Physiology international最新文献

{"title":"Physiological and inflammatory changes to natural and skin-related trypophobic images.","authors":"Hasan Kazdagli, Elif Baris, Arda Kipcak, Suleyman Ozturk, Deniz Ceylan, Ayse Banu Demir, Burak Erdeniz","doi":"10.1556/2060.2025.00678","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2060.2025.00678","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The immune system's inflammatory response, driven by pro-inflammatory proteins, protects against external threats. Fear and disgust-inducing stimuli have been linked to immune responses, yet their specific physiological and inflammatory mechanisms in trypophobia remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the inflammatory and physiological responses in relation to natural (non-skin) and skin-related trypophobic images.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Fifty participants (n = 50) were recruited for the study, and their sensitivity to trypophobia was measured using the trypophobia questionnaire. Then, participants were randomly assigned to either the skin related or non-skin related visual exposure group and viewed trypophobic images from a computer screen. Blood samples were collected pre- and post-exposure to trypophobic images and analyzed for IL-6 and TNF-α using ELISA and RT-qPCR methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IL-6 and TNF-α protein levels significantly increased post-exposure, with IL-6 changes varying by stimulus type. mRNA expression showed significant interaction with participants' trypophobia sensitivity scores, suggesting post-transcriptional mechanisms. Heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate were measured before, during, and after exposure using photoplethysmography. Significant changes in HRV metrics, influenced by stimulus type and trypophobia sensitivity, indicated increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic nervous system activity during and after exposure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the role of physiological and inflammatory responses in trypophobia, suggesting immune activation and autonomic nervous system involvement based on stimulus type and individual sensitivity. These findings not only contribute to phobia literature but also shed light on the physiological and immunological changes that take place in the bodies of individuals with high sensitivity to trypophobia.</p>","PeriodicalId":20058,"journal":{"name":"Physiology international","volume":" ","pages":"248-265"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prof. Dr. Yutaka Oomura is 100 year old! Brief Biography.","authors":"Shuji Aou, László Lénárd, Zoltán Karádi","doi":"10.1556/2060.2025.00712","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2060.2025.00712","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20058,"journal":{"name":"Physiology international","volume":" ","pages":"225-228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of knee joint position on soleus muscle function during isokinetic plantarflexion.","authors":"Jingyi Ye, Bálint Kovács, Tibor Hortobágyi, Congyu Huang, Mengchen Ji, Yaodong Gu","doi":"10.1556/2060.2025.00640","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2060.2025.00640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Contribution of the gastrocnemii muscles to ankle moment is influenced by the knee joint position because they span the knee and the ankle joint as well. However, limited information is available on the effect of knee joint position on soleus activation under dynamic plantarflexion, hence the aim of this study was to investigate if soleus have a compensatory strategy in fascicle behavior or EMG activity during knee flexed plantarflexion in order to reduce the magnitude of the decrement in ankle moment.</p><p><strong>Equipment and methods: </strong>Isokinetic dynamometry with EMG and ultrasound measurements was used to estimate medial gastrocnemius and soleus behavior during knee flexed and extended plantarflexions using three angular velocities. Seventeen healthy males were participated in this study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Flexed knee plantarflexions resulted in lower peak ankle moments at all ankle angular velocities by 18% (P = 0.1062) at 30°∙s-1, 44% (P < 0.001) at 60°∙s-1 and by 18% (P = 0.0001) at 120°∙s-1. Soleus showed significantly higher EMG activity during knee flexed plantarflexion at 30°∙s-1 (P = 0.0094) and 60°∙s-1 (P = 0.0142). The magnitude of mean shortening of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus show statistically significant difference between knee flexed and knee extended plantarflexion at any contraction velocity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Soleus may perform a compensatory EMG activity in knee flexed plantarflexions possibly to counteract the reduced contribution of gastrocnemius to ankle moment at low angular velocity contractions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20058,"journal":{"name":"Physiology international","volume":" ","pages":"369-379"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145023988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of dietary inflammatory index (DII) in a group of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis treatment.","authors":"Justyna Przybyszewska, Benita Antonina Bryłka","doi":"10.1556/2060.2025.00506","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2060.2025.00506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with the inflammatory response, and that a decrease in glomerular filtration rate correlates positively with the concentrations of inflammatory markers. Moreover, the severity of the inflammatory response is also exacerbated by the dialysis treatment process. It is also emphasized that the introduction of appropriate dietary interventions alleviates inflammation and reduces the concentration of markers.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the nutritional value of daily rations and the value of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) in a group of dialysis patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-four patients (35 men, 19 women), with kidney replacement therapy, were enrolled in the study. The DII index was calculated according to the formula of Shivappa et al.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the vast majority of dialysis patients (83%), including almost all women (94%) and as many as 77% of men consumed a pro-inflammatory diet. The value of the DII index, in the total study group, was 2.89. Analysis of the 3-day dietary interviews showed that the pro-inflammatory nature of the diets was due in particular to low intake of: selenium, PUFA, vitamins (D, B9, C) and fiber. On the other hand, it was shown that the patients consumed saturated fatty acids and cholesterol in excess.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Observations made in this study, indicate the need to intensify nutrition education as an element in the routine care of dialysis patients in order to increase the effectiveness of patients' adherence to an anti-inflammatory diet.</p>","PeriodicalId":20058,"journal":{"name":"Physiology international","volume":" ","pages":"266-284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating photoplethysmography-based pulsewave parameters and composite scores for assessment of cardiac function: A comparison with echocardiography.","authors":"Dániel Kulin, Flóra Antali, Márton Horváth, Sándor Kulin, Sándor Kulin, Zsuzsanna Miklós, Andrea Szűcs","doi":"10.1556/2060.2025.00675","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2060.2025.00675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study assesses the utility of photoplethysmography (PPG) as a non-invasive method to evaluate cardiac function, addressing the critical need for accessible biomarkers in various cardiovascular conditions, including heart failure management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>By conducting simultaneous echocardiography and PPG measurements on 37 healthy volunteers, we analyzed both traditional and novel composite pulse wave scores to correlate peripheral PPG data with central echocardiographic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results show a good correlation between PPG-based and echocardiography-derived ejection times (r = 0.648, P < 0.001), though Bland-Altmann analysis results reveal that PPG consistently overestimated ejection times by a mean difference of +95 ms. Moreover, eleven PPG parameters significantly correlated with key echocardiographic indicators of systolic and diastolic function, such as left ventricular dimensions, global longitudinal strain, aortic functionality, atrial contraction (MV-A), and ventricular filling pressure (E/e' lat) with clinical relevance indicated by correlations (r) above 0.4 (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings pave the way for further studies in various patient groups to explore the potential of PPG in enhancing home monitoring and regular cardiovascular assessments. This work not only broadens our understanding of the physiological relationships between peripheral and central cardiovascular measures but also introduces innovative metrics that might bring some added value to the current standards of patient care by facilitating early detection and personalized management of heart conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20058,"journal":{"name":"Physiology international","volume":" ","pages":"229-247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered levels of CaMKII, NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 signaling in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of female Wistar-Kyoto rats exposed to chronic mild stress.","authors":"Kristina Virijevic, Natasa Spasojevic, Bojana Stefanovic, Harisa Ferizovic, Milica Jankovic, Ana Obradovic, Sladjana Dronjak","doi":"10.1556/2060.2025.00634","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2060.2025.00634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Inflammatory processes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of depression. Research shows that treatment-resistant depression (TRD) may affect up to 30% of patients with depressive symptoms. Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS) are considered to be a model of TRD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Since inflammatory processes and disrupted signaling pathways play key roles in the pathophysiology of depression, we investigated the effect of CMS on behavior as well as on the CaMKII, JAK2/STAT3, NF-κB, and the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in the hippocampus (HC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of female WKY rats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results demonstrated that unstressed WKY females had depressive symptoms accompanied by cognitive deficits, whereas chronic stress led to further behavioral impairments. The findings indicate that the baseline levels of JAK2/STAT3 and the expression level of NF-κB protein in the HC and mPFC were upregulated in unstressed WKY rats. When WKY rats are exposed to CMS there is a further increase of JAK2/STAT3 pathway (mPFC: 12%, P < 0.05; HC: 20%, P < 0.05) and NF-κB (25%, P < 0.05) in the HC and the mPFC. Our results confirmed a positive correlation between the index of depression, pJAK2/pSTAT3, and NF-κB expression, as well as a negative correlation between recognition memory and these protein levels in both unstressed and stressed WKY rats. WKY rats showed reduced pCaMKII levels in the HC and mPFC, while CMS significantly increased pCaMKII in both brain structures (40%, P < 0.001). There is a strong association between pCAMKII overexpression in the hippocampus of stressed WKY rats and the depression index. Our results showed unchanged expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 in the hippocampus and mPFC of unstressed WKY females. After exposure to CMS, WKY females showed decreased levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 only in the hippocampus.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The most significant changes in CaMKII, NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 levels during chronic mild stress may contribute to the impairments in neural plasticity, neurogenesis, and cellular resilience observed in the brains of WKY rats as a model of TRD.</p>","PeriodicalId":20058,"journal":{"name":"Physiology international","volume":" ","pages":"285-301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RUNX2 stimulates BMP8A to facilitate fatty acid metabolism and cause osimertinib resistance in lung adenocarcinoma.","authors":"Yilai Yu, Lifei Huang, Xingxing Zhu, Yahong Sun","doi":"10.1556/2060.2025.00482","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2060.2025.00482","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The most prevalent form of lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), has significant incidence and fatality rates worldwide. When treating LUAD, osimertinib resistance is a typical problem. Thus, it is imperative to address the concerns of clarifying the mechanism of osimertinib resistance in LUAD and enhancing medication sensitivity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using bioinformatics techniques, expression and possible biological roles of BMP8A in LUAD were examined, and predictions were made about upstream regulatory variables and binding locations. H1975 cell line, resistant to osimertinib, was created. Western blot and RT-qPCR were instrumental to determine mRNA and protein expression of FABP5, ACC1, and FASN associated to lipid metabolism. A fluorescent lipid synthesis test kit was utilized to detect amount of triglycerides present in culture medium. BMP8A and RUNX2 mRNA levels were assayed using RT-qPCR. Utilizing CCK-8 and ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI flow cytometry, cell viability was assessed. Through the use of dual luciferase assays, whether RUNX2 could regulate BMP8A was confirmed. CHIP was further employed to confirm whether the two were bound together.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BMP8A and fatty acid metabolism (FAM) have a strong association, as revealed by bioinformatics investigation, and RUNX2 is its upstream transcription factor. Osimertinib-resistant H1975 cell lines were successfully created, and these cell lines showed a significant upregulation of BMP8A expression. The drug sensitivity of the resistant cell lines was decreased, and their FAM level was considerably enhanced by overexpressing BMP8A. Changes in drug sensitivity and FAM were reversed by using FAM inhibitors. An efficient binding of RUNX2 to the BMP8A promoter region was demonstrated by experimental validation, hence activating the production of the BMP8A gene. Lowering LUAD cell survival rates, lipid metabolism levels, and BMP8A expression were all caused by RUNX2 knockdown.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RUNX2 activated BMP8A-mediated FAM to facilitate osimertinib resistance in LUAD.</p>","PeriodicalId":20058,"journal":{"name":"Physiology international","volume":" ","pages":"319-333"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144874608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IGF2BP3 promotes osteosarcoma malignancy through stabilization of m6A-modified UBE4AmRNA, which involves promotion of NPR3 ubiquitination and degradation.","authors":"Shuo Li, Tianyang Wang, Erjian Wang, Lin Lin, Wei Zhong","doi":"10.1556/2060.2025.00551","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2060.2025.00551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor. Insulin Growth Factor-2 Binding Protein 3 (IGF2BP3) regulates mRNA stability and is a potential oncogene in many cancers, but its role in OS remains unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The CCK-8 assay was used to evaluate the cell viability. Cell cycle and apoptosis were determined using flow cytometry. Real-time PCR and western blot were performed to measure gene expression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Silencing IGF2BP3 weakened cell proliferation and inhibited cell cycle progression. Mechanistically, we demonstrated the regulation of E3 ubiquitin ligase ubiquitination factor E4A (UBE4A) by IGF2BP3. The RIP, MeRIP, and RNA decay assays showed that IGF2BP3 bound to the m6A-modified UBE4A mRNA, thereby enhancing its stability and subsequently promoting the malignant proliferation of OS. Overexpression of UBE4A reversed the decrease in cell viability and induction of apoptosis caused by IGFBP3 knockdown. Furthermore, UBE4A promoted the ubiquitination modification of Natriuretic Peptide Receptor 3 (NPR3), a previously known tumor suppressor in OS. High expression of NPR3 significantly inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in UBE4A-overexpressing cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IGF2BP3 is upregulated in OS and promotes the malignant phenotype of OS cells. Mechanistically, IGF2BP3 stabilizes UBE4A mRNA to increase UBE4A expression, thereby facilitating the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of tumor-suppressor NPR3 to exert pro-tumor functions in OS.</p>","PeriodicalId":20058,"journal":{"name":"Physiology international","volume":" ","pages":"334-350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144659888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X genetic polymorphisms in Taekwondo athletes.","authors":"Cassia Conceição Goulart, Alice Kunzgen Scheer, Clédia S F Silva, Amanda Barbosa Atrib, Augusto Schneider, Ines Schadock, Ronaldo C Araujo, Fabricio Boscolo Del Vecchio, Carlos Castilho Barros","doi":"10.1556/2060.2025.00658","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2060.2025.00658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Among genetic variants associated with physical performance, ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D are among the most studied. However, their prevalence and functional significance in combat sports like Taekwondo remain underexplored.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the prevalence of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms in Taekwondo athletes and controls, and to investigate their association with competitive level and belt ranking.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 204 individuals (119 athletes and 85 controls) were genotyped via PCR using DNA from buccal cells. Genotype distributions were analyzed for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Associations with performance level and belt ranking were tested. A \"two loci profile\" variable was created by combining genotypes into power-, endurance-, or mixed-oriented categories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ACE I/D genotypes in athletes deviated from HWE due to a higher prevalence of the DD genotype (32.2%, P = 0.017). In contrast, controls were in HWE for ACE but not for ACTN3. The DD genotype was more common among national-level competitors and black belts. The ACTN3 RR genotype also showed higher frequency among black belts but without statistical significance. When combining ACE DD and/or ACTN3 RR genotypes, black belts showed significantly greater prevalence than other ranks (37.5% vs. 14.3%, P = 0.038).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Genotypes related to strength and power appear more frequent among higher-performing Taekwondo athletes. These results contribute to the understanding of a synergetic action of two loci in combat sports and may support future applications in personalized training and talent identification.</p>","PeriodicalId":20058,"journal":{"name":"Physiology international","volume":" ","pages":"380-391"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144659889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptual and hypoalgesic responses to submaximal knee extension exercise with different pressures and modes of blood flow restriction: Effect of estimated muscle metabolites.","authors":"Yujiro Yamada, Ryo Kataoka, William B Hammert, Jun Seob Song, Anna Kang, Witalo Kassiano, Jeremy P Loenneke","doi":"10.1556/2060.2025.00637","DOIUrl":"10.1556/2060.2025.00637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the effects of exercise-induced metabolites on the perceptions of pain and fatigue.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Fifty-three adults completed six visits. The first visit involved multiple baseline tests, including a blood-flow-restricted exercise performance test (i.e., 2 sets of knee extension to task-failure at 30% 1RM with 80% arterial occlusion pressure [AOP]). In subsequent visits, participants performed five experimental conditions in a randomized order: 1) time-matched, non-exercise control (Control) and four low-load exercise conditions with either 2) 80%AOP (LL+80%), 3) 40%AOP (LL+40%), 4) intermittent 80%AOP (LL+80%Int), or 5) no blood flow restriction (0 mmHg; LL). Three-minute post-exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO) was employed to assess the effect of pooled muscle metabolites on perceived pain and fatigue and pain sensitivity (via pressure pain threshold). The results from liner mixed model are presented as mean [95% confidence interval].</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Condition-by-time interactions were found for perceived pain (P < 0.001) and fatigue (P < 0.001). LL+80% elicited higher increase in thigh pain (2.7 [2.2, 3.1] AU) and fatigue (2.1 [1.7, 2.5] AU) compared to LL+40%, LL+80%Int, and LL. Pain and fatigue did not change differently during PECO but declined three minutes post-PECO in exercise conditions (except fatigue in LL+80%Int). There was evidence of an interaction for pressure pain threshold of the tibialis anterior but not the forearm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Continuous blood flow restriction with higher pressure (80%AOP) augmented the pain and fatigue perceptions from submaximal unilateral knee extension exercise, arguably through muscle metabolite accumulation (estimated by PECO). Conflicting evidence existed for blood flow restricted exercise-induced hypoalgesia, possibly confounded by PECO.</p>","PeriodicalId":20058,"journal":{"name":"Physiology international","volume":" ","pages":"351-368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144643107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}