Plant disease最新文献

{"title":"Species-specific primers derived from comparative genomics for PCR detection of Verticillium species.","authors":"Jun Wang, Qian Wang, Amy Anchieta, Rui Chen, Xiaofeng Dai, Steven J Klosterman, Jie-Yin Chen, Krishna V Subbarao, Dandan Zhang","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-10-24-2227-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-24-2227-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Verticillium</i> is a small genus of ascomycete fungi containing ten species. Several of these species are destructive phytopathogens that cause vascular diseases on diverse crops including ornamentals in different regions of the world. Traditional methods of differentiating the species based on morphological characteristics can lead to misidentification. Although rapid PCR detection assays are available, there remains a lack of universal and accurate methods for the identification of the ten species. The aim of this research was to develop novel species-specific primers for the molecular detection of ten <i>Verticillium</i> species. The primers were designed based on screening of species-specific genomic regions. Among the ten primer sets tested, the detection limits ranged from approximately 0.1 ng to 1 ng of <i>Verticillium</i> DNA. The primer sets were further assessed on a collection of <i>Verticillium</i> strains from ten species. Additionally, DNA extracted from two plant species or soil samples infested with eight different species was employed to further validate the utility of these primers. These species-specific primers facilitate the rapid identification of <i>Verticillium</i> species.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Southern Blight on <i>Pogostemon cablin</i> Caused by <i>Agroathelia rolfsii</i> in Guangdong Province, China.","authors":"Xiang Lu, Xie Zheng, Liping Ye, Huiyu Huang, Huichan Chen, Jieshi Li, Li Luo, Qiuxian Yang, Kaikun Yang, Jingkang Zhou, Aimei Du, Hongfeng Li, Xionghui Yang, Wu Zhang","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-07-24-1466-PDN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-24-1466-PDN","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Patchouli (&lt;i&gt;Pogostemon cablin&lt;/i&gt; (Blanco) Benth.) is a perennial traditional medicinal herb belonging to the family &lt;i&gt;Lamiaceae&lt;/i&gt;, now widely cultivated in southern China. Due to its high yield of aromatic essential oil and various therapeutic uses, &lt;i&gt;P. cablin&lt;/i&gt; has been extensively used in the flavor and fragrance industries (Srivastava et al., 2022). In January 2024, southern blight was observed on &lt;i&gt;P. cablin&lt;/i&gt; in three cultivated fields (each approximately 5 acres) in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China. The average disease incidence was 21%, ranging from 13% to 28%. Infected plants displayed brown lesions on the cortex of the rhizome, which were covered with white mycelium. The mycelium gradually extended downward to the rhizomes, causing rhizome rots, as well as leaf yellowing and wilting. Brown sclerotia were scattered on the basal stems and surrounding soil surface. A total of twenty samples, including 10 symptomatic rhizomes and 10 sclerotia, were collected for the isolation of the causal agent. The samples were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 30 s, followed by 1% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, and then rinsed five times with sterile water before plating on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. After incubation at 25 °C in the dark for 4 days, twenty isolates with consistent phenotypes were obtained. The mycelia were white and fluffy with an average growth rate of 28.5 ± 0.79 mm/day (n=20). Sclerotia that formed after 10 days were spherical or oval, initially white and gradually turned to beige and dark brown. The sclerotia varied in size, with an average diameter ranging from 1.34 × 1.20 mm to 1.82 × 2.63 mm (av. 1.63 ± 0.19 × 1.72 ± 0.38 mm; n = 50), which is consistent with the previous studies (Huang et al., 2024; Liu et al., 2021). For molecular identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU) locus of three isolates (JH-1, JH-2 and IH-3) were amplified using primer pairs ITS1/ITS4, and LR0R/LR7 (White et al, 1990; Vilgalys and Hester 1990). Sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS: PP932408-PP932410 and LSU: PQ012582-PQ012584). Based on BLASTn analysis, ITS sequences of the three isolates showed 100% similarity to &lt;i&gt;Agroathelia rolfsii&lt;/i&gt; SD1 (MW221276). LSU sequences were 99% similar to the sequences of the &lt;i&gt;A. rolfsii&lt;/i&gt; strain AC (PP916497). Phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) with concatenated sequences of ITS and LSU showed that the isolates clustered in the clade of &lt;i&gt;A. rolfsii&lt;/i&gt; (Stamatakis 2014; Ronquist et al. 2012). Based on morphological and molecular characteristics, the causal agent was identified as &lt;i&gt;A. rolfsii&lt;/i&gt;. Koch's postulates were performed in a greenhouse maintained at 90% relative humidity and 28 ± 2 °C with a photoperiod of 12 h. Twenty healthy 2-month-old patchouli seedlings were planted in individual pots. The stems were pinpricked with sterile needles before ino","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungi associated with leaf spot diseases of potato in Guizhou Province, China.","authors":"Hong Tan, Dahui Wang, Lihong Li, Zhibo Zhao, Youhua Long, Xiaoping Hu, Rong Fan","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-08-24-1781-SR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-24-1781-SR","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since 2016, the leaf spot disease in Guizhou Province have become increasingly serious. This study aimed to identify and characterize the pathogenic fungi causing leaf spot disease in Qingzhen, Zunyi, Sandu and Libo, the four main potato production areas in Guizhou Province, China. Fourteen isolates of pathogenic fungi were obtained from potato leaf spot samples collected from the above four areas between 2020 and 2021, and were identified through morphological, phylogenetic and pathogenicity analyses. These 14 isolates belonged to four species of <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, <i>Colletotrichum chlorophyti</i>, <i>Nigrospora oryzae</i> and <i>Pestalotiopsis clavispora</i>, respectively. Among these, <i>A. alternata</i> accounted for the largest proportion of 64.3% of the pathogenic fungal isolates. In summary, this study identified multiple pathogenic fungi associated with potato leaf spot disease in Guizhou Province, China and first reported the infestation of <i>C. chlorophyti</i>, <i>N. oryzae</i> and <i>P. clavispora</i> on potato leaves.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report of <i>Enterobacter kobei</i> and <i>Enterobacter mori</i> Causing Ginger Bacterial Wilt in China.","authors":"Chunlin Wu, Zewen Zhang, Cece Qiao, Lin Zhu, Jianfei Wang, Cheng Zhou","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2459-PDN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2459-PDN","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is an important medicinal herb and vegetable in China. In August 2023, a severe outbreak of bacterial wilt of ginger plants (Tongling White Ginger) was observed in Yi'an District (30°45'N, 117°43'E) in Tongling City, Anhui Province, China. There were over 1,000 acres of Tongling white ginger, and the disease incidence rate in the field exceeded 30%. Symptomatic plants displayed browning and softening at the stem base. These symptoms resembled those caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and Enterobacter cloacae, known causal agents of bacterial wilt (Liu et al. 2021; Yu et al. 2003), suggesting that diverse pathogens might be involved in ginger bacterial wilt. To identify the causative agents, symptomatic plants were harvested from various ginger-cultivated fields. Ten symptomatic plants were randomly sampled from different locations, and decayed stem tissues were excised, surface-sterilized with 1% NaClO for 10 minutes, rinsed with sterile water, and ground. Serial dilutions of the supernatant were plated on nutrient agar (NA) medium and incubated at 28°C for 24 h. The 16S rRNA genes of purified isolates were amplified using primers 27F/1492R and sequenced (Weisburg et al. 1991). Taxonomic identification via BLASTn revealed that 56 isolates belonged to the genus Enterobacter. To further classify these isolates at the species level, the hsp60 gene was amplified (Hoffmann et al. 2003). Five isolates were identified as Enterobacter kobei, with 100% sequence similarity to E. kobei C5 (MN962751, 267/267 bp), and three isolates were identified as Enterobacter mori, with 100% sequence similarity to E. mori CX01 (CP055276, 294/294 bp). Specific primers for four housekeeping genes including gyrB, rpoB, atpD, and infB were also used for PCR amplification (Brady et al. 2013). Sequence analysis showed that all five E. kobei isolates shared identical sequences, matching E. kobei EK9 (MZ325275, 495/495 bp; MZ325277, 615/615 bp; MZ325278, 603/603 bp; MZ325276, 657/657 bp) at 100% similarity across these genes. Moreover, the three E. mori isolates were identical, with nucleotide sequence similarities of 97.19%, 99.21%, 99.67%, and 98.37% for gyrB, rpoB, atpD, and infB, respectively, to E. mori LMG 25706 (JX424992, 622/640 bp; JX425251, 625/630 bp; JX424862, 604/606 bp; JX425121, 602/612 bp). A representative isolate from each species, designated E. kobei EK02 and E. mori EM07, was selected, and gene sequences for hsp60 (PQ566999 and PQ567000), gyrB (PQ566991 and PQ566992), rpoB (PQ566993 and PQ566994), atpD (PQ566995 and PQ566996), and infB (PQ566997 and PQ566998) were deposited in the GenBank database, respectively. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on concatenated sequences of gyrB, rpoB, atpD, and infB, as well as hsp60, using the Neighbor-Joining method in MEGA (Alvarez et al. 2018). These phylogenetic analyses confirmed that EK02 clustered with E. kobei and EM07 clustered with E. mori. To confirm pathogenicity, EK02 and","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143676961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel ToBRFV cDNA full-length infectious clone provides insights on virus host range and inoculation strategies.","authors":"Mareike Johanna Rohde, Annette Niehl, Heiko Ziebell","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-08-24-1665-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-24-1665-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging virus threatening tomato cultivation worldwide. To facilitate research on ToBRFV, we constructed a full-length clone of the ToBRFV strain PV1241 (designated pJL89-ToBRFV) using Gibson Assembly. Agro-inoculation of the infectious clone caused systemic infection in different host plants, such as <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i>, <i>N. tabacum</i> 'Samsun nn' and <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> 'Linda'. Virions were produced in inoculated plants that were identical to those derived from the wild-type strain. Extracted virions were infectious on different host plants demonstrating that the infectious clone is able to produce viral RNA and viral protein in those host plants. A host range study was conducted using both agro-inoculation and mechanical inoculation using pJL89-ToBRFV-infected leaf material where <i>Physalis floridana</i> and <i>Claytonia perfoliata</i> were identified as hosts of ToBRFV. This infectious clone is an important tool for ToBRFV research and may be used to investigate virus-host interactions, for standardized infection assays of known or new hosts, for optimizing and standardizing resistance screens and for identifying virus control agents and/or attenuated virus strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potato Late Blight Control with a Botanical Product and Reduced Copper Applications.","authors":"Tomke Musa, Andreas Kägi, Haruna Gütlin, Sylvain Schnee, Josep Massana-Codina, Karen E Sullam","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-12-24-2582-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-24-2582-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potato late blight (PLB), due to the pathogenic oomycete, <i>Phytophthora infestans</i>, can cause extensive economic damage. Copper is used to combat PLB mainly in organic production, but its reduction or elimination as fungicide is a priority in Europe, and it is already banned in some countries. Alternative control strategies, including botanicals, could reduce copper and control PLB. We investigated the application of <i>Frangula alnus</i> bark, its sequential use with reduced copper, and reduced copper applications alone in field and lab experiments. Different dosages and preparations influenced <i>F. alnus</i> efficacy and the quantity of its posited active ingredients. Through in vitro and in planta experiments, we investigated whether <i>F. alnus</i> directly or indirectly controlled PLB. A bacterium (<i>Erwinia</i> spp.), originating from the <i>F. alnus</i> extract, colonized the media and caused most of the direct inhibition in vitro, but filtering out microorganisms had no effect on the extract's efficacy in planta. The contribution of extract-associated microorganisms to PLB control is unclear and requires additional experimentation to assess. The measured anthraquinones likely contributed to the effect of <i>F. alnus</i>. During four years of field experiments, the reduced copper and <i>F. alnus</i> treatments decreased disease severity in four and in three of the years, respectively, compared to the water control. No differences in disease severity or yield were observed between full and reduced copper treatments. Potato variety more consistently drove differences in total and marketable yields compared to the treatment. The yield was relatively stable within each year, suggesting that the treatment's effect on yield is intertwined with the timing of disease development and environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report of <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> Causing Gray Mold on <i>Cardamine violifolia</i> in China.","authors":"Lin Li, Wei Fu, Haiying Wan, Zhenxing Zhu, Qiaohui Zhang, Yuepeng Zhang, Hongqing Yin","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-09-24-1915-PDN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-24-1915-PDN","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cardamine violifolia, also known as Cardamine hupingshanensis, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family with wide distribution in several provinces in China, including Hubei, Gansu, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunan, Guangxi, and Guangdong. As a newly discovered selenium (Se)-enriched plant, C. violifolia is rich in MeSeCys and SeCys, contributing to its potential antioxidant properties (Wei et al. 2022). Se is an essential trace element for humans as a vital component of at least 25 selenoproteins involved in various physiological processes, including immune function and maintenance of antioxidant defense to avoid tissue damage (Gao et al. 2011). In April 2024, we observed an outbreak of gray mold disease on C. violifolia plants in Enshi (30°19'20.15''N; 109°28'20.25''E), Hubei Province, China, with an infection rate of 75%. The disease manifested initially as small, water-soaked spots on the leaves, which progressed to grayish-brown lesions, often forming a V-shaped pattern. Accompanied by developing a gray fungal coating, this disease leads to leaf withering and loss, significantly impacting plant health. Diseased leaves were collected from a plantation in Enshi, Hubei province to identify the causal agent. Tissues at the junction between healthy and diseased areas were excised, disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 seconds, followed by a 60-second immersion in a 0.1% mercuric chloride solution, and subsequently rinsed three times with sterile water for one minute each. Excess water was blotted away using sterilized filter paper before inoculating the samples onto the PDA medium and incubating them at 25°C. After three days, the edge hyphae of the growing fungal colonies were transferred to fresh PDA plates. This procedure was repeated every five days, transferring the mycelium from the growth edge to a fresh PDA medium until a pure strain was obtained. Three pathogenic bacteria strains were isolated by the tissue separation method, all displaying consistent morphological traits. One representative strain, designated CVES1-8, was chosen for further characterization. This strain was grown on a PDA solid medium at 28°C for six days. Initially, the mycelium was white and fluffy, gradually turning grayish-brown. Under microscopic examination, the mycelium was septate and branching irregularly. Conidiophores were observed at the apex, bearing clusters of conidia reminiscent of grapes. The conidia (n = 40) were colorless, monosporous, and ellipsoidal or oval, measuring 8-14 μm × 5-10 μm. For molecular identification, genomic DNA was extracted from CVES1-8. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification targeted the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), heat shock protein (HSP60), DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit (RPB2), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) genes using specific primers, the primers ITS1/4 (White et al. 1990), HSP60-F/HSP60-R, RPB2-F/RPB2-R, and G3PDH-F/G3PDH-R (Staats et al. 2005), respectively. BL","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rotten to the core: Challenges with postharvest disease management of fruit crops.","authors":"Daniela E Cárdenas, Christian Aguilar, Usha Bhatta, Collins Bugingo, Sarah Cochran-Murray, Romina Gazis, Timothy D Miles, Wayne Jurick, Rachel P Naegele, Lina Quesada-Ocampo, Lindsey Thiessen, Liliana M Cano","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-10-24-2263-FE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-24-2263-FE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postharvest losses are attributed to fungal and bacterial diseases that contribute significantly to food loss and waste. In addition, some of the pathogens produce mycotoxins which contaminate processed food products made from culls and fruit that are not fit for the fresh market. Since consumers expect fresh fruit year-round, coupled with demands for high quality and low residue levels, new research and tools are needed to combat decay. Hence, this review focuses on the latest advances in detection, control, and cultural practices that can be integrated or stand alone to help thwart rot caused by fungal and bacterial postharvest pathogens of fruit. While we have chosen a holistic, integrated approach to cover various aspects of postharvest decay control, the manuscript focuses on specific high value crops like citrus, apple, avocado and grapes. In these different crops, we discuss the significant impacts that have been made to understand aspects of pathogen biology, epidemiology, and control. Notwithstanding, postharvest disease management options for both conventional and organic markets is projected to continually increase and will require innovative solutions. We envision the integration of standard, conventional and novel technologies with the help of artificial intelligence to move the pace of discovery forward that manifest in paradigm shifting, long-term management solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valsa canker of apple in China: can host nutrition tame a devastating disease?","authors":"Xiaofei Liang, Youwei Du, Mingqi Zhu, Rong Zhang, Mark L Gleason, Guangyu Sun","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-08-24-1657-FE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-24-1657-FE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>China is the world's top apple producer, with 44% of the world's apple-producing area in 2022. However, apple production in China suffers from a devastating fungal disease known as apple Valsa canker (AVC). AVC causes severe tree damage and its control adds considerable labor and economic costs to growers. The traditional practice of surgically removing cankers does not prevent AVC recurrence. Eventually, AVC destroys tree vigor and leads to the abandonment of many orchards. Research on the etiology, pathogen infection biology and plant-pathogen interaction mechanisms of AVC has accelerated during the past two decades. Studies at Northwest A&F University have shown that potassium nutrient status significantly impacts AVC resistance and can be exploited to manage AVC. In this review, we summarize research advances on AVC and emphasize that sustainable AVC management should focus on disease prevention through improvement of tree health via both below-ground and above-ground measures. We discuss key factors related to tree health improvement and outline future basic and applied research needs relevant to sustainable AVC control.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of temperature, moisture, and wetness duration on the production of conidia and ascospores of <i>Glomerella cingulata</i> on diseased apple leaves.","authors":"He Wang, Ping Bi, Xing-Yi Li, Baohua Li, Na Liu, Weichao Ren, Sen Lian, Caixia Wang","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-08-24-1766-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-24-1766-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) caused by Glomerella cingulata (Colletotrichum spp.) is a devastating disease of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) in China. We evaluated the effects of temperature, moisture, and wetness duration on the production of conidia and ascospores on diseased leaves. The temperature required for producing conidia and ascospores by G. cingulata on diseased leaves ranged from 20 to 30°C, with an optimum of approximately 28°C. The pathogen on diseased leaves produced conidia and ascospores only when the leaves were wet or at RH=100%. Conidia could not form until the diseased leaves maintained wetness for at least 24 hours, and a modified Weibull model could describe the relationships between the number of conidia formed per cm2 of diseased leaves and temperature and wetness duration. The production of ascospores on the leaves infected by GLS required 20, 14, and 16 days of leaf wetness at 20, 25 and 30°C, respectively. The sporulation ability of G. cingulata on GLS leaves could last more than eight weeks. The half-life of sporulation or survival of the pathogen was 2.3 weeks when the diseased leaves were hung outdoors under natural conditions. Collectively, the sporulation of G. cingulata was a vital process affecting the occurrence and epidemic of GLS, and these results will provide valuable guidance for developing a model to predict the disease epidemics and establish effective control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}