Plant disease最新文献

{"title":"Evidence for an Asian Origin of Sorghum Mosaic Virus Infecting Sugarcane in Louisiana and the Western Hemisphere.","authors":"Dimitre Mollov, Samuel Grinstead, Kathryn Warnke, Michael Grisham, Anna Hale, Jean Heinrich Daugrois, Philippe Roumagnac, Philippe C Rott","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2359-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2359-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three viruses causing mosaic-like symptoms in sugarcane and related grasses, namely, sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), and sugarcane streak mosaic virus, have been reported in Louisiana since 1919. In this study, complete genome-coding sequences (9168 to 9240 nt) were obtained for mosaic viruses from 36 symptomatic leaf samples of cultivated and wild sugarcane and one sample of silver grass. These samples represented historical diseased plants that were collected in Louisiana from the 1940s to the early 2020s. SrMV sequences were obtained from 35 sugarcane samples, whereas an SCMV sequence was recovered from one. Miscanthus sinensis mosaic virus was identified in the silver grass sample. Virus populations of SrMV from the United States and from China differed based on phylogenetic investigations of the complete genome-coding sequence of 59 virus isolates. Recombination events and the greater diversity of SrMV in China suggested that the virus occurring in the United States originated from Asia. All SrMV isolates from the Americas (Argentina, Louisiana, Paraguay, and Texas) also grouped together in a phylogenetic tree based on the coat protein sequence of 683 worldwide virus isolates. These isolates of the Western Hemisphere differed from the isolates from Asia (China, Myanmar, and Vietnam). The isolates of SrMV from the United States, including pathogenic strains H, I, and M, belonged to the same phylogenetic lineage, thus suggesting that the pathogenic variation of the virus needs further investigations and application of strict quarantine measures to avoid further spread of SrMV among sugarcane-producing locations.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"1944-1949"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcription Factors HmeWRKY33 and HmeWRKY51 Regulate the Susceptibility of Pitaya to Canker Disease.","authors":"Rongzheng Luo, Rong Zhang, Jiaxuan Chen, Shujun Peng, Irfan Ali Sabir, Zhaoqing Li, Liangfang Wu, Guibing Hu, Kamran Shah, Yonghua Qin","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-08-24-1589-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-08-24-1589-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pitaya canker disease, caused by <i>Neoscytalidium dimidiatum</i>, is the primary threat to pitaya cultivation, significantly compromising fruit quality and reducing yield. WRKY transcription factors are essential regulators in plant pathogen recognition and defense mechanisms, yet their specific roles in the development of pitaya canker disease remain largely unexplored. In this study, five genes (<i>HmeWRKY33</i>, <i>HmeWRKY51</i>, <i>HmePR1</i>, <i>HmeHsp70</i>, and <i>HmeSERK</i>) associated with pitaya canker disease were identified through RNA-Seq analysis. The expression levels of <i>HmeWRKY33</i> and <i>HmeWRKY51</i> were upregulated following <i>N. dimidiatum</i> infection. Transient transformation revealed that these five genes negatively influenced the resistance of <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> leaves to canker disease while promoting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and inducing cell death. Yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase reporter assays revealed that HmeWRKY33 directly activated the expression of <i>HmeSERK</i>, while HmeWRKY51 directly inhibited the expression of <i>HmePR1</i> and <i>HmeHsp70</i>, coparticipating in regulating the susceptibility of 'Youcihuanglong' pitaya to canker. These findings provide a theoretical basis for breeding new canker-resistant pitaya varieties through genetic transformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"1853-1864"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143067290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peony Physiological Index, Interleaf Microbial Diversity, and Transcriptome Response to <i>Erysiphe paeoniae</i> Infection Stress.","authors":"Xiaojing Liu, Lianrong Feng, Zhanbin Wang, Qian Bai, Muhammad Sabir","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-09-24-1984-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-09-24-1984-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peony (<i>Paeonia lactiflora</i> Pall.), an important ornamental and medicinal plant, has been severely damaged by the prevalence of powdery mildew, affecting its cultivation and breeding. To ascertain the response mechanism of peony to powdery mildew infection, we examined the microbial diversity, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and antioxidant enzyme activities of mildly diseased leaves (DL) and healthy leaves (HL) in peony, and transcriptome sequencing in DL and HL was performed. The results showed that the MDA content rose as the degree of infection became worse, while antioxidant enzyme activities increased first and then decreased. Following the occurrence of powdery mildew, fungal community diversity decreased, whereas there was not any significant change in bacterial communities according to microbial diversity sequencing. A total of 1,187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the transcriptome sequencing. Among them, 461 downregulated DEGs were mainly involved in response to multiple stress factors and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and 726 upregulated DEGs were mainly involved in ribosomal structure, sugar metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein translation, and the biosynthesis of terpenoid and polyketides. Furthermore, the pathway involved in plant-pathogen interactions and various disease-resistance transcription factors are crucial in the peony defense mechanism against powdery mildew infection. Overall, during the infection of powdery mildew, significant changes occur in the antioxidant capacity and fungal community diversity of peony leaves, while the synthesis of various proteins is also inhibited. In addition, peony may activate various defense reactions and enhance the biosynthesis of antimicrobial compounds by regulating disease-resistance transcription factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"1879-1889"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Xanthomonas citri</i> pv. <i>lagerstroemium</i>, Description of a New Pathovar Causing Leaf Spot on Crape Myrtle.","authors":"Izabela Moura Duin, David F Ritchie, Evan Braswell, Jennie Ruth Fagen","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-09-24-2009-SC","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-09-24-2009-SC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial leaf spot caused by <i>Xanthomonas</i> was reported in 2014 as a new disease of crape myrtle. Unfortunately, this foundational strain was lost, preventing further experimentation, sequencing of the genome, and phylogenetic analysis. This work describes a collection of <i>Xanthomonas</i> strains isolated from angular leaf spot lesions on crape myrtle in North Carolina from 2014 to 2023. This study includes full reference genomes as well as refulfillment of Koch's postulates. Genomes were obtained with hybrid whole genome sequencing using Illumina and Nanopore and assembled to develop robust genomic resources for these disease-causing strains. The completed genomes support inclusion of the strains in the <i>X. citri</i> species group; however, both phylogenetic analysis and the identification of a novel plant host suggest the creation of the new pathovar <i>Xanthomonas citri</i> pv. <i>lagerstroemium.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"1843-1847"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance Development to Procymidone and Boscalid in <i>Alternaria alternata</i> Causing Black Spot Disease on <i>Fritillaria thunbergii</i>.","authors":"Jiling Wang, Liyan Zhu, Chuan-Qing Zhang","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-12-24-2638-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-12-24-2638-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Fritillaria thunbergii</i> is a valuable medicinal plant threatened by black spot disease caused by <i>Alternaria alternata</i> for which application of fungicides is the primary strategy. However, the detection and characterization of fungicide resistance status in <i>F. thunbergii</i> has not yet been reported. A total of 106 and 128 single-spore isolates of <i>A. alternata</i> were recovered in 2015 and 2021, respectively, from 52 and 56 <i>F. thunbergii</i> fields located in Jinhua, Wenzhou, Hangzhou, and Ningbo, where 90% of <i>F. thunbergii</i> is produced. In 2015, moderate resistance to procymidone (Pro^MR), a dicarboximide fungicide that has been applied for more than 10 years, was detected at a rate of 23.6%, and the resistance frequency increased to as high as 44.5% in 2021. For the SDHI boscalid, the EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.013 to 0.976 μg/ml, with the baseline EC₅₀ value of 0.57 ± 0.29 μg/ml in 2015, while the sensitivity profile showed prominent characteristics of a disruptive distribution, with a resistance frequency of 22.6% in 2022. Positive cross-resistance was observed between procymidone and iprodione (ρ = 0.897, <i>P</i> = 0.000) and between boscalid and pydiflumetofen (<i>ρ</i> = 0.937, <i>P</i> = 0.000). No fitness penalty in growth, sporulation, germination, or pathogenicity was found for the Pro^MR or the boscalid-resistant (Bos^R) isolates. P894L of <i>O</i>s<i>1</i> was observed in all the tested Pro^MR isolates, and the double point mutation (P894L + S1277L) was detected in 33.3% of the Pro^MR isolates. Four types of mutations in <i>Sdh</i> (G14W in <i>Sdh</i> B, V181G in <i>Sdh</i> D, A47T in <i>Sdh</i> D, and G14W in <i>Sdh</i> B + A47T in <i>Sdh</i> D) were found in the Bos^R isolates.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"1959-1965"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Hordeum jubatum</i>: An Alternative Host for Fungal Pathogens Attacking Cultivated Barley.","authors":"Oadi Matny, Michael D Miller, Brian Joel Steffenson","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-03-25-0472-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-03-25-0472-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wild grasses can serve as hosts for plant pathogens that attack small grain cereal crops, thereby perpetuating the disease cycle and potentially initiating epidemics. Foxtail barley (<i>Hordeum jubatum</i>) is a perennial grass species that is common across North America and can often be found growing near cultivated barley fields. Despite the close proximity of the two plant species in agroecosystems, few studies have been advanced to characterize the compatibility of <i>H. jubatum</i> to barley pathogens and its possible role in disease epidemiology. The objective of this study was to assess whether <i>H. jubatum</i> can act as a host to seven fungal pathogens causing diseases of barley. A collection of <i>H. jubatum</i> accessions (<i>n</i> = 100) collected from sites in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and North Dakota in the United States and Manitoba in Canada were inoculated at the seedling or adult plant stage in the greenhouse with isolates of <i>Drechslera</i> <i>teres</i> f. <i>teres</i> (causal pathogen of net form net blotch), <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> (spot blotch), <i>Puccinia graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> (stem rust), <i>Blumeria graminis</i> f. sp. <i>hordei</i> (powdery mildew), <i>Puccinia striiformis</i> f. sp. <i>hordei</i> (stripe rust), <i>Puccinia hordei</i> (leaf rust), and <i>P</i>. <i>coronati-hordei</i> (crown rust). None of the accessions showed any visual signs of infection when challenged with <i>B</i>. <i>graminis</i> f. sp. <i>hordei</i> and <i>P. hordei</i>. In contrast, from 97 to 100% of evaluated accessions were infected by <i>D. teres</i> f. <i>teres</i>, <i>B. sorokiniana</i>, <i>P. graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i>, <i>P. striiformis</i> f. sp. <i>hordei</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>coronati-hordei</i>. The relative degree of compatibility of <i>H. jubatum</i> to these latter five pathogens ranged from low (similar to resistant barley) to high (similar to susceptible barley). These results demonstrate that <i>H. jubatum</i> can be infected by isolates of important barley pathogens but typically not with the same degree of compatibility as susceptible barleys. Nevertheless, when infected plants of <i>H. jubatum</i> are growing near barley fields, they could serve as reservoirs of inoculum to initiate some diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"1966-1975"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Hemp and Wheat <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> Populations.","authors":"Henry Smith, Ed Dixon, Misbakhul Munir, Nicole A Ward Gauthier","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2452-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2452-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fusarium head blight (FHB) has emerged as one of the most important diseases of hemp in the United States. The disease has been documented in four of five diagnostic regions and results in extensive blighting of flower and grain heads. Because of production similarities between grain hemp and agronomic crops, hemp is likely to be rotated with crops such as wheat as acreage increases. As a result of the near 50-year hemp production ban and the different selection forces encountered in hemp and wheat production systems, it was hypothesized that hemp and wheat isolates of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> might have phenotypic differences. To test this hypothesis the growth rate, sporulation, fungicide sensitivity, pathogenicity to hemp and wheat, and deoxynivalenol contamination of 12 isolates originating from FHB symptomatic hemp and wheat in Kentucky were compared. The isolates did not statistically differ in any trait examined in this study. However, isolates tended to be slightly more aggressive on their host of origin in pathogenicity tests. The ability of <i>F. graminearum</i> to cross-infect and cause high levels of disease regardless of host of origin could result in a buildup of inoculum that could be problematic from an FHB management perspective in both hemp and wheat production.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"1976-1982"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Effect and Water-Dispersible Tablet of Propamidine and Flusilazole Against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>.","authors":"Yonghui Qiao, Guanyou Xu, Xiaoxiao Liu, Zhiqing Ma, Juntao Feng, Guangyou Chen, Yong Wang","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-01-25-0153-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-01-25-0153-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Propamidine exhibited potent fungicidal activity against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, and it has no cross-resistance with other commercial fungicides. In this work, propamidine and flusilazole were combined to obtain synergistic effects against gray mold and delay the development of fungicide resistance. The results suggested that the optimal synergistic ratio (SR) of propamidine (Pro) to flusilazole (Flu) was 4:1, with an SR of 2.07. Based on this ratio, the optimized formulation of 50% Pro ⋅ Flu (4:1) water-dispersible tablet (WDT) comprised 40% propamidine, 10% flusilazole, 4% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 8% benzalkonium chloride, 7% glucose, and sufficient silica to achieve a total of 100%. The WDT met the standards for active ingredient content, suspension rate, disintegration time, heat stability, and other relevant indicators. Importantly, the WDT at 200 μg/ml displayed more than 80% preventive and curative activity, which was comparable to that of propamidine or flusilazole at 400 μg/ml in controlling gray mold. In field trials, the efficacy of WDT was significantly higher than that of the single fungicide at the equivalent dosage. This formulation could dramatically reduce the dosage of flusilazole and alleviate the pressure of screening pathogenic fungi and the risk of plant pathogens developing resistance to fungicides, ultimately decreasing the total use of pesticides and environmental pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"1930-1936"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Isolate Containing A134T Amino Acid Substitution in the Movement Protein Enhanced Symptom Severity in Tomato Plants.","authors":"Ori Molad, Diana Leibman, Neta Luria, Noa Sela, Elisheva Smith, Oded Lachman, Meital Reches, Aviv Dombrovsky","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-07-24-1533-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-07-24-1533-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a seedborne, soilborne, mechanically transmitted tobamovirus infecting tomato plants worldwide. Tobamovirus-contaminated soil occurring after a growth cycle of infected crops constitutes a primary source of infection for newly planted seedlings, severely affecting crops under the common practice of monoculture farming. For our studies of interrelationships between ToBRFV-infected plants and virus preservation in soil, we have grown ToBRFV-inoculated wild tomato species for 5 months and analyzed ToBRFV preservation in soil after plant removal. Soil virion RNA subjected to a high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed the presence of a single isolate with 99.92% similarity to wildtype (WT) ToBRFV. The isolate recovered from the soil contained one nonsynonymous mutation at the movement protein resulting in A134T amino acid substitution. ToBRFV-A134T was stable in <i>Tm-2</i>^<i>2</i>-resistant tomato plants (e.g., cv. Ikram), and in coinoculation experiments with ToBRFV-WT, both isolates were present. The effect of ToBRFV-A134T on tomato plants was studied in comparison with ToBRFV-WT infections. Whereas ToBRFV-WT-infected plants showed mottling-mosaic leaves occasionally associated with shoestring-like symptoms, ToBRFV-A134T-infected plants' leaves showed severe shoestring-like symptoms and unique fern-like leaflets on shoestring-like leaf backbones. Analyses of genes involved in shoestring-like symptoms in <i>Tm-2</i>^<i>2</i>-resistant tomato plants by RT-qPCR revealed differential relative expression of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6b, Dicer-like 4, and Dicer-like 2b in ToBRFV-WT-infected Ikram plants compared with ToBRFV-A134T-infected plants. The results may indicate that different mechanisms are involved in the regulation of severe shoestring-like symptoms induced by ToBRFV-A134T compared with symptoms induced by ToBRFV-WT.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"1901-1912"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flutriafol Drench Provides Season-Long Protection of Boxwood Plantings Preinfected by <i>Calonectria pseudonaviculata</i> in the Mid-Atlantic.","authors":"T Michael Likins, Billy Davis, Patrick Anderson, Blake M T Gillis, Chuanxue Hong","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-12-24-2731-SC","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-12-24-2731-SC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flutriafol drench application on 7 March without and with additional applications at 8- and 20-week intervals all consistently protected boxwood plantings preinfected by <i>Calonectria pseudonaviculata</i> in two gardens in Richmond, Virginia, through 21 November. All drench applications were dosed at 2-ml product with 42% flutriafol and delivered in 250-ml solution per 30.5-cm shrub height in both gardens. While providing season-long protection, this drench dose also resulted in significant phytotoxicity on 30.5-cm-tall 'Justin Brouwers' boxwood but not on English and common boxwood, which were 1.4 and 1.1 m tall, respectively. Once the phytotoxicity issue is resolved, only a single drench per year may suffice to protect boxwood plantings in the Mid-Atlantic, which would substantially cut the labor cost and minimize the health impacts commonly associated with current fungicide foliar sprays.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"1839-1842"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}