International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies最新文献

{"title":"Struggling Against All Odds: The Scholar who Put the Basis of Interdisciplinary Studies of the Armenian Genocide","authors":"Bedross Der Matossian","doi":"10.51442/ijags.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":200042,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139372419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Step towards Identity Construction or Genocide? Ideological Transformations and Propaganda in the Ottoman Empire in 1911-1913","authors":"Regina Galustyan","doi":"10.51442/ijags.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0039","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores two features of the Turkish nation-building process on the ideological level in the late Ottoman Empire in 1911-1913. The territory losses and population declines following the Italo-Turkish and Balkan Wars and the ensuing influx of Muslim refugees from the Balkans created a favorable environment for the Turkish government to coordinate and produce the propaganda of Turkism en-masse within the multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire. The period of 1911-1913 stands as a crucial phase in the top-down nationalization of the Ottoman masses, which later would have a great impact on the developments in the country before, during, and after World War I. This period was severely detrimental for the indigenous Christian communities of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, two particular aspects of the construction of a “Turkish” identity through the usage of state propaganda are stressed in the article: the construction of an “other” and the glorification of a common Turkish past. Both largely determined Turkish self-perception during the era and defined the code of action against non-Turkish elements of the Empire.","PeriodicalId":200042,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139372689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Representing the 1909 Adana Massacres in Armeno-Turkish: Garabed Artinian and the Case for a Historical Reading","authors":"Bedross Der Matossian","doi":"10.51442/ijags.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0038","url":null,"abstract":"This article concentrates on the literary representation of the Adana Massacres of 1909. While most of the material lamenting these massacres was written in Armenian, this article deals with a rare and unpublished destan (lamentation poem) of the massacres in Armeno-Turkish. The author, Garabed Artinian, penned the longest destan that has existed on the massacres. Unlike a historical narrative, the destan is a poetic way of expressing sorrow and pain for the loss of lives, belongings, humanity, and honor. Artinian who witnessed both waves of the Adana Massacres in April, lost his wife and child, described in detail the unfolding of the horrifying crime. Artinian’s destan, which is made up of fifty-seven stanzas, was written in the third person in a lyrical style, while delivering a chronological account of the massacres. He experienced these events first-hand and thus through his destan Artinian ventured to “speak” the “unspeakable.” He wrote it to bear witness to the catastrophe. Hence, the destan is a work of art, a work of testimony, and an expression of pain and sorrow at the same time. The result achieved at least three things: a striking lamentation written in Armeno-Turkish about an incomprehensible catastrophe, a record and reconstruction of the trajectory of the events that transpired, written almost in real time, and a personal expression of pain and anguish by a survivor and witness to the massacres and their aftermath. Therefore, the destan has literary as well as historical value and should be treated as a uniquely informative source and expression. Through entering in dialogue with literary theories of the representation of the catastrophe and trauma studies, this article argues that the destan has literary as well as historical value and should be treated as a uniquely informative source and expression.","PeriodicalId":200042,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139372717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Greek Genocide and Smyrna’s Catastrophe: An Overview","authors":"Theofanis S. Malkidis","doi":"10.51442/ijags.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0040","url":null,"abstract":"Genocide is a crime against humanity which should be universally condemned. Regardless of the time that passes or the scope of the crime itself, there should be no reduction of the importance of a crime against humanity or the responsibility of those who commit genocide. The 20th century is, without a doubt, an era where the crime of genocide appeared and reappeared consistently. The Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian Genocide and the Holocaust, constituted important genocides perpetrated by illiberal governments that violated numerous human rights, taking millions of lives and eliminating the history and civilization of cities dating backthousands of years. From World War II onwards, “genocide” was coined as a criminal form of behaviour that constitutes one of the most violent crimes one could be charged with. The Greek Genocide, one of the first genocides of the 20th century, is one of the big crimes against humanity that remains unpunished to this day since a large part of a nation that lived on the territory of the Ottoman Empire was murdered. The Smyrna Catastrophe of 1922 constituted the symbolic end of the Greek Genocide.","PeriodicalId":200042,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139372574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Fall of Christian Smyrna Through Dutch Eyes in 1922","authors":"Dirk Roodzant","doi":"10.51442/ijags.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0041","url":null,"abstract":"Besides the Greek majority who populated Smyrna, there were also Turks, Armenians, French, English and Italian minorities in city. Less known was that a mixture of these groups produced a new section of the population: the Levantines. This Dutch colony, comprised of only a few hundred people, was mostly inhabited by Levantines. The acting Dutch consul-general, Arnold Th. Lamping, was an eyewitness of the unfolding catastrophe of the retreat of the Greeks and the carnage inflicted on the Armenian-inhabited neighborhood of Haynots. He witnessed the looting, raping and murder of Christians in Smyrna. Lamping tried to save the Dutch Levantines with the assistance of Captain Wijdekop of the SS Deucalion, who also managed to save Armenian refugees in his ship. Dutch National Archives yield several pictures of the Dutch cemetery currently populated with Dutch Levantines, which was violated and plundered much like the other Christian cemeteries in Smyrna. Finally, Lamping proved with his reports that the film documenting the entry of the Turkish troops was a falsification of history by the Turkish authorities.","PeriodicalId":200042,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139372686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Artsakh Issue in Its Historical-Legal Development","authors":"E. Gzoyan","doi":"10.51442/ijags.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0037","url":null,"abstract":"Artsakh or Karabakh is an integral part of historic Armenia. Felling under the rule of various conquerors throughout the history, Artsakh remained Armenian, sometimes possessing also a semi-independent status. The legal history of the Artsakh dispute can be traced back to the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan, when Persia ceded sovereignty of Artsakh to the Russian Empire. After the collapse of the Russian Empire, during 1918-1920 Artsakh was disputed by the Republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan, because of the administrative policy of the former Russian Empire to unite the national territories into mixed administrative units. After being incorporated into the Soviet Union, again because of the same administrative police, the Armenian populated Artsakh was incorporated into Soviet Azerbaijan as an autonomous district (marz). Utilizing Article 3 of the \"Law on Procedure for Resolving Questions Connected with a Union Republic’s Secession from the USSR,” which provides right to the people of autonomous republics and autonomous formations to independently decide their future state-legal status, on September 2, 1991, a joint session of the People's Deputies of the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Region and Shahumian regional councils, declared the establishment of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic (NKR). This move was followed by a referendum, where 99,9 percent voted for independence of NKR. After this vote until now, Azerbaijan tries to seize Artsakh by force, which is contrary to international public and humanitarian law. This article aims to study the status of Artsakh in the context of the above historical-legal developments. It clearly demonstrates that the right of people of Artsakh to independence is undisputable.","PeriodicalId":200042,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130112414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Azerbaijan’s Policy of Forced Cultural Appropriation after the Second Artsakh War. Case of Dadivank","authors":"H. Martirosyan","doi":"10.51442/ijags.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0035","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the methods of the continuing forced appropriation of Armenian cultural monuments in Artsakh by the Republic of Azerbaijan’s functionaries after the Second Artsakh War. The “Albanisation” of Armenian cultural monuments in Mountainous Karabakh in the scientific field began in the 1950s, when it was imperative to reinforce the Azerbaijani people’s cultural identity, based on the foundations laid between 1920 and 1930 and to try to make all the peoples living in the southern Caucasus equally indigenous to the region. One of the “victims” of the “Albanisation” of the cultural heritage of the Armenians of Mountainous Karabakh is the monastic complex of Dadivank, located in the Karvachar area of the Shahumyan region. Passing under Azerbaijani jurisdiction in November 2020, it was presented to the international community as part of the historic-cultural heritage of the descendants of the Caucasian Albanians, which should be under the jurisdiction of Udis and Azerbaijanis. With this aim in view, the Azerbaijani leadership instituted the policy of forced appropriation and alienation of Armenian heritage from the Armenian culture through various means, which will be shown in detail below. This article will also demonstrate how the theory of “Albanisation” began and developed in Azerbaijan SSR historiography and what “scientific bases” were – and are - being brought forward during the soviet and post-soviet eras by historians to present Dadivank as Albanian. It will also reveal the directions Azerbaijan is following for the appropriation of Armenian cultural legacy, rebranding it as Albanian, and foisting this theory on the international public.","PeriodicalId":200042,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124904766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islamic Solidarity on Sale: the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict in the context of Azerbaijan’s Nation-Branding Endeavors","authors":"Naira Sahakyan, Anush Brutian","doi":"10.51442/ijags.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0036","url":null,"abstract":"To reach their political goals, countries try to craft an image acceptable to the international community as reliable allies standing for similar values. Since its independence, Azerbaijan has been actively working on its branding as a country that bridges the West and the Islamic world. To do this, Azerbaijan creates its image as a secular, multicultural state and a leading state among Islamic countries with a firm support of Islamic solidarity. Positioning Azerbaijan as an advocate of Islamic solidarity, Ilham Aliyev then embarks on the next step of his plan to demand the Islamic world’s solidarity about the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Thus, nation branding in the case of Azerbaijan is not only about creating an image of a possible investment place or touristic destination; official Baku “sells” its solidarity pursuing the political goal of getting the support of Islamic countries against Armenia․","PeriodicalId":200042,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128143880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sumgait Massacres: Concerning Their Characteristics and Definitions","authors":"G. Hovhannisyan","doi":"10.51442/ijags.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0034","url":null,"abstract":"This paper concerns one of the first displays of ethnic violence in the recent history of the USSR that took place in the city of Sumgait in the Azerbaijanian SSR in February 1988 and was the start of violence of an anti-Armenian nature. It is a study of contemporary perceptions, definitions and terminology. Arising from this object, this paper examines the following questions: ● What were Armenian perceptions and characteristics of the Sumgait massacres and the factors that governed their conditions ● What definitions and perceptions were merited as a result of the Sumgait massacres by the Azerbaijanian side ● How were the Sumgait massacres evaluated by the international public and the USSR leadership ● What were the scientific definitions of the terms given to the Sumgait massacres and their characteristics. Research has been carried out on the basis of specialist literature, archival materials, witness statements, contemporary periodical press etc. Descriptions, analyses, narrative analyses and comparative methods were also utilised in this study. As a result of the research carried out, the conclusion was reached that the February 1988 massacres of the Armenian population of the Azerbaijanian city of Sumgait by the participants, various political circles and structures, conditioned by several factors, merited different appraisals. On the Armenian side, they were immediately linked, in the collective Armenian consciousness, to the Armenian Genocide realised in the 20th century within the Ottoman Empire. The central authorities, arising out of Soviet national policy principles, interpreted the event as “mass unrest.” In its euphemistic definitions, the Azerbaijani side attempted to “neutralise” the ethnically based violence used against a part of the population. The “Armenian intrigue and treachery” theory, as a “legal” explanation of the violence, aims to justify the crimes committed and evade any responsibility for them. The international public saw the Sumgait massacres in an ethnic context, stressing the laudable, necessary measures taken by the central authorities to prevent and stop them.","PeriodicalId":200042,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116697332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The “Karabakh – Armenia” Theme in the Iconography of Armenian Identity","authors":"Harutyun Marutyan, L. Abrahamian","doi":"10.51442/ijags.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51442/ijags.0033","url":null,"abstract":"The images and written formulas depicted on banners and posters are a vivid manifestation of national identity and tend to appear and reappear in abundant quantities in times of societal crises. In this sense, the iconography of the Karabakh Movement represents a rich and broad field of study. What is distinctive about the posters created during the Karabakh Movement is that a great majority did not simply proclaim the programmatic ideas of certain parties or political trends but rather expressed the people’s concerns, moods and wishes and their interpretations of events as they unfolded. The posters and banners of the Movement manifested in varying genres and revealed diversity in their content. They were the product of both Soviet and nationalist mentality. The theme “Karabakh-Armenia” had many different manifestations in the iconography of the Karabakh movement, such as quotations and the creation of posters using or based on “quote thinking”; unification of Karabakh with Armenia as a solution for the Karabakh issue; the theme of Mother Armenia and child-Karabakh; “Karabakh is ours”; manifestations of solidarity with the people of Karabakh; Karabakh and Armenia as one entity. This article aims to present and analyse those banners and posters as manifestations of national identity.","PeriodicalId":200042,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116290826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}