{"title":"Calculation of the Hubble Constant, the Minimum Mass and the Proton Charge Radius Using the Dirac's Hypothesis on the Ratio of the Electrostatic Force to the Gravitational Force","authors":"Paul Talbot","doi":"10.3844/pisp.2023.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/pisp.2023.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, several physical constants are determined by observation. This is the case for the Hubble constant and the proton charge radius whose observed values involve large uncertainties. This publication suggests that these values could be calculated more precisely using algebraic equations involving other physical constants. To do so, some assumptions must be put forward, namely, the Dirac's hypothesis on the observed ratio of the electrostatic force to the gravitational force. The approach used also allows calculating the value of a minimum mass. The calculated value of the Hubble constant is: H ≈ 72.013 km s‑1 Mpc‑1, and that of the minimum mass: Mmin ≈ 1.7206×10‑68 kg. Recent observations suggest that the proton charge radius could also be calculated using an additional but related assumption: rp ≈ 0.8264 fm.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135057702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Verification of the Multiverse","authors":"Thomas Stenersen","doi":"10.3844/pisp.2022.17.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/pisp.2022.17.20","url":null,"abstract":"We outline a proposal for an experimental test of Everett’s many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics that could potentially verify the existence of a multiverse. This proposal is based on a quantum field theory formulation of many-worlds through the path integral formalism and a careful choice of the vacuum state.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74035012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metabolic Potential Versus Genome Size","authors":"A. Atanasov, D. Valev","doi":"10.3844/pisp.2022.7.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/pisp.2022.7.16","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Atanas Todorov Atanasov Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Armeiska Str.11, Bulgaria Email: atanastod@abv.bg Abstract: In this study, we have shown that there is a connection between the metabolic potential (the coefficient 'a' in metabolic-mass relationship P = aMk, where Pbasal metabolic rate, M-body mass, k-power coefficient) and the corresponding genome size (C-value diapason) of the given organismal taxon. With the increase of the metabolic potential of living organisms in evolution, the C-value diapason of a given taxon decreases. The study shows the metabolic and genomic characteristics of the simplest bacterial cells that represent the natural scale. The metabolic and genomic characteristics of all more complex organisms that emerge after them are adjusted with this natural scale. This finding may provide an answer to the genome-size enigma.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82551192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francisco Pavía Alemany, Marcelino Alvarez Villarroya
{"title":"Gravity, the Origin of the Mass in the Cosmos","authors":"Francisco Pavía Alemany, Marcelino Alvarez Villarroya","doi":"10.3844/pisp.2021.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/pisp.2021.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85913621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"BOOM: Rainbow’s Gravity as the Source of Light Refraction","authors":"Mohsen Lutephy","doi":"10.3844/pisp.2021.11.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/pisp.2021.11.22","url":null,"abstract":"Email: lutephy@gmail.com Abstract: On the fully Variable Light Speed (VSL) universe derived by alliance of Mach inertia principle and Planck’s quantized natural units and generalized Minkowski metric, it is extracted the fundamental equation of variable light speed called here Alpha Genesis Prime. Then the fundamental gravity is defined as a vector to justify the light speed variation accordingly. Gravitational vector via a tangential component does set the light speed to be matched with the Alpha Genesis Prime and according to the Pythagorean Theorem; it has also a component normalized to the light velocity. Interestingly by the gravity divided to the tangent and normal components relative to the light velocity we argue the Snell’s law of the light refraction and we find that dependency of the refractive index to the volume density is not fundamental but fundamentally the refractive index follows gravitational potential in bound quantum systems. The gravity is enhanced in bound quantum systems extended from Femto-scale (Nucleuses and strong nuclear force), Micro-gravity (fundamental rainbow’s gravity), the galaxies and clusters as the large scale bound quantum systems, up to the observable universe which the variable gravitational G is Newtonian (constant G in short cosmic time). The refraction of the light is sourced potentially by Rainbow’s gravity in bound quantum systems which the potential integration domain is limited to the wavelength of the photons. Quantum mechanically the photons are force carrier in the range of their wavelength to enhance gravitational G inasmuch as large that atoms to bend the photons similar to the enhanced gravity in the nucleuses in the range of hadron wavelengths. In fact reestablish of the Newtonian mechanics yields to the fundamental gravity which is identical with the refraction of the light and we find that the mechanical potential of the light’s refraction is the gravity.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89345199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Explosion of the Light: Alliance of the Planck and Mach and Einstein-Riemannian Physics","authors":"Mohsen Lutephy","doi":"10.3844/PISP.2019.8.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/PISP.2019.8.23","url":null,"abstract":"On the evident tripartite equivalency of the light speed and time and distance as a natural paradigm introduced here it is deduced the natural metric tensor of the universe via Mach's mechanics (metric fully governed by measurable universe) included to the fully variable light speed and fully variable gravitational G accompanied with Planckian quantum gravity in natural quantization of the space-time and we see the quantum modes of the gravitational fields by combination of the Planck and Mach and Einstein-Riemannian physics introducing new universal constants. We see a new cosmology on the base of the variable light speed universe via conservation of the total matter of the universe expanding stationary via permanent cyclical transformation of the observable baryonic matter to background ether and the background ether to the observable baryonic matter required by equation of the continuity for equilibrium, creating homogeneity and isotropy and flattening of the universe and reasoning also a universal background minimum temperature creating cosmic microwave background as a black body radiation. Ultimately it is obvious that our universe is a large version of the Planckian mini universe and also we see variable Planck length correlated to the gravitational potential energy.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86789497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Carboxyl-Functionalized Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Interfacial Barrier Height of Malachite Green Dye Based Organic Device","authors":"Sudipta Sen, N. Manik","doi":"10.3844/PISP.2019.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/PISP.2019.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we have estimated the interfacial barrier height (Φb) of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated glass/Malachite Green (MG) dye/Aluminium (Al) based organic device and subsequently we have also observed the effect of carboxylfunctionalized SWCNT (COOH-SWCNT) on the Φb. Presence of COOH-SWCNT reduces the interfacial barrier height as SWCNT acts as filler and provides easy path for charge percolation. We have used ITO coated glass and aluminium as front electrode and back electrode respectively to form the organic device. This organic device has been prepared with and without COOH-SWCNT by using spin coating technique. We have measured the steady state current-Voltage (I-V) characteristics of the device to estimate the interfacial barrier height (Φb) of the device. Φb is reduced from 0.67 eV to 0.59 eV in the presence of COOH-SWCNT. We have also estimated the Φb by using Norde’s Method. This method also shows a reduction of interfacial barrier height from 0.72 eV to 0.64 eV due to incorporation of COOH-SWCNT. Both the methods show good consistency with each other. Reduction of the interfacial barrier height in presence of COOH-SWCNT indicates the enhancement of charge injection through the metal-organic dye interface. By suitable doping or addition of COOH-SWCNT within the MG dye it is possible to reduce the barrier height and enhance the current injection through metal-organic dye interface.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73637865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gravitation Due to Scalar Potentials and Black Holes","authors":"Mark Titleman","doi":"10.3844/pisp.2020.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/pisp.2020.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that the universe possesses two scalar potentials similar to those proposed by E.T. Whittaker in which waveforms travel longitudinally. It is proposed that these scalar potentials form through black holes, creating normal transverse electromagnetic radiation as well as gravity. This opens up new avenues for understanding the universe and black holes while applying parsimonious explanations to dark matter theories. Charge is envisioned as a widespread mechanical intermediate in the form of the scalar potentials, thus implying that the universe is similar to an atom. A new speed limit is determined and the critical MOND acceleration is derived using the Rydberg constant.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81534677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Kambali, Parwanto, H. Suryanto, Nur Huda, Ferdi D. Listiawadi, Herta Astarina, Ratu R. Ismuha, Kardinah
{"title":"Dependence of 18F Production Yield and Radioactive Impurities on Proton Irradiation Dose","authors":"I. Kambali, Parwanto, H. Suryanto, Nur Huda, Ferdi D. Listiawadi, Herta Astarina, Ratu R. Ismuha, Kardinah","doi":"10.1155/2017/2124383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2124383","url":null,"abstract":"Radiation safety for patients during positron emission tomography (PET) procedures is affected by the amount of radioactive impurities generated during production of fluorine-18 (18F) radionuclide. In this investigation, the dependence of 18F production yield and radioactive impurities on proton irradiation dose is discussed. Enriched water ( ) target was bombarded perpendicularly by 11-MeV proton beams at various proton doses. Experimental results indicated that the 18F radioactivity yield and the amount of 56Co and radioactive impurities depend strongly on the proton dose. In the proton dose range between 2 μAhr and 20 μAhr, the radioactive impurities increased with increasing proton dose. There was no significant difference in the radioactivity yield of both 56Co and impurities at low proton dose between 2 and 10 μAhr. However a huge difference was recorded when the dose was increased above 10 μAhr. The experimental data can be used to predict the amount of impurities generated during 18F production at proton dose of higher than 20 μAhr.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"72 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89253352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Sutanto, Sufwan Durri, S. Wibowo, Hadiyanto Hadiyanto, E. Hidayanto
{"title":"Rootlike Morphology of ZnO:Al Thin Film Deposited on Amorphous Glass Substrate by Sol-Gel Method","authors":"H. Sutanto, Sufwan Durri, S. Wibowo, Hadiyanto Hadiyanto, E. Hidayanto","doi":"10.1155/2016/4749587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4749587","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) thin films have been deposited onto a glass substrate by sol-gel spray coating method at atmospheric pressure. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer have been used to characterize the films. XRD spectra indicated that all prepared thin films presented the wurtzite hexagonal structure. SEM images exhibited rootlike morphology on the surface of thin films and the shortest root diameter was about 0.219 μm. The UV-Vis absorption spectra exhibited the absorption edges that were slightly shifted to the lower wavelength. From this result, the incorporation of aluminum into the ZnO involved a slight increase in the optical band-gap of films. The optical bands of films were 3.102 eV, 3.115 eV, 3.118 eV, 3.115 eV, 3.109 eV, and 3.109 eV for ZnO, ZnO:Al 2%, ZnO:Al 4%, ZnO:Al 6%, ZnO:Al 8%, and ZnO:Al 10%, respectively. Increase of Al doping concentration in ZnO films contributed to the increase of their optical band-gap which can be explained by the Burstein-Moss effect.","PeriodicalId":20143,"journal":{"name":"Physics Research International","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84274508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}