Polar Science最新文献_第2页

Role of the indigenous exceptions in international economic law for effective protection of indigenous peoples’ rights and interests: A case study of Mexico – GE corn dispute under the USMCA 国际经济法中土著例外在有效保护土著人民权益中的作用：以美墨加协定下墨西哥-转基因玉米争端为例

IF 1.5 4区地球科学

Polar Science Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2024.101163

Tomohiko Kobayashi

{"title":"Role of the indigenous exceptions in international economic law for effective protection of indigenous peoples’ rights and interests: A case study of Mexico – GE corn dispute under the USMCA","authors":"Tomohiko Kobayashi","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines an ongoing trade dispute initiated by the US in 2023 over Mexico's nationwide prohibition on using GE corn for human consumption, focusing on the volume of the legal arguments related to the indigenous exception clause under Article 32.5 USMCA that allows state parties to deviate from all other treaty obligations, if they deem it necessary to fulfill legal obligations to indigenous peoples. By analyzing this case, the paper aims to illuminate the legal impacts and limitations of indigenous exception clauses in trade agreements. Our research found that, throughout the adversarial panel proceedings, both the Mexican and US sides devoted minimal attention to the indigenous exception, constituting no more than 4% of their legal arguments. As arguments related to SPS compatibility decreased, emphasis on exception clauses increased, primarily focusing on general exceptions despite their recognized difficulty. Mexico did not increase its reliance on the indigenous exception, which, though offering broader discretion, was ostensibly not considered a major defense for justifying the measures under the USMCA. We discuss that while balancing values and interests is crucial to mitigate trade disputes, indigenous exception clauses should not be used for protectionist purpose and hinder indigenous participation in world trade.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Shear Wave Velocity Structure beneath Maitri station in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica from Joint Inversions of Rayleigh Wave Ellipticity, Multimode Surface Waves and Diffused Wave Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios 基于瑞利波椭圆度、多模面波和扩散波纵横谱比联合反演的东南极洲drning Maud地Maitri站横波速度结构

IF 1.5 4区地球科学

Polar Science Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2025.101208

K. Sivaram , M. Shekar , Satish Saha

{"title":"Shear Wave Velocity Structure beneath Maitri station in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica from Joint Inversions of Rayleigh Wave Ellipticity, Multimode Surface Waves and Diffused Wave Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios","authors":"K. Sivaram , M. Shekar , Satish Saha","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2025.101208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2025.101208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dronning Maud Land (DML) in East Antarctica, a stable cratonic block, is explored to understand the evolution of the Gondwana supercontinent. This study investigates the capabilities of the Rayleigh Wave Ellipticity (RWE) and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR), assuming equipartitioned phases or diffused field assumption (DFA) of ambient noise field (ANF), to assess shallow crustal shear velocity. Using data from India's permanent broadband seismic station at Maitri (MAI) in DML, we analyse the crustal and shallow shear velocity in the frequency range 0.02 Hz (50 s period) to 10 Hz (0.1 s period) from 2013 to 2017, excluding disturbance periods. The RWE is extracted with two different methods, and the geometric mean of RWE and HVSR is compared. Both RWE and HVSR curves show a stable shape with a low-frequency peak around ∼0.03 Hz, indicating a deep velocity contrast. A peak near ∼6 Hz is observed but with wide variations and smaller peak amplitudes, possibly due to ice thickness or permafrost variations. Using a reference shear velocity model from a previous receiver function (RF) study at MAI, we apply non-linear inversions on RWE and HVSR (DFA) curves for crustal velocity profiles up to ∼50 km. Joint inversions with multimodal surface-wave dispersion curves minimize inversion non-uniqueness, yielding a good match with RF model. The derived shear velocity models show a distinct velocity contrast at 30–35 km depth (possibly the Moho) and a shallow, low-velocity sedimentary layer at 150–800 m depth, with a possible high-velocity, densified layer at ∼3 km depth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fragmented Arctic science: Permafrost as a salient feature in the divergence between geopolitical and chronopolitical perspectives 支离破碎的北极科学：永久冻土是地缘政治和时间政治观点分歧的一个显著特征

IF 1.5 4区地球科学

Polar Science Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2025.101207

Florian Vidal , Louna Saas

{"title":"Fragmented Arctic science: Permafrost as a salient feature in the divergence between geopolitical and chronopolitical perspectives","authors":"Florian Vidal , Louna Saas","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2025.101207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2025.101207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Russia’s war in Ukraine has drastically affected the Arctic governance, freezing institutional mechanisms established in the post-Cold War period. Among the lasting consequences, scientific cooperation between Western and Russian research communities has been impaired involving international projects on critical environmental issues in the polar region. Although joint research activities have been curtailed since February 2022, efforts have been made to revive Arctic scientific dialogue to address the pressing concerns related to rapid climate change in the polar region. Monitoring permafrost conditions is a key feature in anticipating the future trajectory of the planet. However, about 65% of Russia’s territory is covered by permafrost, which represents a serious blind spot for the Western scientific community without data access. Given the current geopolitical breakdown, this situation could jeopardize climate modeling and ultimately pose a threat to international security. At the same time, Russia is pursuing and developing Arctic scientific cooperation with non-Western partners, including China and India. These countries are now becoming competitors with the Western research community, thereby creating alternative channels for the flow of scientific knowledge. Using the example of permafrost research, this article examines the long-term implications of the decoupling of Russia and the West in the domain of polar science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sustainable development in the Arctic for Indigenous peoples 土著人民在北极的可持续发展

IF 1.5 4区地球科学

Polar Science Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2025.101217

Yuko Osakada

引用次数: 0

Development of long-term monitoring of Antarctic moss banks to recent climate changes 南极苔藓库对近期气候变化的长期监测进展

IF 1.5 4区地球科学

Polar Science Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2025.101174

Anton Puhovkin , Taras Kazantsev , Miloš Barták , Yuriy Shepeta , Artem Dzhulai , Natalia Miryuta , Josef Hájek , Ivan Parnikoza

{"title":"Development of long-term monitoring of Antarctic moss banks to recent climate changes","authors":"Anton Puhovkin , Taras Kazantsev , Miloš Barták , Yuriy Shepeta , Artem Dzhulai , Natalia Miryuta , Josef Hájek , Ivan Parnikoza","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2025.101174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2025.101174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The parameters of four moss banks in Argentine Islands were studied. Using unmanned aerial vehicle, we distinguished green and non-green color classes of moss in order to evaluate interannual changes. Spectral reflectance data were recorded and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values were calculated for each color class. Interannually, NDVI of green class cover increased, indicating a possible positive impact of integrate environmental factors. Laboratory measurements revealed a significant difference in chlorophyll content and shape of spectral reflectance curves (380–790 nm) for color classes of two dominant species of the moss communities, <em>Polytrichum strictum</em> and <em>Sanionia georgicouncinata</em>. The analysis of spectral indices revealed color-dependent differences in NDVI and other indices; photochemical reflectance index and NDVI were discovered to be the most sensitive to detect color classes. Chlorophyll fluorescence transients (OJIPs) and OJIP-derived parameters decreased in both species from green to non-green class due to the progressive decline in chlorophyll content and its ability to perform Photosystem II related photosynthetic processes. Thus, the green color class is healthy with a high chlorophyll content while the non-green is unhealthy, that can be used as an indicator of changes in the state of moss bank for the long-term monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 101174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

First record of a halacarid mite Bradyagaue drygalskii (Halacaroidea, Acari) from Lützow-Holm Bay in East Antarctica 东南极洲l<s:1> zow- holm湾halacaria螨Bradyagaue drygalskii （halacaro总科，螨目）的首次记录

IF 1.5 4区地球科学

Polar Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2024.101131

Hiroshi Abé , Ichiro Takeuchi

引用次数: 0

Characterization of marine litter in the vicinity of the Machu Picchu Scientific Base, King George Island, Antarctica 南极洲乔治王岛马丘比丘科学基地附近海洋垃圾的特征

IF 1.5 4区地球科学

Polar Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2025.101170

Gabriel Enrique De-la-Torre , Williams Ramos , Victor Pretell , Luis Santillán

引用次数: 0

Predictability and applicability evaluation of winter temperatures in China based on Eurasian Arctic sea ice concentrations in autumn 基于欧亚北极海冰秋季浓度的中国冬季气温可预测性及适用性评价

IF 1.5 4区地球科学

Polar Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2024.101133

Y. Ma , L. Zhao , J.-S. Wang , Q. Wu , X. Li , Q. Li , W. Cheng , T. Yu , L. Sun

{"title":"Predictability and applicability evaluation of winter temperatures in China based on Eurasian Arctic sea ice concentrations in autumn","authors":"Y. Ma , L. Zhao , J.-S. Wang , Q. Wu , X. Li , Q. Li , W. Cheng , T. Yu , L. Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current trends of a warming Arctic and a reduction in Arctic sea ice lead to remote effects on climate anomalies in mid-latitude regions. We investigate the predictability of winter temperatures in China using an empirical regression model to forecast those temperatures based on the Eurasian Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) in autumn and explore the applicability of this prediction method. Result shows the September Eurasian SIC achieves a highly skilled seasonal prediction of winter temperature anomalies in China. A cross-validated hindcast for the leading principal component of winter temperatures in China using the September SIC within the region (40–150° E, 65–85° N) yields a correlation skill of 0.47 from 1979 to 2018. This suggests that 22% of winter temperature variance in China can be predicted by the Eurasian SIC two months in advance. Winter temperature hindcast/forecast results indicate that September SIC demonstrates a positive temporal anomaly correlation coefficient at most stations in China, with a spatial average reaching 0.32/0.29. However, its forecasting ability for the magnitude of temperature anomalies is relatively weak. Lower tropical Pacific Ocean temperatures, a weak polar vortex, and a strong Ural blocking (UB) in autumn could improve Eurasian SIC's predictive performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Molecular signatures of environmental adaptation mechanisms of Rhizocarpon geographicum in Horseshoe Island (west of the Antarctic Peninsula) and Türkiye 马蹄铁岛（南极半岛西部）和<s:1> rkiye地区地理根茎霉环境适应机制的分子特征

IF 1.5 4区地球科学

Polar Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2024.101134

Ekrem Bölükbaşı , Mehmet Gökhan Halıcı

{"title":"Molecular signatures of environmental adaptation mechanisms of Rhizocarpon geographicum in Horseshoe Island (west of the Antarctic Peninsula) and Türkiye","authors":"Ekrem Bölükbaşı , Mehmet Gökhan Halıcı","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adaptation of lichen species to different habitats and extreme conditions is due to rapid changes in expressions of the genes in their genetic backgrounds. In this study, lichen samples were collected from two different regions: from Horseshoe Island, located to the west of the Antarctic Peninsula and from the west coast of Türkiye. The <em>nrITS</em> gene regions of the samples were studied and the phylogenetic positions of the samples were confirmed as <em>Rhizocarpon geographicum</em> (L.) DC. After DNA barcoding of <em>R. geographicum</em>, expression differences of three below-specified stress genes were revealed. Comparative determinations of the changes in the expressions of the <em>multiprotein binding factor-1</em> (<em>MBF-1</em>), <em>polyketide synthase</em> (<em>PKS</em>), and <em>photosystem II D1 protein</em> (<em>psbA</em>) genes due to temperature or other environmental stress change stress were performed by a real-time PCR. Specifically, under cold stress conditions such as those found on Horseshoe Island, the <em>MBF-1</em> gene was highly expressed, while <em>PKS</em> and <em>psbA</em> gene expression levels were lower compared to the west coast of Türkiye. The results of this study, which is the first in its field, highlight the adaptation of <em>Rhizocarpon geographicum</em> specimens to those habitats and regional climate. Specimen collected from different geographical regions exhibited gene expression differences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Projected changes in near-surface wind speed in the Arctic by a regional climate model 区域气候模式对北极近地表风速变化的预估

IF 1.5 4区地球科学

Polar Science Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.polar.2024.101162

Mirseid Akperov , Wenxin Zhang , Torben Koenigk , Alexey Eliseev , Vladimir A. Semenov , Igor I. Mokhov

{"title":"Projected changes in near-surface wind speed in the Arctic by a regional climate model","authors":"Mirseid Akperov , Wenxin Zhang , Torben Koenigk , Alexey Eliseev , Vladimir A. Semenov , Igor I. Mokhov","doi":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.polar.2024.101162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates seasonal changes in near-surface wind speeds in the Arctic using the regional climate model (RCM) simulations with RCA4 driven by four global climate models (GCMs) CMIP5 under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. In addition, the RCM RCA-GUESS (RCA4 with interactive vegetation dynamics) is used to investigate the role of biogeophysical feedbacks in modulating near-surface wind speeds under different RCP scenarios. Our results show that the reduction in ocean surface roughness induced by sea-ice reduction leads to a projected increase in near-surface wind speeds over the Arctic Ocean, with the most pronounced effects occurring in autumn and winter. Overall, the projected changes in near-surface wind speeds from the RCM are consistent with the changes from the forcing GCMs though the RCM simulations show larger amplitude changes compared to the GCMs. The expansion of vegetation on land increases surface roughness and alters atmospheric circulation by modifying static stability and the land-sea temperature contrast, leading to changes in near-surface wind speeds. Specifically, wind speeds decrease over continental regions but increase over parts of the Arctic Ocean. This study emphasizes that interactive vegetation dynamics significantly influence changes in land surface properties and near-surface wind speeds. These processes should be incorporated into Earth system models to enhance the accuracy of future climate projections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20316,"journal":{"name":"Polar Science","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 101162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0