Polymers最新文献

{"title":"Geometry-Associated Mechanical Trends of Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotube SPEEK Sizings in CF/PEEK Commingled Yarn Laminates.","authors":"Xuejiang Yu, Yousi Chen, Ai Lu","doi":"10.3390/polym18202565","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18202565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interfacial region dictates the load-transfer efficiency and mechanical performance of continuous carbon fiber/polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK) thermoplastic composites. Nanofiller geometry represents a promising route to tailor fiber-matrix interphases, yet it remains challenging to decouple geometric effects from confounding variables including surface chemistry, defect density, and filler dispersion. In this work, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) sizing modified by one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes (CNT) and two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO) was deposited onto carbon fibers to construct geometry-differentiated interphases. A Box-Behnken response-surface methodology was adopted to identify the optimal hot-pressing processing window. Low-porosity laminates with consistent fiber volume fractions were fabricated to minimize void-induced property scatter. Mechanical characterizations reveal that both GO and CNT modified sizings substantially improve interlaminar shear strength and flexural/tensile performance relative to desized reference samples. SEM fractography confirms a transition from pure adhesive interfacial debonding toward mixed cohesive/adhesive failure upon nanofiller incorporation. Halpin-Tsai semi-quantitative estimation demonstrates that the direct stiffening contribution from the intrinsic rigidity of nanofillers is negligible. We therefore propose a working hypothesis that the enhanced mechanical properties arise from geometry-associated interphase modification, where nanofiller morphology alters polymer chain mobility and local crystallization behavior at the fiber-matrix boundary. This screening study highlights the potential of nanofiller geometric design for interphase engineering in CF/PEEK composites, while also clarifying current limitations: geometric, chemical, and dispersion effects cannot be fully isolated under the present experimental framework, and dedicated interfacial characterization is required in future work to validate the proposed interphase mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of the Preparation of Multi-Lobe Multi-Hollow Profiled Fibers.","authors":"Shiqun He, Pei Feng, Qiuyi Zhang, Shengze Wang, Chongchang Yang","doi":"10.3390/polym18202567","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18202567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A novel three-hollow eight-lobe profiled fiber was designed and prepared via melt spinning to simultaneously enhance moisture wicking, anti-adhesion performance, and structural stiffness for sportswear applications. The proposed in-line three-hollow arrangement increased the average moment of inertia by 50.8% and reduced the average deformation by 80.0% compared with the triangular arrangement. The eight-lobe structure increased the degree of deviation from roundness (<i>D_R</i>) by 22.2% relative to a four-lobe design, from 38.3% to 46.8%. Finite element analysis guided the micro-hole design (slit width 0.05 mm, three unit divisions, gap 0.06 mm). Under optimized quenching conditions (air speed 1.76 m/s, initial height 20 mm, temperature 45.2 °C), the as-spun fiber exhibited a <i>D_R</i> of 60.1% and a hollowness ratio of 0.9%. After simple drawing, the <i>D_R</i> increased to 63.77%, the hollowness ratio was 8.5%, the tenacity was 2.19 ± 0.02 cN/dtex (approximately 302 MPa), and the elongation at break was 96.4 ± 5.1% (<i>n</i> = 10). In preliminary fabric-level tests, the three-hollow eight-lobe fabric showed a one-way transport index of 169.1, which was 20.7% higher than that of the eight-lobe hollow control; the adhesion force was 24.1% lower and the adhesion distance was 31.3% shorter; and the clo value was slightly higher (0.71 vs. 0.68). However, because the number of fabric specimens was limited and the two fabrics differed in thickness, these fabric-level results should be considered preliminary, and no statistical significance is claimed. These results demonstrate that the three-hollow eight-lobe structure can be successfully fabricated and has potential for moisture-wicking sportswear.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709240/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anisotropic Microstructure and Chemo-Optical Properties of Fluorocarbon Films Deposited by Ablative Pulsed Plasma Thruster Plumes.","authors":"Rui Zhang, Zhen He, Yingjie Zhao, Wenxiong Xi","doi":"10.3390/polym18202562","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18202562","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ablative pulsed plasma thruster (APPT)-induced fluorocarbon contamination severely degrades microsatellite optics and solar panels, but the spatial heterogeneity of its chemo-optical properties and underlying plasma-film mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this work, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning probe microscopy (SPM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry were used to characterize the chemical structure, morphology, thickness, and chemo-optical properties of PTFE-derived fluorocarbon films, while high-speed imaging and triple Langmuir probe diagnostics were used to map plume conditions governing film formation. The film <i>F/C</i> ratio (0.6-1.0) is far lower than that of pristine PTFE (2.0), controlled by competition between energetic ion sputtering and delayed neutral C₂F₄ deposition. In the electrode-perpendicular plane, the <i>F/C</i> ratio reaches a minimum ~0.6 at 30°, corresponding to a transmittance of <20% at 550 nm; anode-side films exhibit lower <i>F/C</i> ratios and transmittance yet higher reflectance than cathode-side counterparts. Films in the electrode-parallel plane show quasi-symmetric bond distributions and higher <i>F/C</i> ratios and transmittance, with <i>F/C</i> minima at ±15°. By correlating plasma anisotropy (cathode-biased electron density and anode-biased electron temperature) with film chemistry and optics, we identify this ion-neutral competition as the origin of angle-dependent film properties. This work provides design guidelines: optics within 30° of the thruster axis in the perpendicular plane require active protection, enabling quantitative anisotropic contamination risk assessment for microsatellites.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13708867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming the Performance Cliff at High Loadings: Enhanced Mechanical, Dielectric, and Rheological Properties of PBT Composites Reinforced with Flat Glass Fibers.","authors":"Zhenhua Fan, Zecong Wei, Qingwen Zeng, Guobing Wei, Weiting Liu, Yong He, Xiaolong Yang, Weidong Xie","doi":"10.3390/polym18202561","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18202561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High fiber loadings often cause a performance cliff in short-glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastics because of fiber agglomeration. Herein, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) composites reinforced with flat glass fibers (FGFR) and conventional circular glass fibers (CGFR) are systematically compared at loadings of 20-50 wt%. The flat fibers exhibit a specific surface area of 0.50 μm^-1, approximately 1.61 times that of the circular fibers (0.31 μm^-1). At 50 wt% loading, FGFR achieves a tensile strength of 115.92 ± 1.29 MPa and a notched impact strength of 13.07 ± 2.06 kJ/m², which are 11.4% and 29.7% higher than those of CGFR, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.001 and <i>p</i> < 0.05, Welch's <i>t</i>-test). In contrast, CGFR reaches its maximum tensile strength of 107.45 ± 3.84 MPa at 40 wt% and then decreases by 3.2% at 50 wt%; together with a significant quadratic (inverted-U) trend of the CGFR strength-loading curve (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and the significant FGFR-CGFR divergence at 50 wt%, this reversal marks the onset of the performance cliff. At 10 GHz and 50 wt% loading, FGFR exhibits a dielectric constant of 4.30 and a loss tangent of 0.014, which are 17.8% and 22.2% lower than those of CGFR, respectively, owing to suppressed interfacial polarization associated with the preferential layered arrangement of the flat fibers. Rheologically, as the fiber content increases from 20 to 50 wt%, the melt flow rate of FGFR decreases by approximately 35.5%, whereas that of CGFR decreases by approximately 60.5%. The modified Halpin-Tsai, Kelly-Tyson, Maxwell-Garnett, and Krieger-Dougherty models, incorporating fiber geometry and a unified agglomeration correction, semi-quantitatively capture the tensile, impact, dielectric, and rheological properties. These results demonstrate that flat-fiber cross-section engineering is an effective strategy for developing high-performance wave-transparent composites under high filler loadings.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the Degradation Mechanisms and Mechanical Property Evolution of 3D-SiO₂-Fiber-Reinforced Polyimide Composites After Thermal Aging.","authors":"Minglong Yang, Yadan Wu, Jiahao He, Qiujin Gu, Haitao Liu","doi":"10.3390/polym18202556","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18202556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the thermal aging behavior of SiO_2f/PI composites is crucial for ensuring their reliability and longevity in high-temperature aerospace applications. In this study, the thermal aging behavior of three-dimensional quartz-fiber-reinforced polyimide (3D-SiO_2f/PI) composites was investigated. The composites were fabricated through a modified prepreg compression molding (PCM) method, including a vacuum-assisted impregnation process followed by thermal compression molding. Long-term thermal aging was carried out to evaluate the high-temperature aging resistance. The flexural properties were tested with a three-point bending test method. The micromechanical characterization was performed though nanoindentation. Interfacial properties were evaluated through single-fiber push-in tests, and the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was calculated. The thermal aging experiment results revealed that the composites maintained excellent long-term thermal stability. The PI matrix showed no detectable oxidation or thermal degradation of after 100 h aging at 350 °C, yet no significant porosity or cracks were observed for the composite. However, further prolonged thermal exposure led to significant mechanical property degradation. The flexural strength retention rates dropped to below 15% after 300 h at 350 °C or 100 h at 400 °C aging. On the other hand, 350 °C isothermal aging for 300 h led to a progressive decrease in IFSS from 128.6 MPa to near-zero. The degradation mechanism was primarily attributed to two factors: increased porosity due to thermal decomposition of the PI matrix and significant deterioration of fiber-matrix interfacial bonding strength. These findings provide critical insights into the durability prediction and failure mechanisms of 3D-SiO_2f/PI composites in high-temperature usage environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Safer and More Sustainable Suspension PVC Manufacturing: A NuDIST-Based Inherent Safety Assessment.","authors":"Arelmys Bustamante-Miranda, Segundo Rojas-Flores, Ángel Darío González-Delgado","doi":"10.3390/polym18202557","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18202557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) remains one of the most widely produced polymeric materials worldwide because of its extensive use in construction, packaging, medical devices, and other industrial applications. As PVC manufacturing is evolving toward more resource-efficient configurations, mass and energy integration and wastewater regeneration should be assessed together with process safety. This study applies the Numerical Descriptive Inherent Safety Technique (NuDIST), a continuous logistic function-based screening methodology, to an industrial-scale suspension PVC production process incorporating mass integration, energy integration, and wastewater regeneration under a zero-liquid-discharge (ZLD) approach. Chemical safety was evaluated through flammability, explosiveness, toxicity, and reactivity, whereas process safety considered temperature, pressure, heat of reaction, and the yield-based inventory proxy. The baseline assessment produced a Chemical Safety Total Score (CSTS) of 251.12 and a Process Safety Total Score (PSTS) of 21.20, giving an overall NuDIST score of 272.32. The chemical component accounts for approximately 92.2% of the total score. Under the adopted dataset, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) supplies the maximum score for all four chemical parameters, while pressure is the largest process safety contribution. An illustrative one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis showed that a 10% reduction in maximum pressure decreases the total score to 270.21 and a 10% relative increase in yield decreases it to 268.35, whereas replacing the 1 ppm baseline VCM toxicity input with the 5 ppm 15 min regulatory short-term limit changes the total score by less than 0.01%. The results therefore identify VCM-related inherent hazards and process severity as the main priorities for subsequent inherently safer designs, while the NuDIST is interpreted as a screening tool rather than a probabilistic quantitative risk analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Plastic Waste to Water Treatment: Floating Magnetic Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)-Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ Photocatalysts for Antidepressant Removal.","authors":"Eleni Evgenidou, Nina Maria Ainali, Androniki Rapti, Dimitrios N Bikiaris, Dimitra A Lambropoulou","doi":"10.3390/polym18202555","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18202555","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the photocatalytic degradation of a mixture of three widely detected antidepressants, namely venlafaxine, bupropion, and sertraline, using a novel floating magnetic PET-Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ composite photocatalyst. Magnetic Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized via co-precipitation/sol-gel and immobilized onto recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) beads by non-solvent precipitation. The composites were characterized and evaluated for pharmaceutical removal under simulated solar irradiation, achieving high degradation efficiency and removing the antidepressants within 60-90 min depending on the compound. Performance was strongly influenced by inorganic loading, with the 50 wt% Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ composite giving the highest degradation rates. Water matrix composition also significantly affected degradation kinetics, with lower efficiencies observed in complex environmental matrices due to radical scavenging and competitive adsorption. Although the parent compounds degraded rapidly, complete mineralization required prolonged irradiation, indicating the formation of intermediate transformation products. Scale-up experiments in a continuous-flow pilot reactor showed performance comparable to laboratory-scale results, confirming applicability under realistic operating conditions. The composite beads retained their photocatalytic activity over the two reuse cycles investigated, although some deformation and TiO₂ loss were observed after reuse. Overall, the floating magnetic PET-Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ photocatalyst offers a sustainable and efficient approach for removing pharmaceutical contaminants from water, combining photocatalytic efficiency with facile recovery, reusability, and valorization of recycled PET waste.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Integrity and Mechanical Performance of Vertically Printed FDM-PLA After Laser Polishing: Coupled Effects of Scan Orientation and Hatch Distance.","authors":"Gabriel Stolárik, Radoslav Vandžura, Svetlana Radchenko, Petr Hlaváček, Matúš Geľatko","doi":"10.3390/polym18202559","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18202559","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vertically printed fused deposition modelling (<i>FDM</i>) components exhibit pronounced surface irregularities on their sidewalls at the interfaces between deposited layers, while limited interlayer bonding can impair their tensile performance. Although laser polishing has shown potential to improve the surface quality of vertically printed <i>FDM</i> components, the combined influence of laser scan orientation relative to the printed layers and hatch distance on the surface integrity and mechanical response of <i>PLA</i> remains insufficiently understood. To address this gap, a novel methodology for determining hatch distance (<i>H</i>) is introduced, with <i>H</i> defined as 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the experimentally measured groove width (<i>GW</i>). To maximize structural and surface performance, three scanning strategies, <i>parallel</i> (0°), <i>perpendicular</i> (90°), and <i>oblique</i> (45°) to the layer interfaces, were evaluated using ANOVA, regression models, and SEM analysis. The results demonstrate a fundamental synergy between scan orientation and melt-flow dynamics. At <i>H</i> = 25%, <i>perpendicular</i> scanning produced the largest <i>Sa</i> reduction (59%), whereas <i>parallel</i> scanning yielded the lowest <i>Sdr</i> (3.14%, compared with 20.74% for the as-printed raw surface). At the same <i>H</i>, the <i>Sdr</i> was 4.45% for <i>perpendicular</i> and 8.45% for <i>oblique</i> scanning. <i>SEM</i> analysis indicates that while all strategies eliminated the inherent layered texture, the <i>oblique</i> strategy (45°) additionally led to more thorough valley filling through melt flow from two adjacent peaks. Specific surface porosity was identified at modified interfaces, providing indications of gas entrapment and bubble expansion within the heat-affected zone (<i>HAZ</i>). Statistical height distribution (positive <i>Ssk</i> and <i>Sku</i> < 3) demonstrates that <i>HAZ</i>-driven surface rounding occurs across all orientations. The greatest improvement in tensile performance was observed with <i>oblique</i> scanning (45°) at <i>H</i> = 100%, where peak force increased by 11.2% relative to that of the raw material. Fractography indicates that this improvement originates from a preserved ductile skin-layer that delays delamination, shifting the failure mode toward localized internal fibre breakage. This work establishes scanning orientation as the primary determinant of topography, while hatch distance dictates homogenization intensity, offering a systematic framework for optimising the laser polishing of polymers.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13708814/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Dye Removal in Batch and Air-Lift Systems by Commercial and Crude Laccase Immobilized on Biochar.","authors":"Anja Antanasković, Milan Milivojević, Zorica Lopičić, Suzana Dimitrijević-Branković, Tamara Vujatović-Velimirov, Nevena Ilić","doi":"10.3390/polym18202563","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18202563","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biochar has emerged as a highly attractive, sustainable support for enzyme immobilization, with dual benefits: valorization of available lignocellulosic waste and use as a stable, porous matrix for enzyme binding. This study investigated acid-modified sour cherry stone biochar (SCBM) as support for two laccases of different origins: crude laccase (<i>Bjerkandera adusta</i> TMF1 (CL)) and purified commercial laccase (<i>Trametes versicolor</i> (TvL)). The aim was to compare immobilization efficiency, activity retention and Brilliant Green (BG) decolorization in batch and air-lift reactors (ALRs). Immobilization of crude (SCBM-CL) and commercial (SCBM-TvL) laccase was successfully achieved and confirmed by SEM-EDX and FTIR-ATR analyses. Under optimized batch conditions, SCBM-TvL achieved approximately 92% of BG removal within 4 h and maintained high catalytic activity over nine consecutive cycles, whereas SCBM-CL reached almost 66% removal, with a progressive loss of activity upon reuse. In the ALR, using a 25-fold lower biochar-to-solution ratio, SCBM-TvL achieved almost complete BG decolorization within 4 h, while SCBM-CL achieved 57% within the same time. After treatment, BG solution exhibited a phytostimulatory effect, no antimicrobial activity, and 87% COD reduction, indicating reduced toxicity and organic load after enzyme treatment. Furthermore, the BG decolorization achieved by SCBM-TvL in ALRs highlights the economic advantage of this system and supports its potential for further scale-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13709209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan-Integrated Polyvinyl Alcohol-Polycaprolactone/Tea Tree Oil Nanofibrous Scaffolds via Dual-Nozzle Electrospinning for Wound Dressing Applications.","authors":"Natavan Ismayilova, Tubanur Avci, Zekiye Akdag, Ridvan Yildirim, Zehra Kanli, Ahmet Akif Kızılkurtlu, Oguzhan Gunduz, Canan Dogan","doi":"10.3390/polym18202558","DOIUrl":"10.3390/polym18202558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hybrid nanofibrous mats comprising distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic fiber populations were fabricated by simultaneous dual-nozzle co-electrospinning for potential wound-dressing applications. Four formulations-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-polycaprolactone (PCL), PVA/Chitosan (CS)-PCL, PVA-PCL/Tea Tree Oil (TTO), and PVA/CS-PCL/TTO-were systematically evaluated in terms of their morphological, physicochemical, mechanical, release, and in vitro cellular properties. All formulations exhibited continuous, bead-free fiber morphologies. FTIR and DSC analyses indicated the physical incorporation of CS and TTO and composition-dependent changes in polymer-chain organization. TTO incorporation improved surface wettability, decreasing the water contact angle to 46.69 ± 2.80° and 57.05 ± 1.40° in the CS-free and CS-containing formulations, respectively. The PVA/CS-PCL/TTO mat exhibited the highest tensile strength (19.17 ± 3.06 MPa) and strain at break (10.82 ± 1.81%). Cumulative TTO release reached 97.63-99.75% within 8 h. MTT analysis showed favorable HDF metabolic activity, with the highest response observed for PVA/CS-PCL/TTO on day 7. Overall, the results support the further investigation of these hybrid nanofibrous mats as potential wound-dressing platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":20416,"journal":{"name":"Polymers","volume":"18 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13708919/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149272570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}