a result we define a consistent reduction mechanism that degrades approximation factors in a controlled fashion and which, at the same time, is compatible with approximate linear and semidefinite programming formulations. Moreover, our reduction mechanism is a minor restriction of classical reductions establishing inapproximability in the context of PCP theorems. As a consequence we establish strong linear programming inapproximability (for LPs with a polynomial number of constraints) for several problems that are not 0/1-CSPs: we obtain a 3/2-epsilon inapproximability for Vertex Cover (which is not of the CSP type) answering an open question in [12], we answer a weak version of our sparse graph conjecture posed in [6] showing an inapproximability factor of 1/2+ε for bounded degree IndependentSet, and we establish inapproximability of MaxMULTICUT (a non-binary CSP). In the case of SDPs, we obtain relative inapproximability results for these problems.","PeriodicalId":20566,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81916708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 28

Dimensionality Reduction for k-Means Clustering and Low Rank Approximation k均值聚类和低秩逼近的降维方法

Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing Pub Date : 2014-10-24 DOI: 10.1145/2746539.2746569

Michael B. Cohen, Sam Elder, Cameron Musco, C. Musco, Madalina Persu

{"title":"Dimensionality Reduction for k-Means Clustering and Low Rank Approximation","authors":"Michael B. Cohen, Sam Elder, Cameron Musco, C. Musco, Madalina Persu","doi":"10.1145/2746539.2746569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2746539.2746569","url":null,"abstract":"We show how to approximate a data matrix A with a much smaller sketch ~A that can be used to solve a general class of constrained k-rank approximation problems to within (1+ε) error. Importantly, this class includes k-means clustering and unconstrained low rank approximation (i.e. principal component analysis). By reducing data points to just O(k) dimensions, we generically accelerate any exact, approximate, or heuristic algorithm for these ubiquitous problems. For k-means dimensionality reduction, we provide (1+ε) relative error results for many common sketching techniques, including random row projection, column selection, and approximate SVD. For approximate principal component analysis, we give a simple alternative to known algorithms that has applications in the streaming setting. Additionally, we extend recent work on column-based matrix reconstruction, giving column subsets that not only 'cover' a good subspace for A}, but can be used directly to compute this subspace. Finally, for k-means clustering, we show how to achieve a (9+ε) approximation by Johnson-Lindenstrauss projecting data to just O(log k/ε2) dimensions. This is the first result that leverages the specific structure of k-means to achieve dimension independent of input size and sublinear in k.","PeriodicalId":20566,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82082660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 330