Sumeyra Gokalp, Marvin Xavierselvan, Mohammad Forhad Khan, Ronak Shethia, Sima Khani, Ryan H Riddell, Anna V Krasnoslobodtseva, Srivalleesha Mallidi, Michelle Foster
{"title":"Liquid metal nanoparticles for enhanced delivery of benzoporphyrin derivative in photodynamic cancer therapy.","authors":"Sumeyra Gokalp, Marvin Xavierselvan, Mohammad Forhad Khan, Ronak Shethia, Sima Khani, Ryan H Riddell, Anna V Krasnoslobodtseva, Srivalleesha Mallidi, Michelle Foster","doi":"10.1111/php.14106","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a targeted cancer treatment offering precise tumor ablation with minimal systemic toxicity. However, its clinical application is constrained by poor solubility, rapid clearance, and inadequate tumor accumulation of photosensitizers (PS). This study presents an innovative liquid metal nanoparticle (LMNP) platform, composed of gallium-indium eutectic alloy (EGaIn), engineered to address these drug delivery challenges in PDT. Using a one-step sonication process, EGaIn nanoparticles are synthesized and functionalized with folic acid (FA) for tumor-specific targeting, beta cyclodextrin (β-CD) for enhanced drug encapsulation, and benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) as a PS. The inclusion of β-CD significantly improves the BPD loading capacity, achieving a three-fold enhancement (52% vs. 18%) while ensuring nanoparticle stability and sustained drug release. Covalent binding of FA and β-CD to the gallium oxide surface enables effective targeting and biocompatibility. In vitro analyses demonstrate potent PDT efficacy, even with reduced cellular uptake, underscoring the platform's ability to overcome intracellular delivery barriers. This LMNP-based nanoplatform addresses critical PDT limitations, such as suboptimal drug delivery and systemic toxicity, leveraging the unique chemical and physical properties of EGaIn nanoparticles. Its multifunctional design integrates targeted delivery, controlled release, and precise therapeutic activation, representing a promising advancement in the development of effective, personalized cancer treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1291-1306"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12353173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144019359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chanda Bhandari, Siddharth Soma, Maxwell Quaye, Alisher Talgatov, Gal Shafirstein, Kimberley Samkoe, Sherri McFarland, Girgis Obaid
{"title":"Predicting head and neck tumor nodule responses to TLD1433 photodynamic therapy using the image-guided surgery probe ABY-029.","authors":"Chanda Bhandari, Siddharth Soma, Maxwell Quaye, Alisher Talgatov, Gal Shafirstein, Kimberley Samkoe, Sherri McFarland, Girgis Obaid","doi":"10.1111/php.14083","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Incomplete surgical resection in head and neck cancer can lead to locoregional recurrence in >35% of patients. Approaches such as image-guided surgery (IGS) and post-operative photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been proposed to reduce recurrence rates. However, the PDT doses needed to eliminate all unresected diseases are not established. This in vitro proof-of-concept study aims to predict head and neck tumor nodule viability in vitro following PDT with TLD1433 using the IGS probe ABY-029. ABY-029 is an EGFR-specific affibody-IRDye800CW conjugate that has undergone Phase 0 evaluation studies in head and neck cancer, among others. TLD1433 is a ruthenium-based photosensitizer in a Phase II trial for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Here, we demonstrate that decreases in fluorescence emission of ABY-029 bound to MOC1 mouse head and neck cancer nodules in vitro can be predictive of TLD1433 PDT responses. Results show that photoactivation of TLD1433 produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that reduce MOC1 nodule fractional viability in a manner that is inversely correlated with ABY-029 fluorescence intensity (Pearson's r = -0.9148, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.8369, p < 0.0001). We hypothesize that this is due to ROS-mediated degradation of IRDye800CW. The findings warrant further studies using head and neck cancer nodules with heterogenous PDT responses and EGFR expression levels. If successful, the future goal would be to use ABY-029 to guide the dosimetry of intraoperative PDT of the surgical bed after IGS to eliminate all microscopic diseases, reduce recurrence rates, and prolong survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1199-1210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12353352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144023930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miriam Roberto, Meedie Ali, Ivo Que, Rachele Stefania, Henriette S de Bruijn, Dominic J Robinson, Francesco Blasi, Luca D D'Andrea, Enzo Terreno, Laura Mezzanotte
{"title":"Integrin targeted photodynamic therapy in patient-derived glioblastoma spheroids.","authors":"Miriam Roberto, Meedie Ali, Ivo Que, Rachele Stefania, Henriette S de Bruijn, Dominic J Robinson, Francesco Blasi, Luca D D'Andrea, Enzo Terreno, Laura Mezzanotte","doi":"10.1111/php.14097","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, with a median overall survival of 14.6 months. GBM is incurable because of its invasive growth. These local invasive cells, most significantly glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), when left behind, resist standard treatment, and cause almost all recurrences. However, the treatment of these infiltrative margins remains a significant challenge, as there are currently no options to reach these margins safely. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) shows promise as localized treatment option using light-activated compounds that target tumor cells and that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to destroy them. Far red light, combined with silicon phthalocyanines, could penetrate deeper making it more effective for reaching cancer cells in the tumor margin without compromise of healthy brain. In this study, we used patient-derived GBM spheroids in vitro as a preclinical model to evaluate a new dual-cRGDfK-silicon phthalocyanine conjugate targeting integrin αvβ3, a protein expressed by GBM cells and vasculature. Targeted PDT was efficient in killing GSC spheroids, showing that the combination of far-red light with more precise targeting can reach the type of cells found in the invasive margin, using silicon phthalocyanine as the photosensitizer.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1241-1250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12466090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sudip Timilsina, Anish Raju Amara, Rafay Abu, Bryan Q Spring
{"title":"Identification of potential cell surface targets in patient-derived cultures toward photoimmunotherapy of high-grade serous ovarian cancer.","authors":"Sudip Timilsina, Anish Raju Amara, Rafay Abu, Bryan Q Spring","doi":"10.1111/php.14091","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumor-targeted, activatable photoimmunotherapy (taPIT) has shown promise in preclinical models to selectively eliminate drug-resistant micrometastases that evade standard treatments. Moreover, taPIT has the potential to resensitize chemo-resistant tumor cells to chemotherapy, making it a complementary modality for treating recurrent high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). However, the established implementation of taPIT relies on the overexpression of EGFR in tumor cells, which is not universally observed in HGSOCs. Motivated by the need to expand taPIT applications beyond EGFR, we conducted mRNA-sequencing and proteomics to identify alternative cell surface targets for taPIT in patient-derived HGSOC cell cultures with weak EGFR expression and lacking expression of other cell surface proteins commonly reported in the literature as overexpressed in ovarian cancers, such as FOLR1 and EpCAM. Our findings highlight TFRC and LRP1 as promising alternative targets. Notably, TFRC was overexpressed in 100% (N = 5) of the patient-derived HGSOC models tested, whereas only 60% of models had high EpCAM expression, suggesting that future larger cohort studies should include TFRC. While this study focuses on target identification, future work will expand the approaches developed here to larger HGSOC biopsy repositories and will also develop and evaluate antibody-photosensitizer conjugates targeting these proteins for taPIT applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1211-1231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12258538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144018774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Darrian S Hawryluk, Martin S Pavelka, Timothy M Baran
{"title":"Susceptibility of bacterial species commonly found in abdominal abscesses to low-dose photodynamic therapy: Effects of methylene blue concentration, fluence rate, and fluence.","authors":"Darrian S Hawryluk, Martin S Pavelka, Timothy M Baran","doi":"10.1111/php.14092","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to determine the effects of methylene blue (MB) concentration, laser fluence rate, and laser fluence on the efficacy of in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) for four bacteria commonly found in human abscesses. PDT experiments were performed with four of the most common bacteria found in abdominal abscesses: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MB concentration was varied from 50 to 300 μg/mL, and the laser fluence rate was varied from 1 to 4 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> at a fluence of 7.2 J/cm<sup>2</sup>. Higher fluence rates and fluences were explored for P. aeruginosa. Primary outcomes were the reduction in colony-forming units (CFU) following PDT and measured MB uptake following drug incubation. Gram-positive bacteria (E. faecalis and S. aureus) were eradicated at all MB concentrations and laser fluence rates tested. Efficacy was reduced for E. coli but still resulted in >6 log<sub>10</sub> reduction in CFU when MB concentration was at least 100 μg/mL. P. aeruginosa required higher fluence (28.8 J/cm<sup>2</sup>) to achieve comparable efficacy, while increasing fluence rate did not have a significant effect on PDT efficacy. MB uptake was reduced in Gram-negative species compared to Gram-positive species, particularly P. aeruginosa, although uptake was not significantly correlated with CFU reduction. Gram-positive bacteria can be eradicated in vitro with low levels of MB (50 μg/mL), laser fluence (7.2 J/cm<sup>2</sup>), and laser fluence rate (1 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>). E. coli showed substantial cell killing (>6 log<sub>10</sub> CFU reduction) with these same parameters. Low MB uptake and PDT efficacy in P. aeruginosa could be overcome by increasing the laser fluence, while increasing fluence rate did not have an effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1232-1240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12353608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143710973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preface to the Special retirement issue dedicated to Herbert G. Stepp.","authors":"Timothy C Zhu, Alexander Greer","doi":"10.1111/php.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/php.70023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":"101 5","pages":"1099"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timothy M Baran, Lam Nguyen, Sophia Palumbo, Anna Weiss, Nebojsa Duric
{"title":"Feasibility of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for treatment of breast abscesses: Retrospective Monte Carlo simulation study.","authors":"Timothy M Baran, Lam Nguyen, Sophia Palumbo, Anna Weiss, Nebojsa Duric","doi":"10.1111/php.14085","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast abscesses are a common issue that affects both breastfeeding and nonpuerperal patients. Even with image-guided drainage and antibiotics, these recur frequently due to unresolved infection. One potential adjunct treatment is photodynamic therapy (PDT), which uses photosensitive compounds to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Here, we investigate the feasibility of using antimicrobial PDT to treat breast abscesses through a retrospective Monte Carlo simulation study. This study included adult subjects that had ultrasound-guided breast abscess aspiration over a five-year period at our institution (n = 119). Pre-procedure ultrasound images were segmented and used to produce either idealized ellipsoidal volumes or extrapolated segmented volumes for simulated PDT treatment planning. We investigated the effects of abscess wall optical properties and the presence of intra-cavity scattering on our ability to achieve target fluence rates of 4 or 20 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> in 95% of the abscess wall. Without intra-cavity scattering, eligibility at the 4 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> fluence rate target ranged from 99.2%-100% for ellipsoidal volumes and 76.1%-80.7% for segmented volumes. With intra-cavity scattering added, eligibility at the 4 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> target increased significantly to 93.4%-100% for segmented volumes (p < 0.0001). However, this required significantly higher optical power (p < 0.0001). PDT therefore appears to be feasible in this patient population and merits further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1154-1164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12353277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143557559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Chamberlain, Ge Shi, Sandra Sexton, Alisher Talgatov, Saraswati Pokharel, David Bellnier, Alan Hutson, Colin G Cameron, Girgis Obaid, Sherri A McFarland, Gal Shafirstein
{"title":"Image-based treatment planning for TLD1433 mediated intraoperative photodynamic therapy with an optical surface applicator-A translational rodent study.","authors":"Sarah Chamberlain, Ge Shi, Sandra Sexton, Alisher Talgatov, Saraswati Pokharel, David Bellnier, Alan Hutson, Colin G Cameron, Girgis Obaid, Sherri A McFarland, Gal Shafirstein","doi":"10.1111/php.14101","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several clinical studies suggest that following surgical resection, intraoperative photodynamic therapy (intraoperative PDT) has the potential to reduce local recurrence and improve overall survival in patients diagnosed with pleural dissemination of lung cancer. The response to intraoperative PDT depends on the light dose rate (irradiance) and dose (fluence) as well as the intratumoral concentration of the photosensitizer and oxygenation. We seek to advance intraoperative PDT by improving the control of irradiance and fluence with image-based treatment planning for an optical surface applicator (OSA) with a novel photosensitizer (TLD1433) that has shown safety in recent clinical trials. To that end, we tested the accuracy of Monte Carlo-based simulations of light delivery from the OSA in vitro and in vivo. We assess the safety and biodistribution after the instillation of TLD1433 in the peritoneal cavity of mice and rats, and define the relationship between the intratumoral irradiance and fluence, and the volume of tumor ablation in the peritoneal cavity of rats. The Monte Carlo simulations agreed with light dosimetry measurements at a 5-mm prescription depth in vitro. An instillation of TLD1433 in the peritoneal cavity of mice is safe and leads to drug accumulation in the tumor and adjacent organs in the peritoneal cavity of rats. A TLD1433-mediated intraoperative PDT procedure using an instilled dose of 14 mg/kg and 532-nm laser light induces tumor cell degradation in the peritoneal cavity of rats. Our results suggest that the Monte Carlo simulation can be used as an image-based treatment plan for administering a controlled PDT procedure with OSA and TLD1433.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1279-1290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12353992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144008033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jie Chen, Natalia Kudinova, Rebecca Dubrovsky, Jasmine Thomas, Karan Nagar, Lucas Nogueira, Avigdor Scherz, Kwanghee Kim, Jonathan Coleman
{"title":"Selectivity and anti-tumor immune elevation by vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy of mouse orthotopic bladder cancer model.","authors":"Jie Chen, Natalia Kudinova, Rebecca Dubrovsky, Jasmine Thomas, Karan Nagar, Lucas Nogueira, Avigdor Scherz, Kwanghee Kim, Jonathan Coleman","doi":"10.1111/php.14048","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) with WST11 is a non-surgical tumor ablation approach that is currently being tested in a phase 3 clinical trial for the treatment of upper tract urothelial cancer. WST11-VTP utilizes illumination, leading to hypoxia, and production of free radicals followed by coagulative necrosis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that WST11-VTP can safely ablate muscle-invasive MB-49- luc bladder tumors in an orthotopic mouse model while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. For the safety study, normal mouse bladders were WST11-VTP treated. Fourteen days post-VTP granulomas in local areas around the ablation zone were noticed, which recovered after 44 days. MB49-luc orthotopic tumors at the muscle-invasive stage appeared to be effectively ablated by VTP 4-10 days post-treatment. The anti-tumor response was reflected in the increased invasion of CD4<sup>+</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, myeloid CD11b<sup>+</sup> cells, and NK cells in tumor tissue at 7 days post-therapy. Moreover, VTP therapy prolonged the survival of mice bearing orthotopic tumors compared with the untreated control. These results suggest that VTP can selectively ablate malignant tumors in the bladder and promote a robust anti-tumor response in a mouse model that can further augment the therapeutic outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1317-1326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12466103/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143573580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ünsal Veli Üstündağ, İsmail Ünal, Derya Cansız, Merih Beler, Naveen Krishna Kanagaraj, Amrish Rajendra Kumar, Ravindra Peravali, Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
{"title":"520 nm and 660 nm light-emitting diodes modulates pancreatic development and beta cell functions in zebrafish embryos.","authors":"Ünsal Veli Üstündağ, İsmail Ünal, Derya Cansız, Merih Beler, Naveen Krishna Kanagaraj, Amrish Rajendra Kumar, Ravindra Peravali, Ebru Emekli-Alturfan","doi":"10.1111/php.14050","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Green and Red LEDs increase insulin production, but their comparative effects on pancreatic and beta cell development are unclear. Zebrafish embryos were divided into three groups: Control (n = 60), Green (G) (n = 60), and Red (R) (n = 60), then irradiated for three days (14 hours/day) with 0.5 W/cm<sup>2</sup> G (λpeak = 520 nm, 180 mA) and R (λpeak = 660 nm, 210 mA). At the end of 72 h, pancreatic and beta cells, circadian rhythm, and oxidative stress gene were analyzed using RT-PCR. Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione levels were also evaluated. In the Red group, pancreatic area increased by ~97.13% compared to the Control group and by approximately ~62.16% compared to the G group (both p < 0.0001), and no significant difference in beta cell area (p = 0.964). G group insulin expression increased 2.31-fold compared to R group (p < 0.0001). Red LED treatment increased MDA levels (p < 0.001), oxidative stress (fth1b, nqo1) (p < 0.0001), and per1b during the photophase (p < 0.0001) compared to G group. R LED treatment increases oxidative stress and disrupts circadian rhythm, leading to reduced insulin secretion. The positive effects of G LED treatment have potential for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and pancreatic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1327-1342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142802048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}