Plant disease最新文献

{"title":"Four antimicrobial compounds and ISR induction are involved in biocontrol of crown gall disease by the plant beneficial rhizobacterium <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> FZB42.","authors":"Xu Qin, Yueting Xiao, Qin Xiong, Wei-Liang Kong, Rainer Borriss, Zhaoliang Gao, Ben Fan","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-10-24-2085-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-24-2085-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crown gall disease (CGD), which is caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium, is a common plant disease that often results in significant economic losses. Biocontrol offers an environmentally friendly and sustainable method to control CGD. In this study, we investigated the biocontrol effect and mechanism of CGD in Japanese cherry trees by B. velezensis FZB42, a prototype strain of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). We found that the B. velezensis FZB42 mutants unable to produce one or a combination of four antimicrobial compounds (surfactin, macrolactin, bacilysin, and difficidin) significantly reduced their inhibitory activities against A. tumefaciens XYT-58 and their ability of controlling the occurrence of CGD. Using the purified compounds, we further demonstrated that bacilysin and surfactin can inhibit the growth of XYT-58 in vitro. Inoculation with B. velezensis FZB42 significantly increased the expression of genes related to the jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and salicylic acid (SA) pathways in cherry seedlings when they were infected with XYT-58. To our knowledge, this is the first report that bacilysin and difficidin can also suppress the growth of Agrobacterium. Furthermore, our results indicate that multiple antimicrobial compounds and induced systemic resistance (ISR) are involved in the biocontrol of CGD by B. velezensis. The mechanism elucidated here provides guidance for the development and application of this type of PGPR strain in the biocontrol of CGD.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143468794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yellow dwarf viruses: aphid transmission efficiency and cereal host range.","authors":"Narelle Nancarrow, Brendan Rodoni, Shu Kee Lam, Piotr Trębicki","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2523-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2523-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs) are transmitted by aphids and can significantly reduce grain yield in cereals worldwide. While barley yellow dwarf virus PAV (BYDV PAV) has long been present in Australia, the YDV species barley virus G (BVG) and barley yellow dwarf virus PAS (BYDV PAS) were reported for the first time more recently. Little data about the transmission and host range of BVG has been published worldwide, while epidemiological information about BVG and BYDV PAS in an Australian context is limited. Therefore, glasshouse experiments were conducted to examine the efficiency of the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), corn leaf aphid (<i>Rhopalosiphum maidis</i>), rose grain aphid (<i>Metopolophium dirhodum</i>) and Russian wheat aphid (<i>Diuraphis noxia</i>) to transmit BVG, BYDV PAS and BYDV PAV. BYDV PAS and BYDV PAV were transmitted at similar rates by each of the four aphid species. Although BVG was most efficiently transmitted by the corn leaf aphid, it was also transmitted, albeit less efficiently, by the bird cherry-oat aphid. Significantly, in our study, the corn leaf aphid transmitted BVG at a much higher rate (63%) using single-aphid inoculations than had previously been reported by others (7%). Varying levels of susceptibility were observed in host range experiments, and four additional BVG hosts were identified. Russian wheat aphid did not transmit any of the viruses examined. These results have implications for YDV management while also demonstrating the complexity and specificity of the relationships between YDVs, the aphids that transmit them and the plant hosts that they infect.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification, Characterization, Pathogenicity and Host range of <i>Slafractonia indigofera</i> sp. nov. (Dothidotthiaceae) causing Leaf spot disease of <i>Indigofera pseudotinctoria</i> in China.","authors":"Shan Xu, Wentao Wang, Sui Wang, Wanbin Sun, Meimei Fu, Shulin He, Hui Lyu","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-01-25-0104-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-25-0104-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indigofera pseudotinctoria is an economically important perennial shrub in southwestern China. In recent years, leaf spot disease on I. pseudotinctoria has been frequently observed in commercial fields and the forage germplasm repository in Shuanghe County, Rongchang District, Chongqing Municipality, China. The typical symptoms, primarily on leaflets, appeared as sunken, necrotic, oval, circular, or elongated dark brown lesions, with an average incidence of 37.46% in 2023 and 47.81% in 2024, respectively. Three representative isolates were obtained and identified based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the combined LSU, SSU and ITS sequences. The results revealed that Slafractonia is a new member of the family Dothidotthiaceae, and the isolates belong to a novel species closely related to Slafractonia leguminicola. Morphologically, the species is characterized by branched hyphae with septa and a lack of conidia, significantly differing from S. leguminicola in growth rate, hyphal size, the presence of sclerotia or microsclerotia, and spherule-like structures. Pathogenicity tests were confirmed by inoculating representative isolates on living leaves from seedlings and developing plants, as well as on detached leaves. Pathogenicity tests on four locally grown perennial legumes suggest a broad host range for the pathogen, not restricted to I. pseudotinctoria alone. As a result of the phylogenetic, morphological, GCPSR, and pathogenicity analyses, we propose Slafractonia indigofera as the name for this pathogen of I. pseudotinctoria in Chongqing, China.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid and simple detection of anilinopyrimidine resistance in <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> by combining recombinase polymerase amplification with the CRISPR/Cas12a assay.","authors":"Fei Fan, Min-Yi Wu, Hui-Qin Zhang, Guoqing Li, Chaoxi Luo","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2346-SR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2346-SR","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anilinopyrimidine (AP) fungicides have been widely adopted to control Botrytis cinerea since the 1990s. As a high-risk pathogen for the development of fungicide resistance, B. cinerea developed resistance to AP fungicides soon after their application. To ensure the proper use of these fungicides, it is necessary to establish a rapid and simple method for resistance detection. Our previous study demonstrated that the E407K mutation in Bcmdl1 was the major mutation conferring AP resistance in China. Based on the combination of recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and CRISPR/Cas12a nucleic acid detection assay (RPA/Cas12a detection assay), a simple method for the rapid detection of AP resistance was established by specifically identifying this resistance-related mutation. The new detection assay could precisely identify the E407K mutants from other mutants and wild-type isolates within 50 minutes, relying solely on a water/metal bath and a UV flashlight. Moreover, this assay could detect genomic DNA at concentration as low as 1.8 × 106 fg/μL, which is comparable with conventional PCR, indicating its high sensitivity. High specificity among different species were also observed in this assay. Above all, this assay was compatible with a two-minute DNA extraction method, implying its feasibility for field application. In conclusion, the RPA/Cas12a detection assay developed in this study is rapid and simple, making it an ideal method for AP resistance detection in local agencies and other points of care. Instant information on resistance monitoring can provide important guidance on resistance management.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the accuracy of <i>Xylella fastidiosa</i> molecular diagnostic tests in naturally-infected almond tree samples.","authors":"María Del Pilar Velasco Amo, Concepción Olivares-García, Miguel Román-Écija, Ester Marco-Noales, Juan A Navas-Cortés, Blanca Beatriz Landa Del Castillo","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-12-24-2568-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-24-2568-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a quarantine plant pathogen in the European Union, recognized as a high-priority pest due to its devastating cultural and economic impact on crops, ornamental plants, and landscape vegetation. The development and implementation of reliable, sensitive, and specific diagnostic methods for Xf detection are critical to ensure the production and trade of healthy plant material and to facilitate effective control measures, primarily aimed at eradication. Despite the availability of numerous detection protocols, their diagnostic parameters remain not precisely defined, and no universally accepted gold-standard protocol exists. This study compared the global accuracy and performance of six molecular assays using almond samples collected from naturally infected almond trees in the Alicante Demarcated Area, Spain. Additionally, the study evaluated the influence of plant sample type (leaf petioles versus woody chips) on diagnostic accuracy. Harper-qPCR and Li-qPCR assays demonstrated the highest sensitivity, with detection limits as low as 2.8-3 fg of Xf DNA. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) exhibited excellent sensitivity for woody chip samples, while Li-qPCR showed superior specificity across both tissue types. In contrast, Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) displayed lower detection limits and reproducibility compared to qPCR-based methods. Bayesian latent class models indicated that combining Harper-qPCR and Li-qPCR for petioles, or Harper-qPCR and ddPCR for wood samples, optimized diagnostic reliability by reducing false negatives, which is critical in buffer zones under eradication while maintaining high specificity. These findings emphasize the need for tailoring diagnostic protocols to the epidemiological context, balancing sensitivity and specificity to optimize surveillance schemes for Xf and to support effective phytosanitary management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virulence Dynamics of <i>Puccinia coronata</i> f. sp. <i>avenae</i> in 2023: Insights from the USDA's Oat Crown Rust Survey.","authors":"Erin Lynn Pfarr Moreau, Jakob M Riddle, Shahryar F Kianian","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2408-SR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2408-SR","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The USDA's annual oat crown rust survey provides critical insights into the pathogen's regional and temporal virulence patterns. In the 2023 survey, 238 single pustule <i>Puccinia coronata</i> f. sp. <i>avenae</i> (<i>Pca</i>) isolates from nine states were screened against 40 differential lines. Pathogen race diversity was high with 94.7% of races represented by a single isolate, similar to previous surveys. The two most common races were represented by 5 and 8 isolates and were exclusive to the Southern region of the United States which lacks the pathogen's alternate host. Mean number of virulences per <i>Pca</i> isolate was 24.6 with Northern region isolates having significantly more virulences than Southern Region isolates. <i>Pc94</i> is rapidly breaking down in the North, with 84% of Northern isolates virulent having increased from ~5% before 2021. Virulence to <i>Pc96</i> is also steadily increasing to about 50% in both regions. Virulence to twelve resistance genes is consistently greater than 90% signaling complete breakdown of resistance. There were a few regional virulence patterns in the data: For <i>Pc14</i> and <i>Pc40</i>, virulence is more common in Southern isolates, with 86 and 88% of Southern isolates virulent as compared to about 20% in Northern isolates. Virulence frequencies have decreased to ~60% of Southern isolates while remaining greater than ~90% in the north to <i>Pc45</i>, <i>Pc48</i>, <i>Pc52</i>, <i>Pc68</i>, and <i>Pc91</i>. Moving forward, the differential line set is being revised to reduce redundancy and increase relevance with newer genes, with the long-term goal of developing a complete set of near isogenic lines.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peony Physiological index, interleaf microbial diversity and transcriptome response to <i>Erysiphe paeoniae</i> infection stress.","authors":"Xiaojing Liu, Lianrong Feng, Qian Bai, Zhanbin Wang, Muhammad Sabir","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-09-24-1984-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-24-1984-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), an important ornamental and medicinal plant, has been severely damaged by the prevalence of powdery mildew, affecting its cultivation and breeding. To ascertain the response mechanism of peony to powdery mildew infection, we examined the microbial diversity, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and antioxidant enzyme activities of mild disease leaves (DL) and healthy leaves (HL) in peony, and transcriptome sequencing in DL and HL was performed. The results showed that the MDA content rose as the degree of infection became worse, while antioxidant enzyme activities increased first and then decreased. Following the occurrance of powdery mildew, fungal community diversity decreased, whereas there was not any significant change in bacterial communities according to microbial diversity sequencing. A total of 1187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the transcriptome sequencing. Among them, 461 down-regulated DEGs were mainly involved in response to multiple stress factors and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and 726 up-regulated DEGs were mainly involved in ribosomal structure, sugar metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein translation, and the biosynthesis of terpenoid and polyketides. Furthermore, the pathway involved in plant-pathogen interactions and various disease-resistant transcription factors are crucial in peony defense mechanism against powdery mildew infection. Overall, during the infection of powdery mildew, significant changes occur in the antioxidant capacity and fungal community diversity of peony leaves, while the synthesis of various proteins is also inhibited. In addition, Peony may activate various defense reactions and enhance the biosynthesis of antimicrobial compounds by regulating disease-resistance transcription factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Ganoderma adspersum</i>, the Cause of Extensive Wood Decay of Almond Trees in California Orchards.","authors":"Daisy Ahumada, Andrew 'Bob' Johnson, Felipe E S Cortez, Phoebe E Gordon, Catherine Mae Culumber, David Rizzo","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-03-24-0631-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-24-0631-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ganoderma adspersum, previously unreported in North America, was identified as the primary causal agent of root and butt rot-related failure in almond trees in California's Central Valley. This disease has been observed over approximately 340 km in California and in orchards spanning 5 to 20+ years old. The most common sign is reddish-brown basidiomata that develop at the base of the trees in the later stages of the disease. Ganoderma adspersum was isolated from the decayed wood of failed trees with the peach rootstock cultivar Nemaguard®. Rootstocks were inoculated with G. adspersum in a greenhouse setting and decay similar to naturally infected trees developed. The pathogen was reisolated from the inoculated plants, confirming pathogenicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The fermentation broth of <i>Streptomyces noursei</i> strain S86 as a potential biocontrol product for Fusarium crown rot of wheat.","authors":"Jing Wang, Chunli Xu, Wenqing Xiao, Miaomiao Wang, Xue Han, Yang Sun, Beibei Ge","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-10-24-2109-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-24-2109-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fusarium crown rot of wheat, caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum, significantly affects the yield and quality of wheat worldwide. Here, Streptomyces noursei strain S86 (herein referred to as S86), was evaluated for its biocontrol efficacy and biochemical characteristics. Strain S86 was found to secrete cellulase, amylase and other enzymes. Whole genome sequencing and LC-MS analyses confirmed that S86 could produce toyocamycin, nystatin, anisomycin, natamycin, and other antimicrobial metabolites. The fermentation broth of S86 inhibited the growth of F. pseudograminearum and had broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against Rhizoctonia cerealis, Cochliobolus sativus, Fusarium graminearum, and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis. A greenhouse experiment demonstrated that wheat seeds coated with S86 fermentation broth showed better control efficiency against Fusarium crown rot (68.33%), which was 22.63% higher than direct root irrigation with the S86 fermentation broth. These results indicate that S86 fermentation products have the potential to be developed as biological controls of Fusarium crown rot disease in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report of <i>Ralstonia pesudosolanacearum</i> Causing Bacterial Wilt of <i>Canna edulis</i> in China.","authors":"Jia Lin Qiu, KeJing Lin, YiFan Zhang, Xue Qing Cai","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-10-24-2174-PDN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-24-2174-PDN","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Canna edulis is a perennial herb, belonging to the Canna, Cannaceae. Native to South America and the West Indies, it was introduced into China in the 1950s, and widely planted in China (Liu et al, 2013). The planting area of C. edulis was about 20 hm2 in Datian town, Taining county, Sanming city, Fujian Province, China, and a new bacterial disease of Canna was found in July 2022, the disease incidence was about 20% in the field. The apical or middle leaves of the affected plants initially showed withering symptoms during the daytime and recovered at night. As the disease progressed, the whole plant withered, but the leaves' color remained green. Blackening and rotting of the roots and basal stem tissues were observed, leading to plant death (Figure S1). The transverse section of the basal stem or roots showed that the vascular tissues became brown, and when compressed, a milky whitish ooze could be observed. Eight bacterial strains (B1-B8) were isolated and purified from six diseased plants on nutrient agar medium (NA) by streak plate method. The pathogenicity of the isolated strains was tested by wounding inoculation on roots, that is, first, we cut off the roots of healthy Canna seedlings with a sterile knife (avoiding lumpy roots), and then watered 50 mL bacterial solution at a concentration of 3×108 CFU·mL-1 per seedling, took sterile water as a negative control, inoculated three plants with each bacterial strain, and repeated three times. The results indicated that the Canna seedlings wilted on the 6th day and began to die on the 14th day after inoculation, the symptoms were consistent with those in the field. The water treatment produced no symptoms. The bacterial strains whose colony morphology was similar to those of test strains were re-isolated on NA medium from inoculated plants, in which the colonies were irregular, milky-white with the production of sticky substances and strong motility. So, Koch's rule proved all the test strains as the causal pathogens of bacterial disease. The physiological and biochemical assays of eight bacterial strains were consistent with those of the control strains, R. pseudosolanacearum RS-5 and FQRS1. The 16S rDNA gene was amplified with the universal primer 27F/1492R (Lane, 1991), and the phylogenetic tree showed that the tested strains clustered with R. pseudoslanacearum (Figure S2A), indicating the test strains to be R. pseudoslanacearum. All the test bacteria could obtain two specific bands (280-bp and144-bp) by PCR amplification with composite primers [Nmult21:1F, Nmult21:2F, Nmult23:AF, Nmult22:InF, Nmult22:RR] (Fegan and Prior, 2005), and the bacterial strains could be identified as phylotype I (Asia group). In addition, the bacteria could use lactose, maltose, cellobiose, mannitol, sorbitol and dulcitol, according to the classification standard of Ralstonia biovar by Hayward (1964), the test bacterial strains could be identified as biovar III. PCR amplification of the endoglucanase gene (egl","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}