Photochemistry and Photobiology最新文献

{"title":"Probing the molecular determinants of emission enhancement in RNA aptamer-metal complex systems.","authors":"Sarah M Kriger, Joseph Spiconardi, Nathan Ennist, Edith C Glazer","doi":"10.1111/php.70130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/php.70130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aptamer recognition of metal complexes is distinct from organic molecules, as it requires the nucleic acid to provide complementary interactions based on both the metal-centered geometry and the steric and electronic features of the ligands. Molecular determinants for aptamer recognition, specificity, and productive binding of coordination complexes are poorly understood. Here, we examined the promiscuity and discrimination of the 12Rd5 aptamer, evolved to bind [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), using structurally related metal complexes. Emission enhancement, equilibrium dialysis, and isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that 12Rd5 accommodates changes in the metal center and net charge on the complex but strongly discriminated between different ligands. Compounds 1-3 exhibited emission enhancement and formed long-lived interactions with the aptamer, with half-lives exceeding 20 h, while analogs with expanded π-surfaces or additional heteroatoms in the ligands failed to engage the aptamer productively. Mutagenesis and truncation of the RNA revealed that even minimal perturbations abolish binding, indicating that recognition is governed by a highly cooperative global fold rather than local sequence motifs. AlphaFold 3 modeling and docking provided limited structural insight, highlighting persistent challenges in RNA structure prediction and a need for additional training data for predictions involving metal complexes. These results demonstrate that a single evolved aptamer can accommodate multiple coordination compounds within specific geometric and electrostatic constraints, providing foundational information for the repurposing or redesign of hybrid inorganic-aptamer-based sensors, imaging agents, and metal-mediated biochemical tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148397462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV irradiance modeling, simulated inactivation studies, and experiments demonstrate better efficacy of the UVC robot with movable arms.","authors":"Monika, Mohit Dadlani, Charudatta Khatua, Nayanthara K, Anirban Guha, Leena Vachhani, Ambarish Kunwar","doi":"10.1111/php.70127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/php.70127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autonomous UVC-based disinfection robots have gained widespread use after the COVID-19 outbreak to limit infectious disease transmission. Although several semi-automatic and fully automatic UVC robots are employed for surface disinfection in high-risk areas, their efficacy is restricted because they cannot disinfect complex regions of contaminated surfaces that are distant, located at different heights, in narrow pathways, or within shadow zones. This paper reports the design, development, and implementation of a Robotic Disinfection System with Movable Ultraviolet Light Radiating Arms (RwMA) to address these limitations. To quantify the performance of RwMA, a simulated inactivation study using an extended UVC irradiance model and experiments were conducted, and results were compared with a conventional UVC-based Disinfection Robot without Movable Arms (RoMA). The simulated study quantified UVC irradiance and pathogen inactivation time of RwMA and RoMA for commonly contaminated surfaces such as \"Chair Back,\" \"Chair Seat,\" \"Chair Armrest,\" and \"Chair Backrest\" while disinfecting a row of chairs. RwMA delivered high and nearly uniform irradiance on all chair surfaces, whereas RoMA produced extremely low irradiance that further decreased for distant chairs due to distance and shadowing. For 4-5 log inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 on a row of chairs, RwMA required only 11.873 s, whereas RoMA needed 418.223 s (6.97 min), which is significantly higher. As anticipated by simulated studies, experimental evaluation using bacteriophage MS2 confirmed consistently higher and more uniform infectivity reduction by RwMA across all near and distant chair positions, unlike RoMA. These results support the adoption of RwMA for rapid and effective disinfection in shared environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photochemistry of CryB from Rhodobacter sphaeroides.","authors":"Christopher Einholz, Johannes Ruhnke, Jonas Diez, Andreas Günter, Johannes Berger, Stefan Weber, Erik Schleicher","doi":"10.1111/php.70123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/php.70123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, a distinct class of prokaryotic DNA photolyases containing a ribolumazine and an iron-sulfur cluster in addition to the catalytically active flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor has been identified: FeS-BCP. Previous studies of the structural, photochemical, enzymatic, and signaling properties have revealed photocatalytic and photoreceptor activities for the FeS-BCP subclade. These findings imply that FeS-BCP functions are coupled to the flavin redox state and modulated by the surrounding micro environment. Here, we employ various spectroscopic techniques to investigate the photochemistry of CryB from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. A combination of time-resolved and steady-state techniques allowed elucidation of the photocycle following light excitation on the nanosecond to minute timescale. An accelerated (<5 ns) deprotonation reaction of the terminal electron donor, tryptophan-338, in comparison to other photolyases and cryptochromes has been found with implications for both biological electron transfer and structure-function relationships while no direct involvement of the aforementioned secondary cofactors could be revealed. The obtained results are substantial for future studies of this distinct subclass and advance our understanding of flavoprotein photochemistry in general.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometrical isomerization of hydroxycinnamic acid under UV-light: Structural plasticity as a driver of metabolite complexity.","authors":"Mailane Rose Sekgobela, Lutendo Michael Mathomu, Nakisani Babra Moyo, Rudzani Nemadzhilili, Mwadham Mwombeki Kabanda, Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala","doi":"10.1111/php.70126","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA)-containing molecules such as chlorogenic acids undergo trans/cis isomerization under UV light, a process expected to intensify with increasing sunlight exposure under climate change. Advanced analytical and data visualization methods to capture such dynamic transformations in nutraceutical compounds are urgently required. To investigate this transformation, methanolic extracts of a hemi-parasitic plant Viscum combreticola were exposed to UV light and profiled using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-qTOF-MS). Multivariate analysis (PCA and biplots) revealed that UV-sensitive metabolites predominantly contained HCA moieties, with clearer separation between treated and untreated samples emerging at longer chromatographic run times. Molecular networking was also used to show that robust chromatographic separation is critical in isomer differentiation and visualizing metabolomic changes in samples. Findings of this study demonstrate that UV irradiation enhances metabolite diversity by driving HCA photoisomerization. DFT modeling of selected cinnamic acid-containing molecules showed that successful isomerization depends on the co-localization of the HOMO and LUMO within the same structural moiety, particularly around the olefinic functional group of the cinnamic acid unit. Most importantly, this study demonstrates that HCAs are versatile molecules that exhibit structural plasticity under UV light by producing cis isomers whose biological consequences remain unexplored.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artemisitene formation during UVA-assisted Fenton oxidation of arteannuin B.","authors":"Yuwen Huang, Zizheng Guo, De Liu, Meihong Zhang, Shucheng Tang, Rongmin Yu, Jianhua Zhu","doi":"10.1111/php.70131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/php.70131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artemisitene (ARE) is a highly oxidized sesquiterpene isolated from Artemisia annua L., differing structurally from the antimalarial drug artemisinin (ART) only by the presence of a double bond between C11 and C13. ART is derived from the photooxidation of dihydroartemisinic acid, while the formation of ARE is unknown. In this study, arteannuin B (ART-B) was oxidized using a UVA-assisted Fenton reaction under optimized conditions: methanol/water = 1:3 (v/v) and H₂O₂ concentration = 100 mM, and ARE as well as other ART-B derivatives, including a novel compound 13-homo-artemanin A, were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Furthermore, the structure of the new compound was identified by HRMS, 1D NMR, and 2D NMR spectra. Quantitative analysis revealed that ART-B consumption reached 93.3%, accompanied by a formation yield of ARE at 4.8%. These results indicate that ART-B is highly likely the precursor of ARE in a UVA-dependent manner, which provides preliminary evidence for identifying the precursor of ARE/ART and expands the application of photo-Fenton systems in oxidation and structural diversification of natural sesquiterpenes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148376626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in UV radiation and ozone in South America and Antarctica.","authors":"Bruna Cogo Borin, James Eduardo Lago Londero, Maurício Beux Dos Santos, Lucas Vaz Peres, André Passaglia Schuch","doi":"10.1111/php.70054","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and atmospheric ozone are critical determinants of ecosystem dynamics and human health. This study aimed to assess the terrestrial profile of solar UV radiation and its genotoxic risk in the South American subtropical region (29° S 53° W). From 2005 to 2021, ground-based physical sensors showed an increase of approximately 50% in UVB (280-315 nm; +0.28 kJ/m² per year), but no significant trend in UVA (315-400 nm). Despite the existence of four defined climatic seasons, simultaneous measurements using UVA, UVB, and DNA-based sensors revealed two distinct UV seasons: a high-UV season encompassing spring and summer, and a low-UV season encompassing winter and autumn. Notably, spring sunlight was found to be as genotoxic as summer sunlight, and even winter and autumn sunlight may pose a genotoxic risk on cloudless days, as indicated by measurements of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and oxidized bases. Given the rising UVB levels without an increase in UVA, we investigated satellite-derived ozone data from NASA's ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) and total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) sensors across South America and Antarctica. Overall, analysis from 1979 to 2021 showed negative ozone trends at 2° S 54° W (Santarém), 23° S 46° W (São Paulo), and 29° S 53° W (Santa Maria) even after the onset of the Montreal Protocol, while positive trends were observed at 53° S 70° W (Punta Arenas) and 62° S 58° W (Brazilian Antarctic Station) following the protocol. Strikingly, the UVB and ozone trends observed across seasons suggest that ozone is being transported poleward persistently rather than seasonally, possibly driven by a climate change-induced acceleration of the Brewer-Dobson Circulation. This persistent pattern demonstrates that ozone depletion at low and mid-latitudes is not limited to springtime but persists throughout the year. Our findings indicate that low- and mid-latitudes in South America are experiencing climate changes, stratospheric ozone depletion, and increased UVB incidence, resulting in heightened genotoxic risks, highlighting the urgent need for monitoring and mitigation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"914-923"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13383243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145506353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melanin in art: Photobleaching of melanin-on-paper is accompanied by robust modification of eumelanin structure.","authors":"Lucy Kim, Guillermo Gosset, Nina G Jablonski, Linda Oyesiku, Kazumasa Wakamatsu, Shosuke Ito","doi":"10.1111/php.70035","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melanin pigments find a diverse field of practical application including art. One of the authors has developed a method of printing images with genetically modified Escherichia coli cells that produce melanin onto paper using the screen-printing process. The method prints the cell culture and then incubates the paper over 3 days, allowing the cells to deposit the melanin as they reproduce. However, using melanin comes with challenges related to color fading of \"melanin-on-paper.\" The aim of this study was to evaluate how melanin-on-paper was photobleached. First, we characterized E. coli (EC)-melanins by spectrophotometric and chemical degradation methods, which indicated that EC-melanins consisted of 98% eumelanin and 2% pheomelanin with high purity (ca. 80%). Second, we evaluated photomodification of melanin-on-paper during 19 months of exposure to ambient light, showing that the exposure caused photobleaching of the melanin color intensity to a half with cross-linking of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid units of eumelanin structure and photodegradation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole units. These results indicate that melanin-on-paper undergoes gradual bleaching during months of exposure to sunlight with robust changes in melanin structure. To mitigate deterioration of melanin-on-paper by sunlight, one option would be to frame it under UV protective acrylic.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"832-837"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13383194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145055007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using skin bi-fold thickness changes for assessment of SKH-1 mice exposed to UVC radiation.","authors":"Raabia Hashmi, Camryn Petersen, Natalia E Gutierrez-Bayona, Manuela Buonanno, Norman J Kleiman, Brian Ponnaiya, David J Brenner, David Welch","doi":"10.1111/php.70045","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The SKH-1 mouse model is commonly used to assess the effects of ultraviolet light exposure on skin using visual and biological endpoints. Although skin bi-fold thickness is a well-established quantitative measure of edema, evidence characterizing its use to evaluate skin responses in the UVC range remains limited. This study evaluated skin bi-fold thickness measurements made using a digital caliper. Hairless SKH-1 mice were exposed using the narrow bandwidth output from a monochromator with wavelengths from 200 to 270 nm. Post-exposure thickness measurements were normalized against pre-exposure thickness measurements to determine the fold change. These findings were compared with qualitative visual assessments of changes to the skin. The results indicate that quantitative measures of increases in skin thickness are correlated with subjective visual scoring measures. The observed magnitude of the bi-fold change following UVC exposures was limited in this study because exposures were at doses close to the threshold dose for causing a visually observed change to the skin. The results support using skin bi-fold measurements for quantifying skin responses to ultraviolet light exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"838-844"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13383208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145313203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Far-infrared irradiation attenuates platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell migration through protein phosphatase 2A-mediated Akt inhibition.","authors":"Na-Young Lee, Seo-Hyeon Kim, Young Jin Kang, Il-Kug Kim, Yun-Jin Hwang, Du-Hyong Cho","doi":"10.1111/php.70039","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration is a crucial factor contributing to the development and progression of atherosclerosis and in-stent restenosis. Although far-infrared (FIR) rays have been suggested to alleviate atherosclerosis, their effects on VSMC migration remain unclear. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we performed wound healing migration assays, cell viability assays, transfection with wild-type (WT)-Akt gene, western blot analyses, and ex vivo studies using isolated rat aortas. FIR irradiation inhibited basal and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated VSMC migration without affecting cell viability, and decreased the phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 (p-Akt-Ser⁴⁷³) in a time-dependent manner. Transfection with WT-Akt gene restored FIR-suppressed VSMC migration. Co-treatment with okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), reversed the FIR irradiation reduction in p-Akt-Ser⁴⁷³. FIR irradiation for 30 min enhanced the physical interaction between Akt and PP2Ac. A series of effects was not observed with the hyperthermal stimulus (39°C). Lastly, ex vivo sprouting assays showed that FIR irradiation markedly reduced VSMC sprouting. Furthermore, FIR irradiation decreased p-Akt-Ser⁴⁷³ levels in PDGF-stimulated rat aortas. These results indicate that FIR irradiation inhibits PDGF-induced VSMC migration through PP2A-dependent suppression of p-Akt-Ser⁴⁷³, suggesting its potential use in treating arterial occlusive disorders such as atherosclerosis and in-stent restenosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"996-1009"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13383185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145213350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Possible involvement of keratinocyte-derived microvesicle particles in human photosensitivity disorders.","authors":"Risha Annamraju, Madison S Owens, Anita Thyagarajan, Danielle A Corbin, Catherine M T Sherwin, Jade Bryant, Garrett W Fisher, Winston R Owens, Alycia Ketter, Aadil Umerani, Craig A Rohan, Michael G Kemp, Robyn K Crow, Jeffrey B Travers","doi":"10.1111/php.70058","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous murine studies have implicated acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase)-generated subcellular microvesicle particles (MVP) in photosensitivity. Objective: The current double-blinded placebo-controlled studies examined if a single localized ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) treatment generated more MVP in human subjects with self-identified photosensitivity versus normal controls. A topical 4% formulation of the aSMase inhibitor imipramine applied immediately after UVB blocked the MVP release and erythema responses. Erythema responses at 24 and 72 h in response to multiple UVB fluences and minimal erythema doses (MED) at 24 h and effects of imipramine were also tested. Small cohorts of 10 adult self-identified photosensitive subjects and 12 controls were enrolled in these pilot studies which revealed increased levels of skin MVP in UVB-treated photosensitive subjects over controls which correlated with MED values. Moreover, post-UVB application of imipramine blunted UVB-induced MVP responses as well as tended to diminish erythema levels at 4 h but not at 24 or 72 h in photosensitive patients. Though limited by low numbers of self-identified subjects, these pilot studies provide some support for the hypothesis that MVP could be involved in multiple types of human photosensitivity responses and suggest aSMase inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"866-876"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13242617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145605439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}