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Characteristics and applications of iron oxide reduction processes 氧化铁还原工艺的特点和应用
IF 1 4区 工程技术
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2023-0041
K.S. Abdel Halim, A.A. El-Geassy, M.I. Nasr, Mohamed Ramadan, Naglaa Fathy, Abdulaziz S. Al-Ghamdi
{"title":"Characteristics and applications of iron oxide reduction processes","authors":"K.S. Abdel Halim, A.A. El-Geassy, M.I. Nasr, Mohamed Ramadan, Naglaa Fathy, Abdulaziz S. Al-Ghamdi","doi":"10.2478/pjct-2023-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0041","url":null,"abstract":"The present review handles the main characteristics of iron oxide reduction and its industrial applications. The reduction of iron oxide is the basis of all ironmaking processes, whether in a blast furnace or by direct reduction and/or direct smelting processes. The reduction characteristics of iron ores control the efficiency of any ironmaking process and the quality of the produced iron as well. Many controlling parameters should be considered when discussing the reducibility of iron ores such as equilibrium phase diagrams, reduction temperature, pressure, gas composition, and the nature of both iron ores and reducing agent. The different factors affecting the main routes of ironmaking will be highlighted in the present review to give a clear picture of each technology. Moreover, further innovations regarding the reduction of iron oxides such as the reduction by green hydrogen will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":20324,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Chemical Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139459768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Glycerolysis-Interesterification of Palm Olein and Coconut Oil Blend using Two High-Shear Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors 利用两个高剪切连续搅拌罐反应器进行棕榈油和椰子油混合物的甘油分解-酯化反应
IF 1 4区 工程技术
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2023-0032
Aulia Safrina Ardani, Ria Millati, Rini Yanti, Nanda Legiasa Rabiul Tsani Rohana, Chusnul Hidayat
{"title":"Glycerolysis-Interesterification of Palm Olein and Coconut Oil Blend using Two High-Shear Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors","authors":"Aulia Safrina Ardani, Ria Millati, Rini Yanti, Nanda Legiasa Rabiul Tsani Rohana, Chusnul Hidayat","doi":"10.2478/pjct-2023-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0032","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to synthesize structured lipids containing high mono- and diacylglycerol by glycerolysisinteresterification of palm olein and coconut oil blend in two high-shear continuous stirred tank reactors in series. The result showed that various flow rates of 11 mL/min to 23 mL/min did not significantly increase mono- and diacylglycerol concentration, while at a flow rate of 26 mL/min only a low concentration of mono- and diacylglycerol was formed. However, a flow rate 20 mL/min and an agitating speed of 2000 rpm produced mono- and diacylglycerol concentration of 61.7% with the highest productivity of 2.1%/min and a triacylglycerol conversion of 64.6%. The slip melting point, melting point, hardness, emulsion capacity, and stability were 23.77 <jats:sup>o</jats:sup>C, 30 <jats:sup>o</jats:sup>C, 14.6 N, 65.15%, and 59.15%, respectively. The product’s solid fat content at 25 <jats:sup>o</jats:sup>C was lower than cocoa butter. The product contained β’ and β crystals, thus it can be applied as a cocoa butter substitute.","PeriodicalId":20324,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Chemical Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139459683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study on Ajuga reptans extracts as potential cosmetic raw materials 将 Ajuga reptans 提取物作为潜在化妆品原料的研究
IF 1 4区 工程技术
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2023-0037
Anna Dziki, Magdalena Malinowska, Elżbieta Sikora
{"title":"Study on Ajuga reptans extracts as potential cosmetic raw materials","authors":"Anna Dziki, Magdalena Malinowska, Elżbieta Sikora","doi":"10.2478/pjct-2023-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0037","url":null,"abstract":"In the study, the possibility of an application of <jats:italic>Ajuga reptans</jats:italic> leaf and root extracts in antipollution cosmetics was investigated. The influence of <jats:italic>Ajuga</jats:italic> extracts on the skin condition was also evaluated. Both leaf and root <jats:italic>Ajuga</jats:italic> ethanolic extracts were obtained and added to the developed cosmetic formulations. Two types of emulsion W/O and O/W, washing gels and eye serum, containing as an active substance <jats:italic>Ajuga</jats:italic> extracts were prepared. For the stable formulations physicochemical and user properties were studied. The obtained results show that cosmetic products, containing the <jats:italic>Ajuga reptans</jats:italic> extracts, positively affect the skin condition: causing an improvement in the degree of skin hydration and elasticity, reducing the skin pores size and skin hyperpigmentation, and reducing the wrinkles depth.","PeriodicalId":20324,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Chemical Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139459714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Degree of complexation of microelement ions by biodegradable IDHA chelator in water and simulated fertilization environment 可生物降解的 IDHA 螯合剂在水和模拟施肥环境中对微量元素离子的络合度
IF 1 4区 工程技术
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2023-0039
Ewelina Klem-Marciniak, Marcin Biegun, Krystyna Hoffmann, Józef Hoffmann
{"title":"Degree of complexation of microelement ions by biodegradable IDHA chelator in water and simulated fertilization environment","authors":"Ewelina Klem-Marciniak, Marcin Biegun, Krystyna Hoffmann, Józef Hoffmann","doi":"10.2478/pjct-2023-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0039","url":null,"abstract":"The degree of complexation of microelement ions by the biodegradable chelating agent - IDHA was examined in the work. The tests were carried out in water and in a simulated fertilizer environment. In order to compare the obtained results, tests were also carried out for the commonly used EDTA. The performed analyzes allow to determine the influence of the presence of compounds containing macroelements on the degree of binding of microelement ions by the biodegradable IDHA and EDTA chelators. The obtained results make it possible to determine the optimal conditions for the chelation of cations by IDHA, which in the future may be used in the production of micronutrient fertilizers on a large scale.","PeriodicalId":20324,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Chemical Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139459805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Influence of distillation time and distillation apparatus on the chemical composition and quality of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil 蒸馏时间和蒸馏设备对磨坊薰衣草精油化学成分和质量的影响
IF 1 4区 工程技术
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2023-0036
Aneta Wesołowska, Dorota Jadczak, Karolina Zyburtowicz
{"title":"Influence of distillation time and distillation apparatus on the chemical composition and quality of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil","authors":"Aneta Wesołowska, Dorota Jadczak, Karolina Zyburtowicz","doi":"10.2478/pjct-2023-0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0036","url":null,"abstract":"In the study, the influence of distillation time as well as distillation apparatus on the chemical composition and quality of lavender (<jats:italic>Lavandula angustifolia</jats:italic> Mill.) essential oil were investigated. Two different types of distillation apparatuses: Deryng (popular in Poland) and Clevenger-type (recommended by European Pharmacopoeia) were used for the isolation of the essential oil from dried lavender flowers (<jats:italic>Lavandulae flos</jats:italic>). Moreover, different distillation times (2, 3 and 4 hours) were also applied. The chemical composition of the isolated oils, determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealed the dominance of linalool (11.55–17.19%) and linalyl acetate (12.84–16.78%) in the all analyzed samples. Other important constituents were: caryophyllene oxide (5.66–7.35%), lavandulyl acetate (4.64–5.40%) and borneol (4.62–5.51%). On the basis of the obtained data it was proved that the distillation time and distillation apparatus affect the amounts of some constituents in the lavender oil.","PeriodicalId":20324,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Chemical Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139459807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adsorption behaviour of polar solvent and water vapours on Sorbonorit B4 activated carbon 极性溶剂和水蒸气在 Sorbonorit B4 活性炭上的吸附行为
IF 1 4区 工程技术
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2023-0035
Dorota Downarowicz, Elżbieta Gabruś
{"title":"Adsorption behaviour of polar solvent and water vapours on Sorbonorit B4 activated carbon","authors":"Dorota Downarowicz, Elżbieta Gabruś","doi":"10.2478/pjct-2023-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0035","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the affinity of the heterogeneous Sorbonorit B4 (SB4) activated carbon toward methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), n-propyl alcohol (NPA) and isobutyl alcohol (IBA), and water vapours was examined. Adsorption equilibrium measurements demonstrate a higher adsorption capacity of water vapour than organic compounds at relative pressures above 0.4. The adsorption capacities of SB4 at the same vapor pressure followed the order: NPA&gt; IPA&gt; MEK&gt; IBA. The Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Dubinin-Astakhov, and Toth isotherm models were chosen to describe experimental results. Based on the multi-temperature isotherms, the values of the isosteric heat of adsorption were determined for various adsorbate loading. The results indicate a strong influence of VOC molecule structures and the surface heterogeneity of SB4 on the adsorption efficiency. For IPA-SB4 pair, the maximum temperature rise in a fixed-bed bed in the adsorption process and the energy requirement for regeneration were calculated and experimentally verified.","PeriodicalId":20324,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Chemical Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139459600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study on safe disposal of cephalosporins based on kinetic pyrolysis mechanism 基于动力学热解机制的头孢菌素安全处置研究
IF 1 4区 工程技术
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2023-0038
Jiangxue Fan, Meng Zhang, Xiaofei Hou, Fang Wang, Mengyuan Bai, Ruoxi Jiao, Zhongyu Yang, Erhong Duan, Fengfei Cheng, Wen Zhou
{"title":"Study on safe disposal of cephalosporins based on kinetic pyrolysis mechanism","authors":"Jiangxue Fan, Meng Zhang, Xiaofei Hou, Fang Wang, Mengyuan Bai, Ruoxi Jiao, Zhongyu Yang, Erhong Duan, Fengfei Cheng, Wen Zhou","doi":"10.2478/pjct-2023-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0038","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the global goals for cleaner production and sustainable development, the pyrolysis behavior of cephalosporin residues was studied by TG-MS method. The influence of full temperature window on the safe disposal of residues was analyzed based on the “3-2-2” and “1+1” of thermal analysis kinetics, and the gas by-products of thermal degradation were monitored. Results showed that the pyrolysis of distillation residues were divided into low and high-temperature zones, including six stages. Maximum error rate (8.55%) by multiple scan rate was presented based on “3-2-2” pattern and maximum total fluctuation (33.7) by single scan rate was presented based on “1+1” pattern, which implied that the comprehensive multi-level comparison method was very reliable. The <jats:italic>E</jats:italic> value “E” of six stages showed an increasing trend ranging 166.8 to 872.8 kJ/mol. Lg<jats:italic>A</jats:italic> <jats:sub>(mean)</jats:sub> was 27.28. Most mechanism function of stage 1, 2 were Z-L-T equation (3D), stage 3, 4, 6 were Avrami-Erofeev equation (AE3, AE4, AE2/3) and stage 5 was Reaction Order (O2). In addition, various small molecular micromolecule substances were detected such as C<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>H<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>O, C<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>H<jats:sub>6</jats:sub>, NH<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>, CH<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>, CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> under full temperature windows and a possible pyrolysis path of residues was provided.","PeriodicalId":20324,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Chemical Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139459715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experimental research on the removal characteristics of simulated radioactive aerosols by a cloud-type radioactive aerosol elimination system 云型放射性气溶胶消除系统去除模拟放射性气溶胶特性的实验研究
IF 1 4区 工程技术
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2023-0033
Jiqing Zhang, Ying Jia, Xiaomeng Lv, Tiedan Xiong, Yuanzheng Huang, Keke Shen
{"title":"Experimental research on the removal characteristics of simulated radioactive aerosols by a cloud-type radioactive aerosol elimination system","authors":"Jiqing Zhang, Ying Jia, Xiaomeng Lv, Tiedan Xiong, Yuanzheng Huang, Keke Shen","doi":"10.2478/pjct-2023-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0033","url":null,"abstract":"Radioactive aerosols in the confined workplace are a major source of internal exposure hazards for workers. Cloud-type radioactive aerosol elimination system (CRAES) have great potential for radioactive aerosol capture due to their high adsorption capacity, lack of cartridges and less secondary contamination. A CRAES was designed and constructed, and a FeOOH/rGO composite was directly prepared by a hydro-thermal method to characterise and analyse its morphology, chemical structure and removal efficiency for simulated radioactive aerosols. The results show that the FeOOH/rGO composite works in synergy with the CRAES to effectively improve the removal efficiency of simulated radioactive aerosols. A 30-minute simulated radioactive aerosol removal rate of 94.52% was achieved when using the experimentally optimized composite inhibitor amount of 2 mg/L FeOOH/rGO with 0.2 g/L PVA as a surfactant. Therefore, the CRAES coupled with the composite inhibitor FeOOH/rGO has broad application potential for the synergistic treatment of radioactive aerosols.","PeriodicalId":20324,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Chemical Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139459881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Numerical simulation and improvement of combustor structure in 3D printed sand recycling system 3D 打印砂回收系统中燃烧器结构的数值模拟与改进
IF 1 4区 工程技术
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2023-0034
Xiao Gao, Mao Lei, Weiwei Xu
{"title":"Numerical simulation and improvement of combustor structure in 3D printed sand recycling system","authors":"Xiao Gao, Mao Lei, Weiwei Xu","doi":"10.2478/pjct-2023-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0034","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a new combustor with an output of 5 t/h is designed based on a computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) model. The flow field simulation is combined with the combustion simulation to analyze the internal two-phase flow, temperature field, and combustion products. The combustor structure was optimized. The simulation results show that the recovery efficiency of the waste sand and the energy utilization of the combustor can be improved under the original structure. The sand bed has a significant effect on flow field characteristics. The increase in particle temperature in the combustor increases the efficiency of waste sand recovery by increasing the height of the sand bed by 50 mm. The utilization rate of natural gas is increased and the economic efficiency is improved. The feasibility of the CPFD method can simulate the flow field characteristics inside the combustor very effectively.","PeriodicalId":20324,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Chemical Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139459763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Influence of drying and granulation process conditions on the characteristics of micronutrient chelates granules 干燥和造粒工艺条件对微量营养素螯合物颗粒特性的影响
4区 工程技术
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2023-0023
Bernard Michałek, Katarzyna Bizon, Błażej Gierczyk, Tomasz Wilk, Magdalena Rapp
{"title":"Influence of drying and granulation process conditions on the characteristics of micronutrient chelates granules","authors":"Bernard Michałek, Katarzyna Bizon, Błażej Gierczyk, Tomasz Wilk, Magdalena Rapp","doi":"10.2478/pjct-2023-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fluidized-bed spray granulation (FBSG) enables manufacturing particles with desired characteristics, including particle size distribution (PSD), density, or dust content. This study investigated the effect of selected factors on the granules obtained in a continuous FBSG of chelated fertilizers for foliar applications. The effect of surfactant addition to the solution sprayed into the bed and perturbations of operating parameters on PSD and granules morphology was studied. The experiments were supplemented with calculations based on a population balance equation (PBE). It was shown that granules manufactured with the tenside addition are more regular in shape, and thus less prone to mechanical wear. It was demonstrated that increasing rotational mill speed does contribute to a slight increase in the amount of dust, but in the long term, it does not disturb the regular agglomeration process. The computational results confirm that, despite the complexity of the process, its description with PBE is feasible.","PeriodicalId":20324,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Chemical Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135688070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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