Plant disease最新文献

{"title":"Advances in detection and relative quantification of the cranberry false blossom disease-associated phytoplasma.","authors":"James J Polashock, Wei Wei","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-08-25-1779-SC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-25-1779-SC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>False blossom disease of cranberry can cause several symptoms, including flower distortion, leading to reduced fruit set and significant yield losses. The disease is systemic, incurable in affected plants, and primarily spreads via an insect vector. Historically, control efforts in the early 1900s employed effective insecticides and the release of resistant cultivars, but recent reemergence of false blossom calls for improved detection and management strategies. In this study, we present an enhanced diagnostic protocol targeting the phytoplasma responsible for false blossom disease, detectable in crude extracts from infected plants and the blunt-nosed leafhopper (BNLH, Limotettix vaccinii (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) vector. A Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay was designed for rapid, field-ready detection, while a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was developed to quantify pathogen loads across various cranberry genotypes and treatments. The diagnostic tools presented herein aim to advance early detection and management efforts, thereby mitigating the impact of false blossom disease on cranberry production.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative occurrence and seasonal variations of wheat-infecting viruses in Texas.","authors":"Ashrafou Ouro-Djobo, Ken Obasa, John Oladeji Oladokun, Mamoudou Sétamou, Maher Al Rwahnih, Olufemi Joseph Alabi","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-06-25-1277-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-25-1277-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wheat is a top 10 agricultural commodity in Texas, but there is limited understanding of the relative occurrence and seasonal variations of wheat-infecting viruses in the state. In this study, high throughput sequencing (HTS) was used to profile the wheat virome across the major production regions in Texas, including the Panhandle, Central, and the Southeast. From spring 2021 to spring 2023, a total of 101 wheat samples were obtained through field sampling visits and diagnostic submissions. Four total RNA pools from a subset of these samples (n = 33: 7-10 per pool) were subjected to HTS, generating complete or partial genomes of eight wheat-infecting viruses, including barley yellow dwarf virus PAV (BYDV-PAV), cereal yellow dwarf virus RPV (CYDV-RPV), High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV), triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), brome mosaic virus (BMV), wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), wheat Eqlid mosaic virus (WEqMV), and wheat umbra-like virus. Subsequent screening of all 101 samples using virus-specific primers revealed varying incidences of WSMV (74.3%), TriMV (68.6%), BYDV-PAV (13.6%), WEqMV (5.7%), HPWMoV (5.0%), BMV (3.0%), and CYDV-RPV (2.0%) across the three seasons. Mixed infections of two to four viruses were more prevalent (65.3%) compared to single infection (18.8%), with co-infections of two wheat curl mite vectored viruses (TriMV and WSMV) being the most common (40%). The study revealed a greater diversity of wheat-infecting viruses in Texas than previously reported and it confirmed WSMV and TriMV as the main etiological agents of wheat viral diseases in the state.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of <i>Aphelenchoides pseudobesseyi</i> on Soybean Growth and Yield in Colombia.","authors":"Óscar Adrián Guzmán-Piedrahita, Carolina Zamorano-Montañez, Horacio D Lopez-Nicora","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-01-25-0137-SC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-25-0137-SC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Colombia's Altillanura region, a soybean disease caused by the nematode <i>Aphelenchoides pseudobesseyi</i>, characterized by malformed leaves, thickened stem nodes, floral abortion, and reduced pod numbers, has led to significant yield losses. This study aimed to: (i) evaluate the damage caused by <i>A. pseudobesseyi</i> on soybean growth, and (ii) assess its impact on yield under semi-controlled conditions. A total of 238 soybean samples exhibiting characteristic disease symptoms were processed in the Nematology Laboratory at Universidad de Caldas, where <i>A. pseudobesseyi</i> was isolated and identified using morphological and molecular techniques. Two pathogenicity experiments were conducted with two treatments: inoculated plants (200 nematodes/plant) and non-inoculated control. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (<i>P</i> < 0.05) between treatments. Six days post-inoculation, 100% of the leaf primordia in inoculated plants exhibited malformations, followed by blistering and central vein twisting by day eleven. At 45 days, average nematode populations reached 2,351 and 2,807 per plant in experiment one and two, respectively. Infected plants exhibited reductions in aerial dry weight by 28.4% and 24.7%, and seed dry weight by 50.3% and 53.2%, compared to controls. This is the first study in Colombia to quantify yield losses caused solely by <i>A. pseudobesseyi</i> in soybean plants under controlled conditions. Understanding the impact of <i>A. pseudobesseyi</i> on soybean growth and yield is essential for developing effective management strategies to mitigate its effects and improve soybean productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance risk assessment of the novel SDHI fungicide fenopyramid in <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>: moderate resistance risk and synergistic strategies with DMIs.","authors":"Meng Cai, Zhenyuan Sun, Chunyan Yin, Awad M A Ateia, Wmww Kandegama, Qiong Chen, Zhenyu Wang","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-06-25-1253-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-25-1253-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fenopyramid is a new succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI), which will be soon launched on the market. Sensitivity detection and resistance risk assessment should be performed promptly to track the emergence of fenopyramid resistance and establish resistance management strategies. In this study, the sensitivity of 78 <i>R. solani</i> isolates to fenopyramid was evaluated, along with resistance risk, cross-resistance patterns, fitness costs, and resistance mechanisms in the lab. Three low-level resistant mutants and three high-level resistant mutants were obtained by repeated exposures of wild-type sensitive isolates to fenopyramid. The fitness in mycelial growth, mycelial biomass, and pathogenicity of the low-level resistant mutants were less than or similar to that of the parental isolate. There was no fitness cost in the high-level resistant mutants in comparison with that of the parental isolate. Fenopyramid had moderate to strong cross-resistance with commonly used SDHIs thifluzamide, boscalid, carboxin, flubeneteram, and non-SDHIs fluazinam. Overall, the results suggest that the resistance risk of <i>R. solani</i> to fenopyramid is moderate. Mixtures of fenopyramid with four DMIs showed synergistic effects. Therefore, it is recommended to mix fenopyramid with DMIs in a proper mass ratio to avoid and delay the development of fenopyramid-resistance. No mutations or significant expression changes were detected in the target-site genes <i>SDHA</i>, <i>SDHB</i>, <i>SDHC</i>, and <i>SDHD</i>. Other nontarget-related resistance mechanism may be responsible and require further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-pathological validation of weed preferences as reservoirs for tomato yellow leaf curl virus and whitefly.","authors":"Marjia Tabassum, Thuy Thi Bich Vo, Nattanong Bupi, Amir Qureshi, Hyo-Jin Im, S M Hemayet Jahan, Kyeong-Yeol Lee, Chang-Seok Kim, Sukchan Lee","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-07-25-1463-RE","DOIUrl":"10.1094/PDIS-07-25-1463-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Weeds provide essential habitat for various agricultural pests and plant pathogens, making them a persistent threat to crop production. In the absence of their primary hosts, weeds serve as alternative reservoirs for pathogens, enabling pests to complete their life cycle and survive under adverse conditions. The sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), a major global agricultural pest, sustains its population by utilizing diverse host plants, including weeds, which facilitate its migration to crops. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a highly destructive plant virus with significant economic implications. It has a broad host range, including non-cultivated plants and weeds. This study analyzed naturally growing weeds for TYLCV, tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), and whitefly infestation. Among 37 weed species comprising 93 individual plants from 16 families tested, 21 supported whitefly proliferation, 16 tested positive for ToCV, and 24 were infected with TYLCV-with 11 species harboring both viruses and whiteflies. To validate these findings, a greenhouse experiment was conducted using 59 weed species from 22 families infested with TYLCV-positive whiteflies. The results revealed that 38 species supported whitefly proliferation, 14 were TYLCV-positive, and 11 served as hosts for both viruses and whiteflies. This study confirms the role of weeds as reservoirs for TYLCV and its vector, the whitefly, under both natural and experimental conditions. By examining a diverse range of weeds across seasons, the study identified perennial, summer annual, and winter annual species as hosts. Further research is recommended to assess how seasonal fluctuations in infected weed populations influence virus transmission to healthy crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of <i>Cyp51</i> mutants in the <i>Puccinia striiformis</i> populations in the United States.","authors":"Hannah C Merrill, Gangming Zhan, Meinan Wang, Arjun Upadhaya, Bingbing Jiang, Qing Bai, Xianming Chen","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-03-25-0578-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-25-0578-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei (Psh) cause stripe rust epidemics on wheat and barley, respectively. Demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides have been used for decades in managing stripe rust in the United States, but the pathogen tolerance was not clear. To determine the dynamics of DMI fungicide targeting gene Cyp51 mutants, Pst isolates collected from 1968 to 2021 and Psh isolates from 1993 to 2021 were tested using a Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) marker for the Y134F point mutation in the Cyp51 gene. The mutant allele was found in the Pst and Psh populations as early as in 1968 and 1993, respectively, and the mutant frequencies fluctuated from year to year. The KASP test of the Pst-infected leaf samples from fungicide-testing plots in 2024 revealed that the application of DMI fungicide Tilt increases the mutant frequency. The urediniospore germination tests with 22 selected isolates at different concentrations of Tilt showed that the mean EC50 value of the homozygous mutant isolates was 2.7 times higher than that of the wild type isolates, but those of the heterozygous and wild type isolates were not significantly different from each other. The results indicate that the KASP marker is useful in monitoring the DMI fungicide targeting gene mutants and DMI fungicides are likely less effective in controlling the homozygous mutant population than the wild type and heterozygous populations. The information is useful for managing stripe rust using diverse fungicides as well as growing resistant cultivars.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel TPLPV-mediated Virus-induced Gene Silencing System for Tea Plants (<i>Camellia sinensis</i>).","authors":"Hengze Ren, Danying Li, Yating Yu, Wuyun Lv, Yanan Chen, Yao Chen, Xinchao Wang, Xinyuan Hao, YuChun Wang","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-02-25-0442-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-25-0442-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the post-genomic era of tea plants, the lack of an efficient genetic transformation system hinders the accurate identification of gene functions. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a post-transcriptional silencing technology based on the plant's anti-virus mechanism, which does not rely on the stable transformation and regeneration system of plants. In this study, the tripartite tea plant line pattern virus (TPLPV) isolated from tea plants was developed into an infectious cDNA clone. The infectious cDNA clone of TPLPV, with an additional 30-bp poly(A) tail at the 3'-end of the TPLPV genome, and pCB301 as a binary expression vector were used to infect Nicotiana benthamiana and tea plants and caused line pattern symptoms. Furthermore, a VIGS vector was constructed for silencing phytoene desaturase (CsPDS) gene of tea plants. The copy number of TPLPV in tea plants was detected ranging from 14.0 to 1.40 × 108 by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The TPLPV-mediated VIGS system reduced CsPDS expression to 55.0% with a silencing efficiency of 40.0% and led to a chlorotic phenotype in systemic tea leaves at 45 days post-inoculation (dpi). The optimal concentration of Agrobacterium suspension containing TPLPV-VIGS vectors was OD600 = 0.6. The TPLPV-mediated VIGS system will serve as an effective tool for gene function analysis in tea plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145138414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unmasking <i>Ramularia mali</i>: Phylogenetic Analysis and Degradative Impact on Apple Biopolymers.","authors":"Stefanie Primisser, Evi Deltedesco, Davide Spadaro, Sigrid Neuhauser, Sabine Oettl","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-05-25-1018-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-25-1018-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ramularia mali</i> Videira & Crous has recently emerged as the causal agent of dry lenticel rot, a postharvest disease affecting apples in Italy, Austria, and France. The disease manifests only after long-term cold storage under hypoxic conditions, resulting in distinct brown to black lesions on the peel. In contrast, infected fruit in the field remains asymptomatic. This study investigated the phylogenetic identity of <i>R. mali</i> in northern Italy (South Tyrol) and its ability to degrade major apple cell wall components under various environmental conditions. A multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis using five gene regions was performed on 95 isolates to confirm species identity. Additionally, fungal strains were tested for their ability to utilize cellulose, pectin, and starch at different temperatures (4°C, 10°C, 25°C, 37°C), dark/light and hypoxic conditions of the storage. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed <i>R. mali</i> as the dominant species and primary causal agent of dry lenticel rot in South Tyrol, Italy and Styria (Austria). The pathogen showed psychrotolerant and hypoxia-tolerant traits, with slow but sustained growth under cold storage conditions. Pectin degradation was associated with symptom development, whereas no starch degradation was observed. This suggests that the pathogen preferentially colonizes riper fruit tissue. Disease severity was greater in more mature apples, suggesting a link between ripening-related tissue changes and susceptibility. These findings highlight the role of environmental factors, fruit ripeness, and <i>R. mali</i> psychrotolerant nature in disease progression. Future work should focus on quantifying varietal differences in peel composition to develop strategies to mitigate postharvest losses during long-term apple storage.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of fungicide applications on sweetpotato roots and slips for managing black rot disease (<i>Ceratocystis fimbriata</i>) and their effect on pesticide residue levels.","authors":"Jack Mecklin Mascarenhas, Hunter Collins, Khalied Ahmed, Travis W Gannon, Christie Vanessa Almeyda, Lindsey Thiessen, Anders Huseth, Lina Quesada-Ocampo","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-05-25-1003-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-25-1003-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>North Carolina is the top producer of sweetpotatoes in the United States (US) and accounts for over 50% of the nation's yearly production. The presence of fungal pathogens such as Ceratocystis fimbriata, the causal agent of black rot, remains a major concern for sweetpotato producers and is commonly managed through the application of fungicides. Due to the European Union's (EU) restricted residue tolerances for import products treated with pesticides, the use of fungicides for management of sweetpotato diseases is limited. Identifying fungicides and application practices that ensure disease-free sweetpotatoes while meeting export residue requirements is critical for effective disease management and export marketability. Field experiments were executed in 2022 and 2023 to quantify residue values of three active ingredients (thiabendazole, azoxystrobin, difenoconazole) when applied at either bedding, transplant, or both bedding and transplant when managing sweetpotato black rot (Table 1). Root and vine samples were collected at harvest to analyze the detectable residue levels of the applied active ingredients at different stages of sweetpotato production. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses revealed that the average detected residues for all of the tested active ingredients and application timings fell under the US, Canada, EU, but not UK MRL thresholds. In the field experiments, fungicide treatments were not significantly different from non-treated plots for plot vigor, percent disease incidence, or yield. While the residues from the three tested products in this study were not a concern for US, EU, and Canadian markets when applied during sweetpotato field production, further research is needed to determine their potential as an effective management tool for sweetpotato black rot.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Single Point Mutations in <i>Stemphylium vesicarium</i> are Associated with the Rapid Development of Resistance to Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors in Onion Fields.","authors":"Daniel Winter Heck, Frank Hay, Natalia Pineros Guerrero, Christine Anne Hoepting, Sarah Jane Pethybridge","doi":"10.1094/PDIS-08-24-1701-RE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-24-1701-RE","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides are used to manage Stemphylium leaf blight (SLB) of onion caused by the fungus <i>Stemphylium vesicarium</i>. The SDHIs commonly used for SLB management in New York (NY) onion production are boscalid (first registered in 2005), fluxapyroxad (2015), fluopyram (2016), and pydiflumetofen (2019). However, reduced field performance of these products across multiple onion producing regions within NY has been encountered. We quantified the in vitro sensitivity of <i>S. vesicarium</i> isolates collected from five onion-producing regions throughout NY in 2016, 2018, and 2020. To evaluate whether variations in in vitro sensitivity phenotypes were associated with target-site mutations, sequencing of the <i>sdhB</i>, <i>sdhC</i>, and <i>sdhD</i> genes associated with fungicide response was conducted. We identified a shift in sensitivity over a short period, i.e., while >90% of isolates sampled in 2016 were sensitive to fluopyram and fluxapyroxad (EC₅₀ <1 mg/liter), more than 50% of isolates sampled in 2018 exhibited reduced sensitivity (EC₅₀ >1 mg/liter). This change in fungicide sensitivity was observed in three of the four main onion producing regions of NY and emphasizes the need for improved disease management practices to preserve their efficacy. Primers were developed to sequence the full <i>sdh</i> genes of 176 isolates from all regions and years sampled. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the <i>sdhB</i>, <i>sdhC</i>, and <i>sdhD</i> genes, and 11 were found to predict nonsynonymous amino acid (aa) substitutions. The isolates with genotypes P230H (SDHB), and G79R, H134N/R, and C135R (SDHC), were associated with the reduced sensitivity of <i>S. vesicarium</i> to fluopyram and fluxapyroxad. These putative aa substitutions were not associated with effects on mycelial growth at one temperature. Spatiotemporal analyses revealed a clear shift in population structure from wild-type populations in 2016 to diverse genotypes with multiple substitutions across onion-producing regions by 2020. The rapid, diverse, and widespread distribution of genotypes with putative aa substitutions suggests an ongoing adaptation and the presence of strong selective forces in <i>S. vesicarium</i> in NY.</p>","PeriodicalId":20063,"journal":{"name":"Plant disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}