Physics Research International最新文献_第8页

On the Divergenceless Property of the Magnetic Induction Field 论磁感应场的无发散性

Physics Research International Pub Date : 2013-02-25 DOI: 10.1155/2013/292834

S. Severini, A. Settimi

引用次数: 1

A Minireview of the Natures of Radiation-Induced Point Defects in Pure and Doped Silica Glasses and Their Visible/Near-IR Absorption Bands, with Emphasis on Self-Trapped Holes and How They Can Be Controlled 纯和掺杂二氧化硅玻璃及其可见光/近红外吸收带中辐射诱导点缺陷的性质综述，重点是自困孔及其控制方法

Physics Research International Pub Date : 2013-02-13 DOI: 10.1155/2013/379041

D. Griscom

{"title":"A Minireview of the Natures of Radiation-Induced Point Defects in Pure and Doped Silica Glasses and Their Visible/Near-IR Absorption Bands, with Emphasis on Self-Trapped Holes and How They Can Be Controlled","authors":"D. Griscom","doi":"10.1155/2013/379041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/379041","url":null,"abstract":"The natures of most radiation-induced point defects in amorphous silicon dioxide (a-SiO2) are well known on the basis of 56 years of electron spin resonance (ESR) and optical studies of pure and doped silica glass in bulk, thin-film, and fiber-optic forms. Many of the radiation-induced defects intrinsic to pure and B-, Al-, Ge-, and P-doped silicas are at least briefly described here and references are provided to allow the reader to learn still more about these, as well as some of those defects not mentioned. The metastable self-trapped holes (STHs), intrinsic to both doped and undoped silicas, are argued here to be responsible for most transient red/near-IR optical absorption bands induced in low-OH silica-based optical fibers by ionizing radiations at ambient temperatures. However, accelerated testing of a-SiO2-based optical devices slated for space applications must take into account the highly supralinear dependence on ionizing-dose-rate of the initial STH creation rate, which if not recognized would lead to false negatives. Fortunately, however, it is possible to permanently reduce the numbers of environmentally or operationally created STHs by long-term preirradiation at relatively low dose rates. Finally, emphasis is placed on the importance and utility of rigorously derived fractal-kinetic formalisms that facilitate reliable extrapolation of radiation-induced optical attenuations in silica-based photonics recorded as functions of dose rate backward into time domains unreachable in practical laboratory times and forward into dose-rate regimes for which there are no present-day laboratory sources.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"52 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75287217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 41

Can SGRs/AXPs Originate from Neutron Star Binaries? sgr / axp是否起源于中子星双星?

Physics Research International Pub Date : 2013-01-21 DOI: 10.1155/2014/375624

J.Wang, H.-K. Chang

引用次数: 1

A New Technology for Fast Two-Dimensional Detection of Proton Therapy Beams 质子治疗束二维快速检测新技术

Physics Research International Pub Date : 2012-12-30 DOI: 10.1155/2012/714782

R. Hollebeek, M. Newcomer, G. Mayers, B. Delgado, Gaurav Shukla, R. Maughan, D. Dolney

{"title":"A New Technology for Fast Two-Dimensional Detection of Proton Therapy Beams","authors":"R. Hollebeek, M. Newcomer, G. Mayers, B. Delgado, Gaurav Shukla, R. Maughan, D. Dolney","doi":"10.1155/2012/714782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/714782","url":null,"abstract":"The Micromesh Gaseous Structure, or Micromegas, is a technology developed for high count-rate applications in high-energy physics experiments. Tests using a Micromegas \u0000chamber and specially designed amplifiers and readout electronics adapted to the requirements of the proton therapy environment and providing both excellent time and high spatial resolution are presented here. The device was irradiated at the Roberts Proton Therapy Center at the University of Pennsylvania. The system was operated with ionization gains between 10 and 200 and in low and intermediate dose-rate beams, and the digitized signal is found to be reproducible to 0.8%. Spatial resolution is determined to be 1.1 mm (1σ) with a 1 ms time resolution. We resolve the range modulator wheel rotational frequency and the thicknesses of its segments and show that this information can be quickly measured owing to the high time resolution of the system. Systems of this type will be extremely useful in future treatment methods involving beams that change rapidly in time and spatial position. The Micromegas design resolves the high dose rate within a proton Bragg peak, and measurements agree with Geant4 simulations to within 5%.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81365993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

A Sturm-Liouville Problem with a Discontinuous Coefficient and Containing an Eigenparameter in the Boundary Condition 具有不连续系数且边界条件下含有特征参数的Sturm-Liouville问题

Physics Research International Pub Date : 2012-12-12 DOI: 10.1155/2013/159243

E. Şen

引用次数: 1

Nonlinear Optics of Nanostructures 纳米结构的非线性光学

Physics Research International Pub Date : 2012-12-09 DOI: 10.1155/2012/648758

V. Gavrilenko, T. Murzina, G. Mizutani

{"title":"Nonlinear Optics of Nanostructures","authors":"V. Gavrilenko, T. Murzina, G. Mizutani","doi":"10.1155/2012/648758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/648758","url":null,"abstract":"The optical properties of nanostructures are fascinating and useful for a variety of applications. Nanotechnologies are poised to revolutionize medicine, manufacturing, energy production, and other fundamental features of everyday life in the 21st century. The unique nonlinear optical properties of nanoscale materials are size dependent; they do not naturally occur in larger bulk materials. The selected collection of papers included in this special issue demonstrates that nonlinear optics of the bulk contrasts markedly with the current state of knowledge about the optics of surfaces and interfaces in nanomaterials. It is challenging to understand optical properties of different complex materials (aggregated molecular and polymer systems, crystalline and noncrystalline solids) at the microscopic scale. One of the major objectives of nanoscience is a detailed understanding of the physics and chemistry behind the interaction between objects (surfaces, particles, and individual molecules) at the nanoscale. Questions need to be answered regarding how nanoparticles can be stabilized, and in what media, how nanoparticles interact and influence each other and solid surfaces, and what proportions in a hybrid system make a critical difference. How can these characteristics be realistically predicted and extracted from nonlinear optics? The papers of this special issue address the following topics:","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76902658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Modeling of Optical Nanoantennas 光学纳米天线的建模

Physics Research International Pub Date : 2012-11-08 DOI: 10.1155/2012/321075

B. Yousif, A. Samra

{"title":"Modeling of Optical Nanoantennas","authors":"B. Yousif, A. Samra","doi":"10.1155/2012/321075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/321075","url":null,"abstract":"The optical properties of plasmonic nanoantennas are investigated in detail using the finite integration technique (FIT). The validity of this technique is verified by comparison to the exact solution generalized Mie method (GMM). The influence of the geometrical parameters (antenna length, gap dimension, and shapes) on the antenna field enhancement and spectral response is discussed. Localized surface plasmon resonances of Au (gold) dimers nanospheres, bowtie, and aperture bowtie nanoantennas are modeled. The enhanced field is equivalent to a strong light spot which can lead to the resolution improvement of the microscopy and optical lithography, thus increasing the optical data storage capacity. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the antennas to index changes of the environment and substrate is investigated in detail for biosensing applications. We confirm that our approach yields an exact correspondence with GMM theory for Au dimers nanospheres at gap dimensions 5 nm and 10 nm but gives an approximation error of less than 1.37% for gap dimensions 1 nm and 2 nm with diameters approaching 80 nm. In addition, the far-field characteristics of the aperture bowtie nanoantenna such as directivity and gain are studied. The promising results of this study may have useful potential applications in near-field sample detection, optical microscopy, and so forth.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"86 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89355595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Quantitative comparison of five different photosensitizers for use in a photopolymer 用于光聚合物的五种不同光敏剂的定量比较

Physics Research International Pub Date : 2012-09-12 DOI: 10.1155/2012/975948

Y. Qi, M. R. Gleeson, Jinxin Guo, S. Gallego, J. Sheridan

{"title":"Quantitative comparison of five different photosensitizers for use in a photopolymer","authors":"Y. Qi, M. R. Gleeson, Jinxin Guo, S. Gallego, J. Sheridan","doi":"10.1155/2012/975948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/975948","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies of the time varying photon absorption effects, which occur during the photoinitiation process involving in photopolymer materials, have been presented. Three primary mechanisms have been identified: (i) the dye absorption, (ii) recovery, and (iii) bleaching. Based on an analysis of these mechanisms, the production of primary radicals can be physically described and modelled. In free radical photopolymerization systems, the excited dye molecules induce the production of the primary radicals, 𝑅•, which are key in determining how many monomers are polymerized. This, in turn, is closely related to the refractive index modulation formed during holographic recording. In this paper, to avoid the complexities involved in estimating the rate constant of intersystem crossing, 𝑘𝑠𝑡, in going from the excited singlet state dye to the excited triplet state dye, we introduce two rates, 𝑘𝑎𝑆 and 𝑘𝑎𝑇 these are the proposed rate constants of photon absorption in going from the ground state to the singlet and triplet states, respectively. Using the resulting model, four kinds of Xanthene dyes: Erythrosin B; Eosin Y; Phloxine B, Rose Bengal, and one Thiazine dye: Methylene Blue, are experimentally characterised for use in an AA/PVA photopolymer.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"69 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86404384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 39

Coaxial Self-Trapping of White and Gray Regions of an Incandescent Field: A Bright Core with a Dark Cladding 白炽灯场中白色和灰色区域的同轴自俘获:亮核与暗包层

Physics Research International Pub Date : 2012-09-09 DOI: 10.1155/2012/798906

Kailash Kasala, K. Saravanamuttu

引用次数: 2

Development of Laser-Produced Tin Plasma-Based EUV Light Source Technology for HVM EUV Lithography 激光锡等离子体EUV光刻光源技术的发展

Physics Research International Pub Date : 2012-09-05 DOI: 10.1155/2012/249495

J. Fujimoto, T. Hori, T. Yanagida, H. Mizoguchi

{"title":"Development of Laser-Produced Tin Plasma-Based EUV Light Source Technology for HVM EUV Lithography","authors":"J. Fujimoto, T. Hori, T. Yanagida, H. Mizoguchi","doi":"10.1155/2012/249495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/249495","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2002, we have been developing a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser-produced tin (Sn) plasma (LPP) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light source, which is the most promising solution because of the 13.5 nm wavelength high power (>200 W) light source for high volume manufacturing. EUV lithography is used for its high efficiency, power scalability, and spatial freedom around plasma. We believe that the LPP scheme is the most feasible candidate for the EUV light source for industrial use. We have several engineering data from our test tools, which include 93% Sn ionization rate, 98% Sn debris mitigation by a magnetic field, and 68% CO2 laser energy absorption rate. The way of dispersion of Sn by prepulse laser is key to improve conversion efficiency (CE). We focus on prepulsed laser pulsed duration. When we have optimized pulse duration from nanosecond to picosecond, we have obtained maximum 4.7% CE (CO2 laser to EUV; our previous data was 3.8%) at 2 mJ EUV pulse energy. Based on these data we are developing our first light source as our product: “GL200E.” The latest data and the overview of EUV light source for the industrial EUV lithography are reviewed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74914888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17