Physics in medicine and biology最新文献

{"title":"An unsupervised automatic texture classification method for ultrasound images of thyroid nodules.","authors":"Chenzhuo Lu, Zhuang Fu, Jian Fei, Rongli Xie, Chenyue Lu","doi":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada5a6","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada5a6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>Ultrasound is the predominant modality in medical practice for evaluating thyroid nodules. Currently, diagnosis is typically based on textural information. This study aims to develop an automated texture classification approach to aid physicians in interpreting ultrasound images of thyroid nodules. However, there is currently a scarcity of pixel-level labeled datasets for the texture classes of thyroid nodules. The labeling of such datasets relies on professional and experienced doctors, requiring a significant amount of manpower. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop an unsupervised method for classifying nodule textures.<i>Approach.</i>Firstly, we develop a spatial mapping network to transform the one-dimensional pixel value space into a high-dimensional space to extract comprehensive feature information. Subsequently, we outline the principles of feature selection that are suitable for clustering. Then we propose a pixel-level clustering algorithm with a region growth pattern, and a distance evaluation method for texture sets among different nodules is established.<i>Main results.</i>Our algorithm achieves a pixel-level classification accuracy of 0.931 for the cystic and solid region, 0.870 for the hypoechoic region, 0.959 for the isoechoic region, and 0.961 for the hyperechoic region. The efficacy of our algorithm and its concordance with human observation have been demonstrated. Furthermore, we conduct calculations and visualize the distribution of different textures in benign and malignant nodules.<i>Significance.</i>This method can be used for the automatic generation of pixel-level labels of thyroid nodule texture, aiding in the construction of texture datasets, and offering image analysis information for medical professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":20185,"journal":{"name":"Physics in medicine and biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalized, sublethal damage-based mathematical approach for improved modeling of clonogenic survival curve flattening upon hyperthermia, radiotherapy, and beyond.","authors":"Adriana M De Mendoza, Soňa Michlíková, Paula S Castro, Anni G Muñoz, Lisa Eckhardt, Steffen Lange, Leoni A Kunz-Schughart","doi":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ada680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective</i>. Mathematical modeling can offer valuable insights into the behavior of biological systems upon treatment. Different mathematical models (empirical, semi-empirical, and mechanistic) have been designed to predict the efficacy of either hyperthermia (HT), radiotherapy (RT), or their combination. However, mathematical approaches capable of modeling cell survival from shared general principles for both mono-treatments alone and their co-application are rare. Moreover, some cell cultures show dose-dependent saturation in response to HT or RT, manifesting in survival curve flattenings. An advanced survival model must, therefore, appropriately reflect such behavior.<i>Approach</i>. We propose a mathematical approach to model the effect of both treatments based on the general principle of sublethal damage (SLD) accumulation for the induction of cell death and irreversible proliferation arrest. Our approach extends Jung's model on heat-induced cellular inactivation by incorporating dose-dependent recovery rates that delineate changes in SLD restoration.<i>Main results</i>. The resulting unified model (Umodel) accurately describes HT and RT survival outcomes, applies to simultaneous thermoradiotherapy modeling, and is particularly suited to reproduce survival curve flattening phenomena. We demonstrate the Umodel's robust performance (R2 0.95) based on numerous clonogenic cell survival data sets from the literature and our experimental studies.<i>Significance</i>. The proposed Umodel allows using a single unified mathematical function based on generalized principles of accumulation of SLD with implemented radiosensitization, regardless of the type of energy deposited and the mechanism of action. It can reproduce various patterns of clonogenic survival curves, including any flattening, thus encompassing the variability of cell reactions to therapy, thereby potentially better reflecting overall tumor responses. Our approach opens a range of options for further model developments and strategic therapy outcome predictions of sequential treatments applied in different orders and varying recovery intervals between them.</p>","PeriodicalId":20185,"journal":{"name":"Physics in medicine and biology","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143010144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal use of limited proton resources for liver cancer patients in combined proton-photon treatments.","authors":"Louise Marc, Jan Unkelbach","doi":"10.1088/1361-6560/ad94c8","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6560/ad94c8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective</i>. Liver cancer patients may benefit from proton therapy through increase of the tumor control probability (TCP). However, proton therapy is a limited resource and may not be available for all patients. We consider combined proton-photon liver SBRT treatments (CPPT) where only some fractions are delivered with protons. It is investigated how limited proton fractions can be used best for individual patients and optimally allocated within a patient group.<i>Approach</i>. Photon and proton treatment plans were created for five liver cancer patients. In CPPT, limited proton fractions may be optimally exploited by increasing the fraction dose compared to the photon fraction dose. To determine a patient's optimal proton and photon fraction doses, we maximize the target biologically effective dose (BED) while constraining the mean normal liver BED, which leads to an up- or downscaling of the proton and photon plan, respectively. The resulting CPPT balances the benefits of fractionation in the normal liver versus exploiting the superior proton dose distributions. After converting the target BED to TCP, the optimal number of proton fractions per patient is determined by maximizing the overall TCP of the patient group.<i>Main results</i>. For the individual patient, a CPPT treatment that delivers a higher fraction dose with protons than photons allows for dose escalation in the target compared to delivering the same proton and photon fraction dose. On the level of a patient group, CPPT may allow to distribute limited proton slots over several patients. Through an optimal use and allocation of proton fractions, CPPT may increase the average patient group TCP compared to a proton patient selection strategy where patients receive single-modality proton or photon treatments.<i>Significance</i>. Limited proton resources can be optimally exploited via CPPT by increasing the target dose in proton fractions and allocating available proton slots to patients with the highest TCP increase.</p>","PeriodicalId":20185,"journal":{"name":"Physics in medicine and biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast spot order optimization to increase dose rates in scanned particle therapy FLASH treatments.","authors":"Viktor Wase, Oscar Widenfalk, Rasmus Nilsson, Claes Fälth, Albin Fredriksson","doi":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada715","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The advent of ultra-high dose rate irradiation, known as FLASH radiation therapy, has shown promising potential in reducing toxicity while maintaining tumor control. However, the clinical translation of these benefits necessitates efficient treatment planning strategies. This study introduces a novel approach to optimize proton therapy for FLASH effects using traveling salesperson problem (TSP) heuristics. We applied these heuristics to optimize the arrangement of proton spots in treatment plans for 26 prostate cancer patients, comparing the performance against conventional sorting methods and global optimization techniques. Our results demonstrate that TSP-based heuristics significantly enhance FLASH coverage to the same extent as the global optimization technique, but with computation times reduced from hours to a few seconds. This approach offers a practical and scalable solution for enhancing the effectiveness of FLASH therapy, paving the way for more effective and personalized cancer treatments. Future work will focus on further optimizing run times and validating these methods in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":20185,"journal":{"name":"Physics in medicine and biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142952960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of an in-beam PET system for proton therapy monitoring.","authors":"Qiuhui Ma, Dengyun Mu, Ruilin Zhang, Zixiao Liu, Lin Wan, Yang Liu, Ao Qiu, Zhiyong Yang, Qingguo Xie","doi":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ada681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective</i>. In-beam positron emission tomography (PET) has important development prospects in real-time monitoring of proton therapy. However, in the beam-on operation, the high bursts of radiation events pose challenges to the performance of the PET system.<i>Approach</i>. In this study, we developed a dual-head in-beam PET system for proton therapy monitoring and evaluated its performance. The system has two PET detection heads, each with6×3Plug&Imaging (PnI) detection units. Each PnI unit consists of6×6lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystal arrays. The size of each crystal strip is3.95×3.95×20 mm³, which is one-to-one coupled with a silicon photomultiplier. The overall size of the head is15.3×7.65 cm².<i>Main results</i>. The in-beam PET system achieved a single count rate of 48 Mcps at the activity of 144.9 MBq, an absolute sensitivity of 2.717%, and a spatial resolution of approximately 2.6 mm (full width at half maximum) at the center of the field-of-view. When imaging a Derenzo phantom, the system could resolve rods with a diameter of 2.0 mm. Time-dynamic [¹⁸F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose mouse imaging was performed, demonstrating the metabolic processes in the mouse. This shows that the in-beam PET system has the potential for biology-guided proton therapy. The in-beam PET system was used to monitor the range of a 130 MeV proton beam irradiating a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom, with a beam intensity of6.0×109p s^-1and an irradiation duration of one minute. PET data were acquired only during the one-minute irradiation. We simulated the range shift by moving the PMMA and adding an air gap, showing that the error between the actual and the measured range is less than 1 mm.<i>Significance</i>. The results demonstrate that the system has a high count rate and the capability of range monitoring in beam-on operation, which is beneficial for achieving real-time range verification of proton beams in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":20185,"journal":{"name":"Physics in medicine and biology","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143010086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-domain Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network with Hybrid Loss for Low-dose CT Imaging.","authors":"Haichuan Zhou, Wei Liu, Yu Zhou, Weidong Song, Fengshou Zhang, Yining Zhu","doi":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ada687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has gained significant attention in hospitals and clinics as a popular imaging modality for reducing the risk of x-ray radiation. However, reconstructed LDCT images often suffer from undesired noise and artifacts, which can negatively impact diagnostic accuracy. This study aims to develop a novel approach to improve LDCT imaging performance.<i>Approach.</i>A dual-domain Wasserstein generative adversarial network (DWGAN) with hybrid loss is proposed as an effective and integrated deep neural network (DNN) for LDCT imaging. The DWGAN comprises two key components: a generator (<i>G</i>) network and a discriminator (<i>D</i>) network. The<i>G</i>network is a dual-domain DNN designed to predict high-quality images by integrating three essential components: the projection-domain denoising module, filtered back-projection-based reconstruction layer, and image-domain enhancement module. The<i>D</i>network is a shallow convolutional neural network used to differentiate between real (label) and generated images. To prevent the reconstructed images from becoming excessively smooth and to preserve both structural and textural details, a hybrid loss function with weighting coefficients is incorporated into the DWGAN.<i>Main results.</i>Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed DWGAN can effectively suppress noise and better preserve image details compared with existing methods. Moreover, its application to head CT data confirms the superior performance of the DWGAN in restoring structural and textural details.<i>Significance.</i>The proposed DWGAN framework exhibits excellent performance in recovering structural and textural details in LDCT images. Furthermore, the framework can be applied to other tomographic imaging techniques that suffer from image distortion problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20185,"journal":{"name":"Physics in medicine and biology","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143010110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A modified orthogonal-distance ray-tracer method applied to dual rotation PET systems.","authors":"P M C C Encarnação, P M M Correia, A L M Silva, F M Ribeiro, I F Castro, J F C A Veloso","doi":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada718","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>a new projector, orthogonal-distance ray-tracer varying-full width at half maximum (OD-RT-VF), was developed to model a shift-variant elliptical point-spread function (PSF) response to improve the image quality (IQ) of a preclinical dual-rotation PET system.<i>Approach.</i>the OD-RT-VF projector models different FWHM values of the PSF in multiple directions, using half-height and half-width tube-of-response (ToR) values. The OD-RT-VF method's performance was evaluated against the original OD-RT method and a ToR model with constant response. The evaluation involved simulations of NEMA NU 4-2008 IQ and Derenzo phantoms, as well as a real mouse injected with [¹⁸F]-NaF scanned with the easyPET.3D system.<i>Main results.</i>the OD-RT-VF method demonstrated superior image resolution and uniformity (11.9% vs 15.9%) compared to the OD-RT model. In micro-derenzo phantom simulations, it resolved rods down to 1.0 mm, outperforming the other methods. For IQ phantom simulations, the OD-RT-VF projector at convergency achieved hot rods recovery coefficients ranging from 22.4% to 93.3% and lower spillover ratios in cold regions of 0.22 and 0.33 for air and water, respectively. For bone radiotracer imaging, OD-RT-VF produced clearer images of major skeletal parts, with less noise compared to OD-RT and better resolution compared to ToR projectors.<i>Significance.</i>the study shows that the OD-RT-VF projector method enhances PET imaging by providing better resolution, uniformity, and IQ. This model, in addition to a list-mode and GPU-based reconstruction addressing the data sparsity of dual-rotation PET geometries, unlocks their imaging potential for small animal imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":20185,"journal":{"name":"Physics in medicine and biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142951927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of an adaptive proton therapy strategy using CBCT with the concept of digital twins.","authors":"Chih-Wei Chang, Zhen Tian, Richard L J Qiu, H Scott Mcginnis, Duncan Bohannon, Pretesh Patel, Yinan Wang, David S Yu, Sagar A Patel, Jun Zhou, Xiaofeng Yang","doi":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada684","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>This study aims to develop a digital twin (DT) framework to achieve adaptive proton prostate stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with fast treatment plan selection and patient-specific clinical target volume (CTV) setup uncertainty. Prostate SBRT has emerged as a leading option for external beam radiotherapy due to its effectiveness and reduced treatment duration. However, interfractional anatomy variations can impact treatment outcomes. This study seeks to address these uncertainties using DT concept to improve treatment quality.<i>Approach</i>. A retrospective study on two-fraction prostate proton SBRT was conducted, involving a cohort of 10 randomly selected patient cases from an institutional database (<i>n</i>= 43). DT-based treatment plans were developed using patient-specific CTV setup uncertainty, determined through machine learning predictions. Plans were optimized using pre-treatment CT and corrected cone-beam CT (cCBCT). The cCBCT was corrected for CT numbers and artifacts, and plan evaluation was performed using cCBCT to account for actual patient anatomy. The ProKnow scoring system was adapted to determine the optimal treatment plans.<i>Main Results.</i>Average CTV D98 values for original clinical and DT-based plans across 10 patients were 99.0% and 98.8%, with hot spots measuring 106.0% and 105.1%. Regarding bladder, clinical plans yielded average bladder neck V100 values of 29.6% and bladder V20.8 Gy values of 12.0cc, whereas DT-based plans showed better sparing of bladder neck with values of 14.0% and 9.5cc. Clinical and DT-based plans resulted in comparable rectum dose statistics due to SpaceOAR. Compared to clinical plans, the proposed DT-based plans improved dosimetry quality, improving plan scores ranging from 2.0 to 15.5.<i>Significance.</i>Our study presented a pioneering approach that leverages DT technology to enhance adaptive proton SBRT, potentially revolutionizing prostate radiotherapy to offer personalized treatment solutions using fast adaptive treatment plan selections and patient-specific setup uncertainty. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to achieve personalized prostate radiotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":20185,"journal":{"name":"Physics in medicine and biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11740008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gadolinium oxide nanoparticles as a multimodal contrast enhancement agent for pre-clinical proton imaging.","authors":"Matthias Würl, Grigory Liubchenko, Guyue Hu, Katrin Schnürle, Sebastian Meyer, Jonathan Bortfeldt, Guillaume Landry, Lukas Käsmann, Kirsten Lauber, Carlos Granja, Cristina Oancea, Enrico Verroi, Francesco Tommassino, Katia Parodi","doi":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada5a4","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada5a4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Orthotopic tumor models in pre-clinical translational research are becoming increasingly popular, raising the demands on accurate tumor localization prior to irradiation. This task remains challenging both in x-ray and proton computed tomography (xCT and pCT, respectively), due to the limited contrast of tumor tissue compared to the surrounding tissue. We investigate the feasibility of gadolinium oxide nanoparticles as a multimodal contrast enhancement agent for both imaging modalities. We performed proton radiographies at the experimental room of the Trento Proton Therapy Center using a MiniPIX-Timepix detector and dispersions of gadolinium oxide nanoparticles in sunflower oil with mass fractions up to 8wt%. To determine the minimum nanoparticle concentration required for the detectability of small structures, pCT images of a cylindrical water phantom with cavities of varying gadolinium oxide concentration were simulated using a dedicated FLUKA Monte Carlo framework. These findings are complemented by simulating pCT at dose levels from 80 mGy to 320 mGy of artificially modified murine xCT data, mimicking different levels of gadolinium oxide accumulation inside a fictitious tumor volume. To compare the results obtained for proton imaging to x-ray imaging, cone-beam CT images of a cylindrical PMMA phantom with cavities of dispersions of oil and gadolinium oxide nanoparticles with mass fractions up to 8wt% were acquired at a commercial pre-clinical irradiation setup. For proton radiography, considerable contrast enhancement was found for a mass fraction of 4wt%. Slightly lower values were found for the simulated pCT images at imaging doses below 200 mGy. In contrast, full detectability of small gadolinium oxide loaded structures in xCT at comparable imaging dose is already achieved for 0.5wt%. Achieving such concentrations required for pCT imaging inside a tumor volume in<i>in-vivo</i>experiments may be challenging, yet it might be feasible using different targeting and/or injection strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20185,"journal":{"name":"Physics in medicine and biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142927771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the performance of a DOI-capable TOF-PET module using different SiPMs, customized and commercial readout electronics.","authors":"Giulia Terragni, Vanessa Nadig, Elena Tribbia, Stefano di Gangi, Ekaterini Toumparidou, Thomas Meyer, Johann Marton, Volkmar Schulz, Stefan Gundacker, Marco Pizzichemi, Etiennette Auffray","doi":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada19a","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1361-6560/ada19a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i>Time resolution is crucial in positron emission tomography (PET) to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and image quality. Moreover, high sensitivity requires long scintillators, which can cause distortions in the reconstructed images due to parallax effects. This study evaluates the performance of a time-of-flight (TOF)-PET module that makes use of a single-side readout of a4×43.1×3.1×15mm³LYSO:Ce matrix with an array of4×4silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and a light guide to extract high-resolution TOF and depth of interaction (DOI) information.<i>Approach.</i>This study assesses the performance of the detector prototype using the commercially available TOFPET2 ASIC and SiPMs from various producers. DOI and TOF performance are compared to results using custom-made NINO 32-chip based electronics.<i>Main results.</i>Using a Broadcom NUV-MT array, the detector module read out by the TOFPET2 ASIC demonstrates a DOI resolution of 2.6 ± 0.2 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM) and a coincidence time resolution (CTR) of 216 ± 6 ps FWHM. When read out using the NINO 32-chip based electronics, the same module achieves a DOI resolution of 2.5 ± 0.2 mm and a CTR of 170 ± 5 ps.<i>Significance.</i>The prototype module, read out by commercial electronics and using state-of-the-art SiPMs, achieves a DOI performance comparable to that obtained with custom-made electronics and a CTR of around 200 ps. This approach is scalable to thousands of channels, with only a deterioration in timing resolution compared to the custom-made electronics, which achieve a CTR of 140 ps using a standard non-DOI module.</p>","PeriodicalId":20185,"journal":{"name":"Physics in medicine and biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142865061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}