Plant disease最新文献

{"title":"New insights into the epidemiology of frogeye leaf spot of soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.).","authors":"Oscar Pérez-Hernández, Mahesh Bashyal, Michael David Miller, Veresia Cloughly, Ethan Riley, Paul Price","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-03-26-0642-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-26-0642-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Frogeye leaf spot (FLS), caused by <i>Cercospora sojina</i>, is an important foliar disease of soybean in the United States, yet quantitative information describing FLS epidemic dynamics during soybean reproductive stages remains limited. This study characterized the temporal FLS progress under natural field conditions and evaluated disease risk using survival analysis. Field observations were conducted in university-managed soybean fields in northwestern Missouri during the 2017, 2019 and 2024 growing seasons, without artificial inoculation or fungicide application. Disease severity was quantified as lesion counts on tagged upper-canopy leaflets repeatedly photographed and analyzed over time. Disease progress was modeled using exponential, monomolecular, logistic, and Gompertz nonlinear growth models. Logistic and Gompertz models consistently provided the best fit. Apparent infection rates estimated from logistic models ranged from 0.10 to 0.19 across epidemics, and lesion accumulation showed evidence of density-dependent dynamics with progressive deceleration. Survival analysis estimated the time required for leaflets to reach a threshold of 40 lesions, corresponding to approximately 4 to 6% leaf area affected. Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that in 2017, the median time to reach this threshold was approximately 26 to 28 days after initial assessment, whereas in 2019, fewer than 50% of leaflets reached the threshold during the observation period. In 2024, disease development remained minimal, and lesions did not reach quantifiable levels. These results provide quantitative insights into FLS epidemics during soybean reproductive stages and highlight the value of integrating repeated field monitoring with nonlinear epidemic modeling and survival analysis to improve disease risk assessment and management decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149113517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broad Spectrum Activities of Essential Oils in the Lab Fail to Translate to Blueberry Disease Control for Organic Producers in the Field.","authors":"Wardatou Boukari, Yuru Chang, Caleb Burns Bollenbacher, Christ Mane Belizaire, Jonathan Oliver, Jeffrey G Williamson, Jeffrey K Brecht, Ali Sarkhosh, Philip F Harmon","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-12-25-2549-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-12-25-2549-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blueberry production in the southeastern United States is challenged by various fungal diseases, especially in organic systems. Essential oils (EOs), derived from plants, offer a potential sustainable alternative to synthetic fungicides. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of several EOs against key blueberry fungal pathogens including <i>Colletotrichum</i>, <i>Corynespora</i>, <i>Lasiodiplodia</i>, and <i>Neofusicoccum</i> isolates. While tea tree oil showed very limited antifungal activity, thyme, oregano, savory, and cinnamon oils demonstrated varying but promising antifungal activity against all fungal isolates in vitro. The EC₅₀ values varied significantly across the isolates and oils, with thyme and cinnamon showing the widest ranges (up to 692 and 636 μl liter^-1), while oregano and savory remained more consistent. In contrast, EO-based products failed to provide significant disease control compared with untreated controls in field trials. Additionally, concerns regarding phytotoxicity arose from repeated applications and higher concentrations. Other organic fungicides, such as polyoxin D zinc salt (OSO) and copper-based products, showed promise in vivo against anthracnose, but their overall effectiveness varied. These findings highlight the complexities of translating in vitro efficacy to field performance and emphasize the need for further research to optimize the use of EOs and other organic fungicides in blueberry production.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"PDIS12252549RE"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147675685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence, Distribution, and Genetic Diversity of the Cyst Nematode <i>Heterodera glycines</i> Infecting Red Kidney Beans in Shanxi Province, China.","authors":"Yibing Ma, Liyi Wang, Jingjing Geng, Yi Hu, Hailong Dong, Zengqi Zhao, Jianming Wang, Yumei Xu","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-12-25-2544-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-12-25-2544-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The soybean cyst nematode (<i>Heterodera glycines</i>) poses a significant constraint on the production of red kidney beans (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) in Shanxi Province, China. To elucidate its epidemiological dynamics and population genetics within this cropping system, we conducted field surveys from 2020 to 2022 across 11 counties in the primary red kidney bean-producing cities of Taiyuan, Xinzhou, and Lvliang. Our results revealed that <i>H. glycines</i> was detected in all surveyed counties, with cysts identified in 98.8% of the 164 field samples collected. Population densities ranged from 74.6 cysts per 100 g of soil in Kelan County (an epidemic hotspot) to 8.0 cysts per 100 g of soil in Yuanping County (baseline levels). Analysis of ITS rRNA gene sequences indicated that genetic variation predominantly occurred within populations (<i>Fst</i> [fixation index] = 0.12499; <i>Nm</i> [gene flow] = 1.7502), whereas significant genetic divergence was associated with different host plants (<i>Fst</i> = 0.25217; <i>Nm</i> = 0.7414). Phylogenetic and haplotype analyses further indicated that populations infecting red kidney beans formed a distinct cluster separate from those associated with other hosts. These findings highlight host adaptation as a key evolutionary driver and provide a critical foundation for targeted management strategies against <i>H. glycines</i> in red kidney bean production systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"PDIS12252544RE"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Xanthomonas citri</i> pv. <i>malvacearum</i> Can Disseminate Similarly from Both Cotton Bacterial Blight-Resistant and -Susceptible Cultivars Under Field Conditions.","authors":"Philip Adepoju, Jovana Mijatović Scouten, Paul M Severns, Kaitlyn Bissonnette, Robert Kemerait, Brian H Kvitko","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-01-26-0221-SC","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-01-26-0221-SC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cotton bacterial blight, caused by <i>Xanthomonas citri</i> pv. <i>malvacearum</i> (Xcm), reemerged in U.S. cotton production without evidence of new pathogen races. To test whether resistant cotton can act as an inoculum source, we conducted replicated field trials over two seasons using Xcm strains with distinct spontaneous antibiotic resistance markers facilitating source tracking from inoculated resistant and susceptible seed embedded within rows of susceptible and uninoculated plants. Xcm was recovered from uninoculated susceptible plants in both years, originating from both resistant and susceptible sources, with recovery highest early in the season and declining over time. Most isolations were from asymptomatic leaves, and rare seed-to-seed transmission from resistant plants was confirmed (0.13%). These findings provide field-based evidence that resistant cotton can asymptomatically harbor Xcm and potentially contribute to pathogen persistence.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"PDIS01260221SC"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147778249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen Dioxide Treatment Reduces the Viability of Seedborne <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> and the Transmission of <i>Peronospora effusa</i> in Spinach.","authors":"Samuel S Liu, Yong-Biao Liu, Amy Anchieta, Polly Goldman, Meghan Dyck, Krishna V Subbarao, Steven J Klosterman","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-11-25-2364-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-11-25-2364-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i>) seed trade has contributed to the spread of plant pathogens such as <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> and <i>Peronospora effusa</i>. <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> causes Verticillium wilt in a broad range of crops, including lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i>) and strawberry (<i>Fragaria</i> × <i>ananassa</i>). Verticillium wilt occurs only in spinach seed production fields and is not observed in spinach production fields as the crop is harvested well before symptom manifestation. In contrast, <i>P</i>. <i>effusa</i> exclusively infects spinach in production fields causing the destructive downy mildew. Managing these pathogens is challenging. Both pathogens survive in seeds, so efforts to minimize seed infestations are an important component of management. In this study, we examined nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) treatments against <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>effusa</i> in spinach seeds. Compared with untreated infested control seeds, treatments with 3% NO₂ for 3 days significantly reduced viable seedborne <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae</i> infestation by 60.7% as observed in grow-outs from whole seeds and reduced viable <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae</i> colonies by 91.0% when seeds were ground and plated on the semiselective NP-10 medium following seed treatment. The 3% NO₂ treatment eliminated the transmission of downy mildew from oospore-infested spinach seeds. Notably, NO₂ treatment also significantly enhanced seed germination. In contrast, SO₂ treatments (0.25 to 0.5% for 1 h) only reduced the viability of seedborne <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae</i> by 19.5 to 24.7% but reduced seed germination by 7.0 to 16.4%. These findings suggest that NO₂ treatment has potential as an effective treatment for controlling <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>effusa</i> in spinach seeds and for managing seedborne pathogens in other crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"PDIS11252364RE"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147778389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofumigant Activities Against <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> in <i>Brassica juncea</i>: Natural Variation, Evaluation, and Mechanisms.","authors":"Qingjing Ouyang, Kunjiang Yu, Wei Wan, Shaomin Guo, Hairun Jin, Xu Long, Zhongbin Yan, Entang Tian","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-11-25-2283-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-11-25-2283-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of biological control strategies for disease prevention and management is essential for sustainable agriculture. However, the lack of an effective screening system for biofumigant activities has notably hindered their widespread application. In the present study, we established an effective screening system for assessing biofumigant activities against <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i>, which was subsequently validated in mustard (<i>Brassica juncea</i> L.) lines. Among the mustard lines examined, the predominant individual glucosinolates (GSLs) identified were 2-propenyl (allyl) and 3-butenyl (butyl) GSLs. Notably, allyl GSLs exhibited nearly double the biofumigant activity compared with butyl GSLs. Furthermore, the total GSLs demonstrated a stronger correlation with biofumigant activities in these mustard lines, leading to the development of a rapid determination approach utilizing the palladium chloride method as a primary screening indicator. In response to the biofumigant activities derived from mustard, the mycelial growth of <i>S. sclerotiorum</i> was significantly inhibited. Furthermore, seven hub genes in <i>S. sclerotiorum</i> were identified by RNA sequencing analysis. This study not only established an effective screening system for biofumigant activities against <i>S. sclerotiorum</i> but also explored the underlying mechanisms, which may facilitate the broader promotion and application of biofumigation methods in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"PDIS11252283RE"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147778425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turnip Mosaic Virus Resistance-Breaking Strain in Canola: Symptomatology, Seed and Contact Transmission, Yield Losses, and Seed Germination.","authors":"Nuraizat Abidin, Martin J Barbetti, Ming P You, Roger A C Jones","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-11-25-2290-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-11-25-2290-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) causes serious yield-limiting diseases in <i>Brassica</i> crops, including the oilseed <i>Brassica napus</i> (canola). Further spread of TuMV's canola resistance-breaking strain poses a threat to global canola oilseed production. Isolate phenotyping found that, like isolate 12.1 from canola, isolate BRSB1 from <i>Brassica rapa</i> belongs to this resistance-breaking strain. New biological information was obtained on the responses of canola cultivars to infection with isolates BRSB1 and 12.1, including about symptoms they elicit in infected plants, their seed-to-seedling and contact transmission, and, for isolate 12.1, effects on yield-limiting parameters and seed germination. In 12/13 canola cultivars with diverse TuMV resistance traits, isolate BRSB1 reached lower virus concentrations and caused milder symptoms than isolate 12.1. However, because isolate BRSB1 overcame TuMV temperature-sensitive invasion resistance, it reached higher virus concentrations in cv. Scoop. Late TuMV symptoms in five cultivars included axillary shoot growth proliferation, flower abortion, pod discoloration, deformation and size reduction, and within-pod seed germination sometimes causing pod splitting. TuMV seed-to-seedling transmission was demonstrated unequivocally in canola. For isolate 12.1, its rate was enhanced from 0.1% when growing infected mother plants under natural light to 0.5 to 3.3% when growing them under artificial light, and to 2.4 to 3.5% when there was mixed infection with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Low rates (0.1 to 0.9%) of CMV seed-to-seedling transmission occurred following mixed infection. TuMV seed-to-seedling transmission rates of 0.3 to 1.5% were obtained with seed from isolate BRSB1-infected mother plants under natural light. Both TuMV isolates were contact-transmitted, which occurred more readily with abrasive-dusted leaves. Isolate 12.1 infection reduced average pod number per plant, total pod dry weight per plant, and individual dry weight per pod by 59, 84, and 62%, respectively. Seed yield loss per plant was 71% with pregerminated seeds included but 87% when they were excluded. When pregerminated seeds were included, yield loss resulted from fewer seeds, but, with pregerminated seeds excluded, individual seed weight reduction also contributed. Decline in seed germination rate during storage was faster with seeds from TuMV-infected plants. These findings concerning the biological properties of TuMV's canola resistance-breaking strain not only emphasize its potential to cause major losses to global canola oilseed industries but also provide important clues toward improving its management.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"PDIS11252290RE"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147675820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence and Relative Prevalence of Sugar Beet Yellowing Viruses in the United Kingdom Between 2019 and 2022.","authors":"Suzannah Harder, Rocky Payet, Mark Stevens, Tamas Dalmay","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-08-25-1798-SR","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-08-25-1798-SR","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Virus yellows disease (VY) is a global issue caused by a complex of virus species and affects sugar beet crops worldwide. Previous studies undertaken prior to the widespread use of neonicotinoid seed treatments had identified beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) as the predominant cause of the disease in the United Kingdom. Up-to-date knowledge of the causal agent(s) of this disease is important for the successful deployment of integrated pest management strategies, including the use of resistant sugar beet varieties. However, only a limited number of studies have been conducted into the epidemiology of VY in recent decades. The findings of this 3-year monitoring survey, utilizing a novel small RNA sequencing approach, suggest beet chlorosis virus (BChV) as the most prevalent virus associated with VY in the United Kingdom during this period. In comparison with conventional detection tools, the methodology described here permitted the detection of nontarget viruses including beet mosaic virus and beet cryptic virus, but no new causative agents of VY were identified.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"PDIS08251798SR"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147675728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Thiophanate-Methyl (Topsin M) on Reduction of Canker Development in Prune, Almond, and Avocado Orchards in California.","authors":"Yong Luo, John Lake, Jaime Ott, Becky Wheeler-Dykes, Richard Rosecrance, Dani M Lightle, Franz J A Niederholzer, Luke K Milliron, Victor M Gabri, Themis J Michailides","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-07-25-1408-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-07-25-1408-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After the turn of the twentieth century and the change in cultural practices to achieve high production, canker diseases of stone fruits and nut crops, caused by various fungal pathogen species, have become major problems, significantly impacting tree growth and fruit production in California. This study involved multiyear and multilocation field experiments to determine the efficacy of fungicide thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) on reduction of canker development in prune, almond, and avocado orchards. Treatments mainly included applications of Topsin M on pruning wounds and on main trunks and crotches of young trees. Different measurements to determine efficacy included canker severity, canker length, incidence of shoots, trunks or tree crotches showing canker symptoms, and the proportion of samples showing changes in canker situation before and after treatments. The overall results demonstrated that, with one exception, Topsin M significantly reduced canker development compared with the untreated control for all the experiments in all the three tree crops. The study strongly confirms the efficacy of thiophanate-methyl applications in these three tree crops to reduce risk of canker development and its usefulness in designing canker control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"PDIS07251408RE"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147463645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Clonostachys</i> Species Associated with White Mold Disease of Cultivated Morels in China.","authors":"Yongwei Wang, Muqing Bai, Qi Zhao, Luzhen Wang, Keling Liu, Rujia Liang, Wenlong Zhao, Yuanju Jin, Frederick Leo Sossah, Odeshnee Naicker, Chunlan Zhang","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-01-26-0201-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-01-26-0201-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Morels (<i>Morchella</i> spp.) are among the most widely cultivated edible mushrooms in China, but rapid expansion of production has been accompanied by rising incidence of white mold disease (WMD), reducing yields. Although more than 10 fungi have been reported associated with WMD, the diversity and distribution of causal agents remain unclear. In this study, 832 diseased fruiting bodies of <i>Morchella importuna</i>, <i>M. sextelata</i>, and <i>M. septimelata</i> were collected from 64 locations across 16 major morel-producing provinces in China. Sixty <i>Clonostachys</i> isolates were recovered and identified using morphological traits and multilocus phylogenetic analyses, confirming four species: <i>C. chloroleuca</i>, <i>C. farinosa</i>, <i>C. rosea</i>, and <i>C. solani</i>. Of these, <i>C. chloroleuca</i> and <i>C. farinosa</i> were reported for the first time on morels in China. <i>Clonostachys rosea</i> was dominant (81.7% of isolates), widely distributed, and induced mold symptoms in the pathogenicity test. In contrast, <i>C. chloroleuca</i>, <i>C. farinosa</i>, and <i>C. solani</i> showed comparatively lower frequencies and pathogenicity. These findings broaden the understanding of <i>Clonostachys</i> diversity associated with WMD and provide a foundation for developing integrated management strategies in commercial morel production.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":"PDIS01260201RE"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}