Hyoung-Rai Ko, Heonil Kang, Sohee Park, Sekeun Park, Byeong-Yong Park, Jin-Cheol Kim
{"title":"Effect of Sugar Solution Specific Gravity on Cyst Extraction and Egg Viability in Two Cyst Nematodes Using Centrifugal Floatation.","authors":"Hyoung-Rai Ko, Heonil Kang, Sohee Park, Sekeun Park, Byeong-Yong Park, Jin-Cheol Kim","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.NT.10.2024.0168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.NT.10.2024.0168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cyst nematodes, some of the most important plant-parasitic nematodes globally, cause major damage to Chinese cabbage and soybean plants in Korea. Cysts are commonly used for cyst nematode bioassays because many eggs are included inside cyst. Traditionally, cysts are extracted from the soil using the paper strip method or the centrifugal flotation method (CFM) combined with sieving. The specific gravity of sugar solution (SGSS) is often used in the CFM; however, the efficiency of cyst extraction and egg hatching in the CFM has not been studied. In this study, we assessed the effects of SGSS in a specific gravity range of 1.15 to 1.30 in the CFM on the cyst extraction and egg hatching of clover cyst nematode (Heterodera trifolii) and sugar beet cyst nematode (H. schachtii). High SGSS in the CFM within the range of 1.15 to 1.30 was positively correlated with the extraction of more cysts. Egg-hatching rates were not different between SGSSs, indicating that SGSS did not directly affect egg-hatching rates. These results showed that the cysts of cyst nematodes can be efficiently extracted with high SGSS in the CFM.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"225-230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11986351/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144040617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Foliar Application of Chlorella Supernatant Protects Turfgrass against Clarireedia jacksonii by Eliciting Induced Resistance and Modulating the Rhizosphere Microbiota.","authors":"Sang-Moo Lee, Hyun-Sook Tae, Hyun Gi Kong, Bongsoo Lee, Yong-Keun Chang, Choong-Min Ryu","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.FT.01.2025.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.FT.01.2025.0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Large-scale culture of the microalga Chlorella produces valuable products. Cultivation also generates tons of supernatant waste that require detoxification and disposal. Recent research has focused on recycling waste supernatant as a plant protectant and biofertilizer, although, to date, most studies have considered its use as a biological control of pathogens infecting dicot plants. By contrast, the current study evaluated whether Chlorella supernatant could protect turfgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), a monocot plant widely used as a turfgrass, against dollar spot disease caused by the fungal pathogen Clarireedia jacksonii (formerly Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) under greenhouse and field conditions. Foliar application of supernatants from Chlorella sp. ABC001 and HS2 cultures reduced the incidence of dollar spot disease in turfgrass under both greenhouse and field conditions without directly inhibiting growth. The effects of supernatant application on the rhizosphere microbiome were investigated using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Application of ABC001 and HS2 supernatants modulated the structure of the rhizosphere microbiome and enriched specific microbial taxa that improved turfgrass health in the presence of C. jacksonii. The application of waste Chlorella supernatant therefore offers an alternative method for protecting monocot plants against fungal pathogens, while also enhancing the composition of soil microbes in the rhizosphere.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"210-224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11986362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144024017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of β-estradiol on the Phytopathogenic Fungus Fusarium graminearum.","authors":"Boknam Jung, Ha Eun Kim, Jungkwan Lee, Taiying Li","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.11.2024.0186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.11.2024.0186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Estrogen, a key sex hormone in humans and other mammals, regulates the female reproductive system and has important medicinal applications. It enters the environment through sources such as animal feces and medical waste. It is structurally similar to the mycotoxin zearalenone produced by the homothallic fungus Fusarium graminearum. This fungus is responsible for causing Fusarium head blight on cereal crops around the world. We investigated the effects of the major estrogen, β-estradiol, on the development of F. graminearum. β-estradiol increased the production of asexual conidia and sexual perithecia in this fungus. It also accelerated conidial germination of F. graminearum, Fusarium solani, and Fusarium oxysporum. Furthermore, it restored mycelial growth under membrane stress and enhanced survival under oxidative and cold stress conditions. It also affected mycotoxin production. These findings suggest that estrogen pollution would influence the life cycle of F. graminearum and the interactions between plant pathogens and plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"179-188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11986363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144038384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaofang Huang, Hui Jiang, Yahong Lin, Xiang Li, Chuyun Bi, Shiqian Qi, Dan Tang, Zonghua Wang, Shiqiang Lin
{"title":"Crystal Structure of an Aldo-keto Reductase MGG_00097 from Magnaporthe grisea.","authors":"Xiaofang Huang, Hui Jiang, Yahong Lin, Xiang Li, Chuyun Bi, Shiqian Qi, Dan Tang, Zonghua Wang, Shiqiang Lin","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.07.2024.0115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.07.2024.0115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The enzyme MGG_00097 from rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea) is a NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase, involved in synthesizing glycerol from dihydroxyacetone phosphate and dihydroxyacetone. The 35.5-kDa monomer belongs to the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, characterized by a highly conserved catalytic tetrad. This study, elucidates the expression, purification, and kinetic properties of recombinant MGG_00097. The ternary complex of MGG_00097 with NADP+ and glycerol was refined to a 2.9 Å resolution, revealing critical insights into substrate binding and catalysis. NADP+ binds within the active site, with residues Ser221, Leu223, Ser225, Lys271, Ser272, Ser273, Thr274, Arg277, and Asn281 forming the substrate and cofactor-binding pockets. A Y56A mutation reveals the open conformation of the cofactor-binding pocket, with Glu29 and Gln226 functioning as hinge residues for the conformational changes upon cofactor binding. These findings contribute to the understanding of MGG_00097's catalytic mechanism and offer a basis for further biochemical and potential biotechnological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"167-178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11986364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143987580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gwang-Jae Lim, Hae-Dam Kim, Jun-Woo Choi, Young Ju Nam, Ha-Kyoung Lee, Seung-Yeol Lee, Hee-Young Jung
{"title":"Baseline Sensitivity of Botryosphaeria spp. Isolated from Apples to Pyraclostrobin in Korea.","authors":"Gwang-Jae Lim, Hae-Dam Kim, Jun-Woo Choi, Young Ju Nam, Ha-Kyoung Lee, Seung-Yeol Lee, Hee-Young Jung","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.11.2024.0184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.11.2024.0184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus Botryosphaeria cause white rot disease on apple trees, and control of this pathogens were primary relied on the fungicide applications. To investigate the pyraclostrobin sensitivity of Botryosphaeria spp. in Korea, 329 isolates were collected from eight regions between 2005 and 2023. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences of internal transcribed spacer, tef1, and tub2 revealed B. sinensis (287 out of 329 isolates) and B. kuwatsukai (42 out of 329 isolates). EC50 values of isolates ranged from 0.01 to 34.16 μg/ml (average, 3.03 μg/ml). Mean EC50 values and frequency distributions were similar among isolate groups, indicating no significant differences in sensitivity. Twenty less-sensitive and 20 sensitive isolates were selected and their cytochrome b (cyt b) genes analyzed, revealing no mutations in codons 129, 137, and 143. Whole gene sequencing revealed three distinct cyt b gene structures among Botryosphaeria spp., and all strains, including those with different EC50 values and species, showed consistent amino acid sequences. Furthermore, control efficacy on pyraclostrobin-treated apple fruits indicated no significant differences between the five least sensitive and five most sensitive isolates. These results provide the baseline sensitivity of Botryosphaeria spp. to pyraclostrobin and highlight the structural characteristics of their cyt b gene. In conclusion, the assessment of Botryosphaeria isolates from various regions in Korea revealed no evidence of resistance to pyraclostrobin so far. However, the risk of resistance of Botryosphaeria populations still exists so it is assumed that continuous monitoring of risk assessment is necessary for Botryosphaeria in Korea.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"189-200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11986353/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143975025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tamilselvan R Govinda Rajoo, Muhamad Syazlie Che Ibrahim, Aziz Ahmad, Lee Chuen Ng
{"title":"Bio-efficacy of Nanosilicon in Regulating Oxidative Activity to Control Rice Seedlings Rot Disease Caused by Burkholderia glumae.","authors":"Tamilselvan R Govinda Rajoo, Muhamad Syazlie Che Ibrahim, Aziz Ahmad, Lee Chuen Ng","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.08.2024.0123","DOIUrl":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.08.2024.0123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial panicle blight and seedling rot diseases in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) are caused by the pathogenic bacterial Burkholderia glumae. The nanosilicon treatment is gaining attraction but its effectiveness towards B. glumae infection in rice seedlings through regulating enzymatic activities remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the bio-efficacy of nanosilicon in controlling seedling rot disease through regulation of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes after challenge infected with B. glumae in rice variety MR297 and PadiU Putra. Nanosilicon was applied as seed priming in germination testing at 0, 300, 600, and 900 ppm on both rice varieties before B. glumae inoculation. Both rice seed varieties primed with nanosilicon at 600 ppm exhibited a significant increase in seedling germination performances over control. The rice seedling of MR297 was more responsive to nanosilicon at 600 ppm with only 17.78% of disease severity index over 26.67% in PadiU Putra and was therefore selected for the enzymatic activity screening. The results showed that the foliar spray of nanosilicon rice plants (MR297) significantly increased both peroxidase (POX) at 24 h and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) at 48 h after B. glumae inoculation with 20.44/min/g and 7.46/g activities, respectively. In addition, the plant growth performances were significantly increased compared with control under the same treatment. This demonstrates nanosilicon's potential to control rice seedling rot disease by regulating POX and PPO activities and hence promote plant growth. The application of nanosilicon is an environmentally friendly approach for controlling B. glumae infection at the early rice growing stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"153-166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11986358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144032066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the Perilous Nature of Phytophthora: Insights into Its Biology, Host Range, Detection, and Integrated Management Strategies in the Fields of Spices and Plantation Crops.","authors":"William Jeyakumar Joel Clement, Krishnan Kalpana, Karuppiah Eraivan Arutkani Aiyanathan, Muthusamy Ramakrishnan, Aravindaram Kandan, Karunakaran Manonmani, Iruthayarajan Yesuraja, Kuttalingam Gopalasubramanian Sabarinathan, Madhavan Lysal Mini, Mookiah Shanthi, Jacop Rajangam, Ayyar Punitha","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.RW.07.2024.0108","DOIUrl":"10.5423/PPJ.RW.07.2024.0108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The horticultural crops, including spices and plantation crops, are known for their enormous benefits, contributing to the country's economy. However, Phytophthora, a genus of Oomycetes class, poses a threat to spice and plantation crops by infecting and damaging them, resulting in yield losses, economic hardship for farmers, and food security concerns, thereby threatening the sustainability of spice and plantation crops. Moreover, Phytophthora has greater adaptation systems in varying environmental conditions. Therefore, eradicating or controlling Phytophthora is a highly challenging process due to the longevity of its infective propagules in soil. Early detection and curative measures would be more effective in managing this destructive pathogen. Additionally, molecular detection using innovative methods such as polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, recombinase polymerase amplification, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification would offer reliable and rapid detection. Furthermore, integrated disease management strategies, combining cultural, physical, chemical, and biological methods, would prove highly beneficial in managing Phytophthora infections in spices and plantation crops. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diversity, symptomatology, pathogenicity, and impact of Phytophthora diseases on prominent spice and plantation crops. Finally, our review explores the current disease reduction strategies and suggests future research directions to address the threat posed by Phytophthora to spices and plantation crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":"41 2","pages":"121-139"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11986356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144038070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci and Development of Intermediate Breeding Parent for Rice Sheath Blight Resistance.","authors":"Chanjeong Jeon, Eunsoo Lee, Jong-Hee Lee, Young-Ho Kwon, Yeongeun Lee, Jun-Hyeon Cho, Sung-Hoon Kim, Seo-Young Oh, Dongjin Shin, Hyunggon Mang","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.09.2024.0136","DOIUrl":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.09.2024.0136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most devastating necrotrophic pathogens worldwide, responsible for causing rice sheath blight (RSB). This pathogen has a broad host range, affecting economically important monocots and dicots such as rice, wheat, potato, soybean, sugar beet, and cucumber. Despite extensive screening of rice germplasm, genes that confer full resistance to RSB have rarely been identified, leading to slow progress in breeding resistant varieties. To identify RSB-resistant rice cultivars in Korea, variations in quantitatively inherited resistance have been observed. We conducted a study to visually assess the RSB resistance phenotypes of 250 cultivated varieties under natural disease conditions in the field over several years. Notable candidates included P1401, which showed resistance, while Junam was susceptible. To identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance, we developed an F2 mapping population by crossing P1401 and Junam, followed by bulked segregant analysis. These QTLs were mapped to specific locations on seven of the 12 rice chromosomes. This mapping population and the resulting datasets provide valuable resources for advancing genomic research in rice, particularly for marker-assisted breeding strategies for enhancing resistance to R. solani and other important agronomic traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"17-27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11834535/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143365648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diagnosis Anthracnose of Chili Pepper Using Convolutional Neural Networks Based Deep Learning Models.","authors":"Hae-In Kim, Ju-Yeon Yoon, Ho-Jong Ju","doi":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.11.2024.0178","DOIUrl":"10.5423/PPJ.OA.11.2024.0178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), one of the most economically important vegetable crops globally, faces significant economic risks from anthracnose, leading to yield losses of 10% as well as decreasing marketability. Early and accurate detection is essential for mitigating these effects. Recent advancements in deep learning, particularly in image recognition, offer promising solutions for plant disease detection. This study applies deep learning models-MobileNet, ResNet50v2, and Xception-using transfer learning to diagnose anthracnose in chili peppers. A key challenge is the need for large, labeled datasets, which are costly to obtain. The study aims to identify the minimum dataset size required for accurate and efficient disease diagnosis using limited data. Performance metrics, including precision, recall, F1-score, and accuracy, were evaluated across different dataset sizes (500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 samples). Results indicated that model performance improves with larger datasets, with ResNet50v2 and Xception requiring more data to achieve optimal accuracy, while MobileNet showed strong generalization even with smaller datasets. These findings underscore the effectiveness of transfer learning-based models in plant disease detection, offering practical guidelines for balancing data availability and model performance in agricultural applications. Source code available at https://github.com/smart-able/Anthracnose.git.</p>","PeriodicalId":20173,"journal":{"name":"Plant Pathology Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"100-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11834499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143365589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}