Photochemistry and Photobiology最新文献

{"title":"Prodrugs of paclitaxel improve in situ photo-vaccination.","authors":"Prabhanjan Giram, Ganesh Bist, Sukyung Woo, Elizabeth Wohlfert, Roberto Pili, Youngjae You","doi":"10.1111/php.14025","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) effectively kills cancer cells and initiates immune responses that promote anticancer effects locally and systemically. Primarily developed for local and regional cancers, the potential of PDT for systemic antitumor effects [in situ photo-vaccination (ISPV)] remains underexplored. This study investigates: (1) the comparative effectiveness of paclitaxel (PTX) prodrug [Pc-(L-PTX)₂] for PDT and site-specific PTX effects versus its pseudo-prodrug [Pc-(NCL-PTX)₂] for PDT combined with checkpoint inhibitors; (2) mechanisms driving systemic antitumor effects; and (3) the prophylactic impact on preventing cancer recurrence. A bilateral tumor model was established in BALB/c mice through subcutaneous injection of CT26 cells. Mice received the PTX prodrug (0.5 μmole kg^-1, i.v.), and tumors were treated with a 690-nm laser (75 mW cm^-2 for 30 min, drug-light interval 0.5 h, light does 135 J cm^-1), followed by anti-CTLA-4 (100 μg dose^-1, i.p.) on days 1, 4, and 7. Notable enhancement in both local and systemic antitumor effectiveness was observed with [Pc-(L-PTX)₂] compared to [Pc-(NCL-PTX)₂] with checkpoint inhibitor. Immune cell depletion and immunohistochemistry confirmed neutrophils and CD8+ T cells are effectors for systemic antitumor effects. Treatment-induced immune memory resisted newly rechallenged CT26, showcasing prophylactic benefits. ISPV with a PTX prodrug and anti-CTLA-4 is a promising approach for treating metastatic cancers and preventing recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1139-1153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11978925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redefining cancer photodynamic therapy with gold nanoparticles.","authors":"Zoey A Lockwood, Michael R Jirousek, James P Basilion, Clemens Burda","doi":"10.1111/php.14099","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite advancements made in treatment options, cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained attention as a minimally invasive and highly selective treatment option for cancer. However, challenges due to the hydrophobicity of photosensitizers and their poor tumor selectivity have limited their use in cancer therapy. Recent developments in nanotechnology, particularly the use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), help overcome these challenges. AuNPs provide a stable and biocompatible platform to deliver photosensitizers, improving their solubility, stability, and ability to target tumors while reducing side effects. Functionalized AuNPs take advantage of mechanisms like the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and active targeting, improving reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and overall therapeutic efficacy. This review explores innovations in AuNP-based PDT systems, including ligand-functionalized nanoparticles, bioresponsive coatings, and theranostic approaches that combine imaging with therapy. By delving into important aspects of synthesis, characterization, and functionalization, we show how AuNPs improve the delivery and performance of photosensitizers. For instance, systems functionalized with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have shown increased therapeutic precision and efficacy in vivo. These advancements are paving the way for more targeted and safer cancer treatments, establishing AuNP-based PDT as a promising approach for developing highly effective oncological therapies with greater precision and fewer side effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1120-1138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12466098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143753902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aggregation assisted enhancement of singlet oxygen generation by 4-ethynylphenyl substituted porphyrin photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.","authors":"Sekar Monisha, Thangavel Myithili, Samuthirakani Ajithkumar, Kumaresan Sudharsan, Thangaraj Keerthana, Baskaran Sarikalakshmi, Mohan Pandi, Palanisamy Kalimuthu","doi":"10.1111/php.14049","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modulating the photophysical properties of photosensitizers is an effective approach to enhance singlet oxygen generation for photodynamic therapy. Porphyrins are the most widely used photosensitizers due to their biocompatible nature. Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics of photosensitizers are one of the advantageous features that will enhance fluorescence, intersystem crossing, and efficient triplet state generation. Herein, we demonstrate two glycosylated porphyrin photosensitizers, ZnGEPOH (with two ethynyl groups) and ZnGPOH (without two ethynyl groups), which exhibit AIE. Detailed studies revealed that ZnGEPOH exhibited a two-fold increase in singlet oxygen production than ZnGPOH due to AIE. The photo-cytotoxicity of ZnGPOH and ZnGEPOH were evaluated using cancer cell lines A549 and AGS. ZnGEPOH shows superior photo-cytotoxicity with cell viability of 21% and 19% for A549 and AGS, respectively, at 250 μg/mL concentration in 48 h. Moreover, ZnGEPOH exhibits minimal photo-cytotoxicity towards the control cell line HEK 293.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1361-1374"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142871809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous direct and indirect assessments of singlet oxygen generation during vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy with thrombin molecular beacon.","authors":"Huiyun Lin, Yi Shen, Sizhe Ye, Zufang Huang, Buhong Li","doi":"10.1111/php.14118","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (V-PDT) offers a precise therapeutic approach for treating diseases associated with abnormal vasculature. The therapeutic efficacy of type II V-PDT mainly relies on the vascular response to singlet oxygen (¹O₂), which could convert prothrombin into thrombin and then result in vasocontraction and subsequent tissue ischemia. In this study, the photosensitizer pyropheophorbide-a (Pyro) was conjugated with the fluorescent molecule 5-carboxy-X-rhodamine (Rox) through a thrombin-cleavable peptide, forming a thrombin-activated molecular beacon Pyro-thrombin-cleavable peptide-Rox (PPR). Furthermore, a novel multimodal imaging system was developed for simultaneously imaging near-infrared (NIR) ¹O₂ luminescence at around 1270 nm and Rox fluorescence, which could be used to directly and indirectly assess the ¹O₂ generation during V-PDT for an in vivo model, respectively. It was found that the vasoconstrictions are positively correlated with both ¹O₂ luminescence intensity and Rox fluorescence intensity, respectively. For this, the PPR could serve as a therapeutic PS and as an indirect indicator for ¹O₂ generation during V-PDT, which has the advantage of higher sensitivity compared to the direct measurement of ¹O₂ luminescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1307-1316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144128379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of TNBC metastatic potential following synergistic photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy.","authors":"Jeanne Duong, Rachel A McGinn, Nashielli Diaz, Rebecca Crawley, Deepti H Srinivasan, Jasmine Kwan, Marvin Xavierselvan, Madeleine J Oudin, Srivalleesha Mallidi","doi":"10.1111/php.14100","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer due to a lack of targetable receptors and a high rate of metastasis. The current standard of care for TNBC involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy, such as doxorubicin (DOX), a systemic intervention that affects both cancerous and healthy growing cells throughout the body. In contrast, photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a minimally invasive alternative, utilizing photosensitizers like benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) activated by a specific wavelength of light to induce localized cell death. While PDT, both as a standalone treatment and in combination with chemotherapy, has been shown to enhance treatment efficacy in TNBC, its effects on metastatic potential remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we utilize in vitro assays characterizing cell morphology and invasion as predictors of in vivo metastasis of human TNBC cell lines (BT-20, MDA-MB-231, LM2) following treatments with BPD-PDT alone and in combination with DOX. In this study, we observed that both treatments administered individually demonstrated high sensitivity in BT-20 cells, moderate sensitivity in LM2 cells, and the lowest sensitivity in MDA-MB-231 cells. Comparatively, we found that the combination treatment is most synergistic in LM2 cells and least in BT-20 cells. To assess metastatic potential, we characterized changes in in vitro cell morphology after administering BPD-PDT alone. We discovered that sublethal doses of BPD-PDT alone reduce 3D single-cell and spheroid invasion in LM2 and BT-20 cells, suggesting a decrease in metastatic potential. In contrast, the combination treatment reduced spheroid invasion and led to a more significant increase in pro-apoptotic factors in LM2 and MDA-MB-231 cells compared to BT-20 cells. Overall, our findings highlight the distinct impacts of BPD-PDT alone and the synergistic effects of combination treatment on metastatic potential in TNBC.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1264-1278"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular safety of 222-nm far-ultraviolet-c full-room germicidal irradiation: A 36-month clinical observation.","authors":"Kazunobu Sugihara, Sachiko Kaidzu, Masahiro Sasaki, Sho Ichioka, Ichiya Sano, Katsunori Hara, Masaki Tanito","doi":"10.1111/php.14052","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ocular safety of 222-nm far-ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation, widely recognized for its germicidal properties, was evaluated in a clinical setting to assess its long-term health effects on the human eye. This prospective observational study involved a 36-month follow-up of physicians working in an ophthalmic examination room equipped with 222-nm UV-C lamps. Initially, a 12-month observation showed no signs of acute or chronic ocular damage. To further substantiate these findings, the study period was extended to 36 months, during which four participants underwent regular ocular examinations, including assessments of visual acuity, refractive error, and corneal endothelial cell density. The irradiation dose was meticulously controlled to remain within the previous threshold limit of 22 mJ/cm² over an 8-h period, as advised by the ACGIH prior to 2022. Results indicated no significant changes in these parameters, suggesting no clinically significant ocular hazards associated with prolonged exposure to 222-nm UV-C irradiation under real-world conditions. Additionally, no delayed side effects, such as pterygium, keratopathies, or cataracts, were observed. Our study supports the safe use of 222-nm UV-C for microbial disinfection in occupied environments and provides a robust foundation for updated safety guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1343-1349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12466086/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive reanalysis of light fluence distribution in pleural photodynamic therapy using standardized anatomical coordinates.","authors":"Hongjing Sun, Michele M Kim, Yi Hong Ong, Andreea Dimofte, Sunil Singhal, Theresa M Busch, Keith A Cengel, Timothy C Zhu","doi":"10.1111/php.14063","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown promise as an adjuvant treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma when combined with surgical resection. Accurate light dosimetry is critical for treatment efficacy. This study presents an improved method for analyzing light fluence distribution in pleural PDT using a standardized anatomical coordinate system and advanced computational modeling. We utilized an infrared navigation system with an improved treatment delivery wand to track light delivery in real-time. The human chest cavity geometry was reconstructed and the pleura was mapped to a standardized coordinate system, allowing for direct comparisons across patients. Light fluence was calculated using both primary and scattered components, with a novel dual correction method applied to match measured values at detector locations. The standardized approach allowed for statistical analysis of light fluence distribution across anatomical regions in a cohort of 11 patients. Results showed acceptable light fluence uniformity with a standard deviation of 6.6% from the prescribed dose across patients. This comprehensive analysis provides insights for optimizing treatment protocols and lays the groundwork for future studies on singlet oxygen generation and its correlation with treatment outcomes in pleural PDT.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1165-1176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12277481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143009750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photodynamic priming overcomes platinum resistance from short-term exposure to select perfluoroalkyl substances in endometrial cancer cell lines.","authors":"Brittany P Rickard, Lauren A Sapienza-Lundie, Marta Overchuk, Xianming Tan, Victoria L Bae-Jump, Melinda S Yates, Suzanne E Fenton, Imran Rizvi","doi":"10.1111/php.14073","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>First-line treatment for advanced-stage or recurrent endometrial cancer consists of platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy, to which many patients will develop resistance. Determining the factors that contribute to platinum resistance and developing alternate treatment options for patients with advanced-stage gynecologic malignancies is critical to improving survival outcomes. Recently, we published the first study evaluating the contribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure to platinum resistance in endometrial cancer cell lines and found that select PFAS induce carboplatin resistance, potentially by dysregulating mitochondrial function. The present study expands upon those findings by examining the efficacy of photodynamic priming (PDP) in combination with carboplatin to overcome PFAS-induced platinum resistance. Due to the suspected role of mitochondrial dysfunction in platinum resistance, two clinically approved photosensitizers that, in part, localize to mitochondrial membranes or are synthesized in mitochondria were evaluated: benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) and aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX (ALA-PpIX), respectively. Combination of ALA-PpIX-mediated PDP + carboplatin resulted in a greater reduction in survival fraction than the same combination with BPD. While PDP with both photosensitizers reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, the reduction was greater with BPD-PDP than ALA-PpIX-PDP. These findings demonstrate that BPD-PDP and ALA-PpIX-PDP in combination with carboplatin can be used to overcome PFAS-induced platinum resistance in endometrial cancer cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1177-1198"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12355225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced antibacterial effect of blue light in combination with an Amazonian tree sap (Croton lechleri).","authors":"Dieter Manstein, Vanessa Silebi","doi":"10.1111/php.14061","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the United States, 8.2 million patients suffer from non-healing wounds which are often infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Blue light (BL) and Sangre de Drago (Croton lechleri, SD) have potent mechanisms of antibacterial action through free radical formation and anti-biofilm effect, respectively. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the enhanced antibacterial effect of a novel combination treatment consisting of blue light and Sangre de Drago. Preliminary dosimetry measurements for effective SD concentration (5%) and 415-nm blue LED light fluence (125.3 J/cm² with a standard variation of 5 mW) were performed. E. coli K-12 (volume 0.1-mL, concentration 2 × 10⁵CFU/mL) was applied to each of 32 tryptic soy agar (TSA) plates. Inoculated TSA plates were separated into four groups: (1) no treatment (Control), (2) treatment with SD only, (3) treatment with blue light (BL) only, and (4) treatment with both SD and BL. Plates were incubated for 12 h at 37°C. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were analyzed using Image J software and count, size and overal TSA plate coverage were quantified. The median CFU count was highest in the Control group (157.9, interquartile range [IQR]: 112.0-157.9), followed by SD-only (60.5, IQR: 51.6-93.6), BL-only (33.7, IQR: 23.6-45.2), while no bacterial growth was observed in the combination treatment group (0, IQR: 0-0). The median CFU size was largest for control (0.44 mm², IQR: 0.35-0.59 mm²), followed by BL-only (0.28 mm², IQR: 0.19-0.43 mm²) and SD-only (0.16 mm², IQR: 0.11-0.23 mm²). BL-only caused a marked reduction in total CFU count, while the median CFU size was only moderately decreased compared to Control. The significant reduction in CFU count may be due to the bactericidal action of BL on bacteria. Conversely, SD-only caused just a moderate decrease in CFU count but had the largest decrease in median CFU size, indicating a possible strong bacteriostatic mechanism of action by SD. The combination of BL and SD resulted in no bacterial growth. The Bliss independence model demonstrated a Bliss synergy value of 0.04 indicating low synergy between the two treatments, even though its presence was significant (p = 0.001). This initial investigation on the combination treatment using 5% SD and 415-nm BL demonstrates synergy resulting in an enhanced antibacterial effect compared to each treatment alone. Further investigation and validation of these results is required. If validated, this novel combination approach may be translated to clinical practice to help treat chronic wounds infected with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, using non-traditional antimicrobial agents that bypass the most common bacterial mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1350-1360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12466101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143753806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photodynamic therapy mediated by silver-chlorophyllin nanoparticles induced an apoptotic anti-breast cancer activity and sunlight-mediated Musca domestica pesticide and larvicide activities.","authors":"Sara A Abdel Gaber, Mohamed A Aly, Amany Mokhtar, Mahmoud H Abdel Kader","doi":"10.1111/php.14103","DOIUrl":"10.1111/php.14103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an attractive therapeutic and pest-controlling modality. This study aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles capped with copper chlorophyllin (AgNPs-CHL) and examine their anti-breast cancer, Musca domestica pesticide, and larvicidal activities. Silver nitrate was the precursor, and CHL was the capping agent. Nanoparticles were characterized using UV-VIS, TEM, XRD, and zeta sizer. The anticancer activity against MDA-MB-231 cells was examined by MTT assay, and flow cytometry was applied to study the mode of cell death. Nanoparticle cellular internalization was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscope. The same nanoparticles were fed to adult Musca domestica followed by sunlight exposure, and the lethality was quantified. Furthermore, the nanoparticles were fed to Musca domestica larvae followed by sunlight illumination, and the number of dead larvae was counted over 24 h. Results revealed success in synthesizing spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of 25 nm. AgNPs-CHL-induced apoptotic cell death in MDA-MB-231 and were sufficiently internalized within the cytoplasm. Sunlight exposure following 24 h of feeding resulted in 60% death of the adult Musca domestica and 75% death of the larvae. This is the first study to demonstrate the multi-activities of the synthesized AgNPs-CHL and encourages further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20133,"journal":{"name":"Photochemistry and Photobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1251-1263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143993732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}