Preventive veterinary medicine最新文献

{"title":"Methods to assess on-farm biosecurity in Europe and beyond","authors":"Fernando Duarte ,&nbsp;Lena-Mari Tamminen ,&nbsp;Miroslav Kjosevski ,&nbsp;Giovanna Ciaravino ,&nbsp;Mattias Delpont ,&nbsp;Carla Correia-Gomes ,&nbsp;Bart H.P. van den Borne ,&nbsp;Ilias Chantziaras ,&nbsp;Laura Valeria Alarcón ,&nbsp;Line Svennesen ,&nbsp;Ina Toppari ,&nbsp;Alessandra Piccirillo ,&nbsp;Rreze M. Gecaj ,&nbsp;Artur Zbikowski ,&nbsp;Telmo Nunes ,&nbsp;Jasna Prodanov-Radulović ,&nbsp;Marco De Nardi ,&nbsp;Vitalii Nedosekov ,&nbsp;Amelie Desvars-Larrive ,&nbsp;Alberto Allepuz","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to identify which biosecurity assessment methods (BAMs) are currently used in practice in animal farms. To address this, a structured questionnaire was developed to gather information such as the animal species, main objectives, type of enforcement, output generated and feedback of the result. In the context of the BETTER Cost Action project, country representatives identified in each of their countries which BAMs were used and completed an online survey. The survey was prepared and translated in 23 languages. Besides a descriptive analysis, clusters of BAMs were determined using a multiple correspondence analysis. Responses, collected between December 2022 and July 2023, included 74 BAMs used in 28 countries. Most of them were used in a single country while three were used in multiple countries. This study provides a comprehensive picture of existing BAMs and insights into their diversity, such as variations in objectives, implementation, evaluators, respondents, feedback, or assessment outputs. Moreover, we identified four BAMs clusters differentiated by their objective, evaluator and type of feedback provided. This study might also represent the basis for future research on strengths and weaknesses of different BAMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106486"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing access to neutering services for dogs and cats in a Brazilian city with a large animal population","authors":"Marcelo Teixeira Paiva ,&nbsp;Lorena Diniz Macedo Silva Maia ,&nbsp;Fernanda do Carmo Magalhães ,&nbsp;Maria Helena Franco Morais ,&nbsp;Rafael Romero Nicolino ,&nbsp;Danielle Ferreira de Magalhães Soares ,&nbsp;Camila Stefanie Fonseca de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In One Health context, ensuring animal access to veterinary services is crucial. Unfortunately, many communities lack such services, highlighting the need for subsidized options. Our study aimed to evaluate free access to the Canine and Feline Surgical Neutering Service in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, a city with a large animal population. We also sought to propose actions for enhancing access and develop evaluation indicators. To assess individual access, we employed a logistic model, using service scheduling data from 2012 to 2018. Regional access was evaluated through the Three-Step Floating Catchment Area (3SFCA) method, incorporating data on neutering availability and estimated animal population by Coverage Area for 2012, 2015, and 2018. Our findings indicated that male animal owners were more likely to drop out compared to those with female dogs. Waiting time emerged as a significant obstacle, with an odds ratio of 1.2 per month of waiting, as well as the Health Vulnerability Index (HVI) of the Coverage Area. Although areas of higher vulnerability faced a greater risk of dropouts, we observed \"resistance\" in these areas, suggesting lower access to private veterinary services for tutors. The spatial access index demonstrated that most areas had a supply capacity exceeding more than 5 %. However, a general reduction in the index occurred in 2018, owing to disproportionate population growth relative to service availability between 2015 and 2018. There was a gradual reduction in inequality in spatial access between areas with different levels of vulnerability, however, areas of very high vulnerability presented significantly lower access than others. Based on our results, we recommend adopting policies that prioritize areas with higher vulnerability, focusing on differentiated supply and waiting time to enhance access. Additionally, identifying the capacity to offer private veterinary services and gathering detailed information on the population dynamics of dogs and cats in the municipality would facilitate a more accurate application of the 3SFCA method in planning neutering services offered by the subsidized veterinary service in Belo Horizonte.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the diagnostic performance of serological assays for emerging pathogens using a Bayesian approach: Myxoma virus in the Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis)","authors":"Beatriz Cardoso ,&nbsp;Sabrina Castro-Scholten ,&nbsp;Patrizia Cavadini ,&nbsp;Moira Bazzucchi ,&nbsp;José Alberto Viñuelas ,&nbsp;Mónica Martinez-Haro ,&nbsp;João Queirós ,&nbsp;Paulo Célio Alves ,&nbsp;Pelayo Acevedo ,&nbsp;Ignacio García-Bocanegra ,&nbsp;Nuno Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Validated diagnostic tools are essential when conducting serological surveys. However, reliable tests are scarce and hard to attain for emerging pathogens due to the lack of reference tests or samples. Recently, a recombinant myxoma virus (MYXV), named ha-MYXV, raised alarm in the Iberian Peninsula for its impact on Iberian hare (<em>Lepus granatensis</em>) populations and its detection in wild (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>) and domestic rabbits. Here, we follow a Bayesian approach to evaluate two serological tools, an indirect ELISA (iELISA) and a competitive ELISA (cELISA), used to monitor this emerging pathogen in Iberian hare populations. We modelled serological data from 227 hares conveniently selected retrospectively for their apparent healthy status. First, we applied finite mixture models to adjust the cut-off thresholds of both tests, which improved the agreement between both tests (initial kappa = 0.42, after threshold adjustment = 0.78). Then, we employed Bayesian latent class models (BLCM) to estimate the assays’ specificity (Sp) and sensitivity (Se). The BLCM estimated median Sp of 94.0 % (95 % posterior probability interval (PPI): 85.9–99.4) and 96.1 % (PPI: 87.2–100.0), and Se of 77.7 % (PPI: 61.5–89.5) and 91.7 % (PPI: 78.1–99.9), for the iELISA and the cELISA, respectively. The true seroprevalence estimations show higher values in south-central Spain (ranging from 13.1 % to 70.4 %) and lower in the north (Navarra: 5.5 %). A Bayesian approach allowed to evaluate diagnostic tools for ha-MYXV, an emerging wildlife pathogen, in the absence of reference tests or samples. Future epidemiological studies of myxomatosis in Iberian hares should calculate true seroprevalence based on our estimations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106488"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disease dynamics and mortality risk in tapirs (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) through a systematic literature review: Implications for preventive medicine and conservation.","authors":"Renata Carolina Fernandes-Santos ,&nbsp;Kristin Warren ,&nbsp;Rebecca Vaughan-Higgins ,&nbsp;Tatiane Micheletti ,&nbsp;Mieghan Bruce","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of diseases on tapir mortality and potential implications for preventive medicine and conservation remain unclear. A systematic literature review was conducted using seven databases and grey literature to address these gaps. The PRISMA statement was adopted to report results, and boosted regression tree models were employed for data analysis. After screening 5323 records and removing duplicates, the title and abstract of 2484 records were assessed. Out of 502 eligible studies, only 206 met all inclusion criteria. These were published between 1924 and 2023 in ten languages, comprising mainly case reports (45.1 %) and cross-sectional studies (41.3 %). Infectious diseases were found in 72.9 % of the reports, and 27.2 % presented clinical signs. The most affected systems were gastroenteric (22.7 %), integumentary (22.1 %), and respiratory (17.5 %). Respiratory diseases were associated with increased mortality. Factors affecting tapir mortality included species (relative influence 41.5 %), followed by geographic location (23.5 %) and captivity (16.8 %). Clinical signs were the least important variable (4 %). While infectious diseases were associated with higher mortality risk, tapirs were more likely to become ill from non-infectious than infectious diseases. Captive individuals were also more likely to present with illness than their wild counterparts. When considering external causes, vehicle collisions represented the most significant cause of death (52.2 %), followed by hunting (38.2 %). Diseases (8.7 %) were the third most important, with bacterial infections the leading cause of death. This review represents the most comprehensive overview on tapir health to date and provides novel ways to collate epidemiological data from disparate study designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices on vaccine usage among large ruminant farmers in the rangpur division of Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Sodrul Islam ,&nbsp;Apurbo Kumar Mondal ,&nbsp;Md. Rabiul Auwul ,&nbsp;Md. Shahidul Islam ,&nbsp;Md. Abdullah Al Mahmud ,&nbsp;Md. Irtija Ahsan","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Backgrounds</h3><div>Vaccines are crucial for preventing and controlling diseases in ruminant livestock. However, the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns depends on livestock producers' knowledge, perspectives, and behaviours towards their implementation. Unfortunately, as far as the author knowledge, no studies have been conducted in Bangladesh to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) status of large ruminant farmers (LRF) regarding vaccine use against infectious diseases. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to address this research gap in Bangladesh for the first time.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 244 LRF in selected regions of Rangpur division, Bangladesh. The participants were selected at random, and data was collected via face-to-face interviews with a structured questionnaire. KAP levels were categorized as \"good\" or \"poor\" and \"positive\" or \"negative\" using a scoring method with a 60 % cut-off. The analysis comprised the utilization of descriptive statistic as well as logistic regression models.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings demonstrated that most respondents were male (85.2 %), aged 31–40 (32.8 %), with higher education (27.9 %), and vaccination training (28.7 %). While 73.8 % of farmers knew about vaccines, only 39.8 % understood their role in preventing illness from infected animals, and 40.2 % in reducing antibiotic use. Notably, 61.5 % were aware of negative drawbacks, and 59.4 % reported vaccinating their ruminant herds. Most farmers (62.7 %) don't check the expiration dates on vaccine or properly dispose of vials (81.6 %), which poses environmental and public health hazards. Overall, 46.3 %, 55.3 %, and 27.8 % of the farmers had good knowledge, a positive attitude, and good practices, respectively. Multivariable analyses revealed that male farmers aged 41–50 with a higher secondary education, over 15 years of dairy farming experience, and vaccination training were more likely to have good knowledge of vaccine usage. Accordingly, positive attitudes were associated with male farmers with graduate degrees who had vaccination training. Similarly, trained farmers were more likely to have good vaccination practices.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study reveals farmers' KAP score gaps. It is critical to develop targeted educational and training initiatives to successfully address knowledge and practice gaps regarding vaccine usage and prevent potential large ruminant diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106476"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspectives on the social sciences in global animal health governance: A qualitative study of experts","authors":"Dorien H. Braam ,&nbsp;Salome A. Bukachi ,&nbsp;Diego Leiva ,&nbsp;Alex Tasker ,&nbsp;Lisa Boden ,&nbsp;Kevin Bardosh","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A global discourse continues to emphasize the importance of integrating the social sciences into health governance and systems research, including in the global animal health sector. By comparison to human health, however, it is unclear how far this discourse has changed institutional practices in animal health and what opportunities exist to strengthen this integration. We conducted a qualitative study to address these knowledge gaps, based on 29 semi-structured key informant interviews (KII) with experts involved in the global governance of animal health and biosecurity across five regions between November 2022 and June 2023. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse results, which were triangulated with findings from primary and secondary data sources. We divide our analysis into three sections: 1) governance landscape; 3) prioritization; and 3) the role of social science. First, we found that KII consider the global animal health governance landscape shaped by five main actor networks who operate under different institutional norms and mandates: international organizations, bilateral donors, the private sector, national governments, and regional organizations. Informants believed that bilateral donors have disproportionate levels of control and influence; national governments struggle with realistic fiscal planning; engaging the private sector remains challenging; international organizations exhibit tensions in their conflicting mandates; and regional organizations need to be more involved. Second, we found that the key priorities of the actor networks were influenced by core uncertainties and tensions. This included different narratives about risk and methods of risk assessment; conflicting values between health and economic development; and capacity scale problems between global and local networks. The field is perceived to be dominated by the global health security agenda and international trade, and disproportionately focused on pandemic threats. Third, we found that barriers to the integration of social science included disciplinary boundaries, given the dominance of the veterinary sciences; the preponderance of instrumentalized goals; and structural conditions that limited opportunities for knowledge translation. Overall, we found that while the social sciences are increasingly part of a global discourse improving global animal health governance and systems, their current application appears to be of limited range and effectiveness. Coordinated investment in truly interdisciplinary networks, with sufficient disciplinary independence, may help address these problems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106474"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A GIS-based framework for routing decisions to reduce livestock disease exposure risk","authors":"Ehsan Foroutan ,&nbsp;Hongbo Yu ,&nbsp;Jeremiah Saliki ,&nbsp;Akhilesh Ramachandran","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Safe and effective transportation of livestock during disease outbreaks is crucial for maintaining agricultural productivity and economic stability. This work offers a novel perspective on the transportation of hazardous biological materials within the veterinary field. In response to the complex challenges of managing livestock disease outbreaks, we evaluated different routing measures for safe land transport of diseased animals or infected materials. The potential disease exposure risk to susceptible livestock populations during hypothetical transportation scenarios of infected livestock and specimens was estimated. A GIS-based framework was developed to integrate and manage raster-based Gridded Livestock of the World (GLW) data and vector-based road network data, which was used to implement a time-based risk (TBR) measure to support routing decisions of diseased animals. This approach not only considers time as a traditional routing metric but also incorporates livestock population distribution as a crucial factor in the disease exposure risk assessment. Along with the TBR measure, the shortest, fastest, and least population exposure measures are also evaluated as routing solution benchmarks. Analysis results based on two origin-destination pairs within Oklahoma, USA demonstrate that the TBR measure yields routes with the least impact on animal populations as compared to the shortest, fastest, and least population route, especially over longer distances. Our results underscore the importance of incorporating dynamic exposure risks in routing decisions to effectively minimize potential disease spread to vulnerable populations distributed along the path of transportation. This study also highlights the potential of GIS in enhancing biosecurity and disease control measures by optimizing transportation routes that consider various risk factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106472"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of communal farmers’ knowledge of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) within the FMD protection zone with vaccination of Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces, South Africa","authors":"Kibambe D. Kiayima ,&nbsp;Eric Etter ,&nbsp;Petronella Chaminuka ,&nbsp;Alexis Delabouglise ,&nbsp;Geoffrey T. Fosgate","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease affecting domestic livestock and its control in South Africa depends on methods including event-based surveillance and the reporting of disease by farmers. This study assessed FMD knowledge level among small-scale, communal livestock farmers in South Africa's FMD zone with vaccination. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 629 farmers from 44 dip-tanks (animal assembly points). A FMD knowledge score was derived from 25 yes/no questions with scores above the median classified as high FMD knowledge. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors of high FMD knowledge with associations reported as odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Eighty percent of the participants were male and 65 % aged 60 or older. The most common livestock raised was cattle (98.1 %). Sixty-six percent (415/629) of the interviewed farmers reported that they were aware of the existence of FMD. Formal education (OR 2.0, 95 % CI, 1.4–2.9, P &lt; 0.001), poultry ownership (OR 1.7, 95 % CI 1.1–2.5, P = 0.006), livestock farming as the main occupation (OR 1.6, 95 % CI 1.1–2.3, P = 0.026) and the total livestock units of their farm (OR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.1–1.9, P = 0.002) were significant predictors of FMD recognition. Most respondents (54 %) that claimed to be aware of the existence of FMD did not know that African buffalos were a source of FMD virus. Also, less than half of the respondents cited lameness (38 %) and excessive salivation (37 %) as the main FMD clinical signs. Only a small proportion (2.4 %) of these respondents were aware that movement of infected animals can cause FMD virus to spread to new areas. FMD knowledge scores were calculated for the 415 respondents claiming to be aware of the existence FMD with 174 (42 %) having a total knowledge score greater than the median (hereafter referred to as “high FMD knowledge” compared to the rest of the farmers). Farmers from Vhembe District in Limpopo had an odds of high FMD knowledge four times higher than those in Ehlanzeni District in Mpumalanga (OR 4.0, 95 % CI 1.7–9.4, P = 0.002). Farmers that owned more than 15 cattle (OR 1.7, 95 % CI 1.0–2.8, P = 0.035) and farmers that supervised their own cattle during grazing (OR 1.6, 95 % CI 1.0–2.5, P = 0.043) also had a significantly higher odds of high FMD knowledge. Communal farmers in South Africa have gaps in their FMD knowledge and specifically were not aware that movement of infected animals and their products pose a threat for the spread of FMD. Comprehensive information, education and training for communal livestock farmers are essential for improving event-based surveillance and FMD prevention and control in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Bayesian latent class estimation of the diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination and laboratory assays to identify bovine ephemeral fever virus infection in South African cattle","authors":"Miemie Grobler ,&nbsp;Geoffrey T. Fosgate ,&nbsp;Robert Swanepoel ,&nbsp;Jan E. Crafford","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is an economically important vector-borne viral disease of cattle and water buffalo in Africa, Australia and parts of Asia. The control of BEF is centred around vaccination, and therefore accurate, early identification of disease outbreaks are key to minimize its economic and welfare impact. In Africa, control programs are hampered by limited diagnostic capabilities and poor infrastructure for rapid transportation of diagnostic specimens. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of four tests, namely clinical examination by a veterinarian, virus isolation and two different conventional PCR assays, to identify an acute bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) infection in diseased, naturally infected South African cattle, without the assumption of a reference standard. Samples and data were collected from cattle with clinical signs suggestive of BEF rather than a random sample of cattle. A case was categorised as clinical examination positive if the examining veterinarian considered acute BEFV-infection as the most likely aetiology. Virus isolation was performed using the buffy coat of heparin blood samples on baby hamster kidney cell cultures, evaluating cytopathic effect and confirming virus morphology by transmission electron microscopy. PCR was performed using two previously published protocols: The <em>Ephemerovirus</em> L-gene PCR (targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene) and a BEFV G-gene PCR (targeting the neutralising G1 epitope of the glycoprotein). A single population, four test Bayesian latent class model with conditional dependence between the two PCR assays was implemented. The prevalence of BEFV-infection was high in this study population of clinical suspects at 67 %, (95 % Probability Interval (PI) 52 %; 81 %). Clinical examination provided a reasonable indication of acute BEFV infection (Se of 86 % (PI 77 %; 93 %) and Sp of 67 % (PI 52 %; 82 %)). Virus isolation was the most specific (99 % (PI 97 %; 100 %)), but least sensitive assay (30 % (PI 20 %; 44 %)). Of the two conventional PCRs, the L-gene PCR outperformed the G-gene PCR: The L-gene Se was 64 % (PI 51 %; 76 %) and Sp 96 % (PI 84 %; 100 %) compared to Se of 50 % (PI 38 %; 61 %) and Sp of 89 % (PI 75 %; 98 %) for the G-gene. While the laboratory assays presented excellent positive predictive values within this high disease prevalence population, the poor negative predictive values limit their usefulness to field veterinarians attempting to exclude BEF as diagnosis. Novel pen-side diagnostics should be developed due to the limitations of currently available assays and infrastructure constraints prevalent in Africa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 106475"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Productivity, reproduction and economic losses due to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Iranian Holstein cows","authors":"M. Bijari ,&nbsp;A. Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi ,&nbsp;M. Ansari-Lari ,&nbsp;M.H. Ghaffari","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2025.106471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This retrospective study investigated the impact of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) on productive and reproductive traits, economic losses and culling trends in Holstein cows in Iran. Data from nine industrial and semi-industrial dairy herds from several provinces were analyzed over a decade (2009–2019) and included a total of 49,400 records from 20,330 cows. A mixed linear model was used to assess the impact of FMD on milk production, fat and protein yields and reproductive traits. Information on milk production was collected over a period of 305 d. A simulated bioeconomic model was used to estimate the financial losses due to FMD incidence on productive and reproductive traits. The model included losses due to reduced milk production, discarded milk, reproductive inefficiency, morbidity, culling and replacement animals, loss of body weight, vaccination, medication and supplementation costs, and labor costs. FMD significantly reduced milk production, with an average decrease of 845.9 kg of fat corrected milk (FCM) per cow, a decrease of 44.1 kg in fat yield and a decrease of 2.3 kg in protein yield. Reproductive performance was negatively affected, with an increase in calving interval (+30.9 day), days open (+13.7 day), number of inseminations (+0.2-fold) and length of gestation (+1 day). Economic analysis showed an average loss of $1082.3 per FMD case, with the highest costs attributable to culling and replacement of animals (27 %, $296.2) and reproductive inefficiency (22 %, $239.6). These results have significant implications for farm management strategies to control the spread of FMD and to plan preventative measures to reduce economic losses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106471"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}