Parasitology International最新文献

{"title":"Active constituent nonacosane from Sphaeranthus indicus (Asterales: Asteraceae) leaves as a potent larvicidal agent against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"Alex Yagoo ,&nbsp;M.C. John Milton ,&nbsp;Jelin Vilvest ,&nbsp;Mariya Vaishnika A ,&nbsp;Kedike Balakrishna","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mosquitoes are major carriers of diseases such as dengue, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, chikungunya, and Japanese encephalitis, as they feed on blood and act as ectoparasites. This study focuses on the effectiveness of a plant-derived insecticide, specifically the hexane extract from <em>Sphaeranthus indicus</em> leaves, against <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> mosquitoes. By conducting phytochemical extraction, fractionation, and spectroscopic analysis, ten fractions were isolated. One of these fractions showed significant mosquito-killing activity, with nonacosane identified as the primary active component. Various bioassays, including tests for eggs, larvae, and pupae, were conducted. Nonacosane exhibited ovicidal activity, with effectiveness rates of 16.4 % and 17.8 % at 2 ppm against <em>Ae. aegypti</em> and <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em>, respectively. Larvicidal and pupicidal tests further confirmed its strong activity, with LC₅₀ values of 2.63 ppm and 2.47 ppm for larvae, and 2.98 ppm and 2.67 ppm for pupae of <em>Ae. aegypti</em> and <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em>, respectively. The mosquitocidal effectiveness of nonacosane was comparable to that of established insecticides like azadirachtin and temephos. This research highlights the potential of plant-based compounds in developing effective and environmentally sustainable mosquito control strategies, especially in light of the increasing resistance to synthetic insecticides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145113796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Notoedres cati-induced bilateral erythemato-ceruminous otitis externa in a cat","authors":"Lorena-Eliza Mastan ,&nbsp;Andrada-Silvia Cârstolovean ,&nbsp;Lavinia-Alexandra Lipan ,&nbsp;Ligia-Rebeca Muntean ,&nbsp;Ioana-Mădălina Moraru ,&nbsp;Aurora-Livia Ursache ,&nbsp;Bogdan Sevastre ,&nbsp;Viorica Mircean","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Notoedric mange, caused by <em>Notoedres cati</em> (<em>N. cati</em>), is a rare but severe parasitic skin disease primarily affecting stray cats, with zoonotic potential. This case report describes a one-year-old intact male European Shorthair presented with extensive cervico-facial skin lesions and systemic illness signs. Clinical examination revealed severe pruritus, alopecia, thick crusts, bilateral erythemato-ceruminous otitis externa and deep pyoderma, with the maximum severity score on the clinical mange scale. Complementary tests confirmed <em>N. cati</em> infestation through skin scrapings and ear wax examination, alongside concurrent <em>Toxocara cati</em>, <em>Dipylidium</em> spp., and <em>Giardia duodenalis</em> infections. Hematological findings indicated a systemic inflammatory response. Treatment comprised topical and systemic antiparasitics (esafoxolaner, praziquantel, eprinomectin and fenbendazole), oral antibiotics (cephalexin), antipruritic therapy (prednisolone), and supportive skin care. Follow-up examinations at days 8, 12, 15, and 21 demonstrated progressive clinical improvement, with resolution of mange, endoparasitic infections, otitis, and deep pyoderma by the end of treatment. This case highlights the need for early recognition and comprehensive management of notoedric mange, particularly in stray feline populations. The observed association between <em>N. cati</em> infestation and otitis externa suggests that its role in feline ear disease may be underestimated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A family concept for the genus Stomachicola Yamaguti, 1934 (Digenea: Hemiuroidea) and new hemiuroid species from marine fishes of Vietnam","authors":"Yana I. Ivashko ,&nbsp;Dmitry M. Atopkin ,&nbsp;Nguyen Van Ha ,&nbsp;Hoang Van Hien ,&nbsp;Vladimir V. Besprozvannykh","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>New morphological and molecular data generated for hemiuroid trematodes from fishes of coastal waters of Cat Ba Island, Northern Vietnam. The trematode <em>Stomachicola muraenesocis</em> was detected in the intestines of eels <em>Pisodonophis boro</em>. Vietnamese specimens of <em>S. muraenesocis</em> were identical to trematodes from Iran by morphology and molecular data and have some differences with specimens from South Korea by <em>28S rRNA</em> gene sequence data. Results of p-distance estimation and phylogenetic analysis of Hemiuroidea specimens of <em>Stomachicola</em> differ from other representatives of the superfamily at the level of different families. Based on these data, a new family for <em>Stomachicola</em> was created. A new species of the genus <em>Lecithaster</em>, <em>L. pseudosayori</em> n. sp., from belonid fish species was validated. These trematodes are close to L. <em>sayori</em> and <em>L. confusus</em> by morphological and molecular data, respectively. Two specimens of <em>Lecithocladium</em> sp. detected in belonid fishes were similar to <em>L. excisum</em> by both morphological and molecular data. Phylogenetic tree topologies show agreements about Lecithasteridae species differentiation and definitive host specificity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plerocercoid Rockacestus cf. piriei from the White Sea stickleback and cod: Genetic analysis with description of ultrastructure of the tegument and excretory system.","authors":"Natalia M Biserova, Andrey D Logvinenko, Ilya I Gordeev","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2025.103169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plerocercoids of the order Phyllobothriidea were discovered in the gastrointestinal tract of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and White Sea cod, Gadus morhua marisalbi, in the White Sea. Based on the 28S rDNA sequence, plerocercoids from Gasterosteus aculeatus belong to Rockacestus cf. piriei. A phylogenetic tree was reconstructed to infer their evolutionary relationships. Several aspects of larval biology were described: the prevalence and intensity of infection were quantified in host fishes; movement patterns of the scolex and body were documented in vitro. The maximum infection rate of Rockacestus cf. piriei plerocercoids in Gasterosteus aculeatus was observed in June 2021. Some seasonality of fish infection by these parasites can be linked with three-spined stickleback migration. The detailed morphology of the scolex and microtriches, as well as the ultrastructure of the tegument and excretory system, have been studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Unlike other cestodes, the tegument lacks rod-shaped bodies in its distal cytoplasm and exhibits uniform microtriches, specifically capilliform filitriches. Subtegumental musculature is well developed. The excretory system comprises cyrtocytes and syncytial epithelium forming protonephridial funnels, thin tubules and canals. The cytoplasm of the canal wall contains numerous electron-dense rod-shaped bodies oriented parallel to the surface. Several specific features in the ultrastructure of the tegument and excretory epithelium of the R. cf. piriei plerocercoid have been identified, contributing to the taxonomic and functional understanding of marine cestodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":" ","pages":"103169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coinfection of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea by Trypanosoma sp. (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastea) and Ceratomyxa xiangshanensis n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) in offshore net cage systems in the East China Sea","authors":"Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiao Xie ,&nbsp;Chao Zheng ,&nbsp;Xingyu Wang ,&nbsp;Kurt Buchmann ,&nbsp;Fei Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The large yellow croaker, <em>Larimichthys crocea</em>, is an indigenous fish in the East China Sea and a highly ranked marine fish species, primarily reared in the coastal waters of the East China Sea. Recently, infections with hemoflagellates (causing trypanosomiasis) in this fish species were detected on the southeast coast of China; however, the pathogenicity has not been established. Here, an outbreak of mass mortality in <em>L. crocea</em> farmed in Zhejiang province is reported with coinfection of hemoflagellates and myxosporeans. For hemoflagellates, blood smears reveal elongated trypomastigotes measured 20.5 ± 3.4 μm × 1.9 ± 0.4 μm, and an anterior free flagellum is 11.9 ± 2.6 μm in length. Molecular analysis of the small subunit ribosomal sequence showed that the isolated hemoflagellate is conspecific with the <em>Trypanosoma</em> sp. previously reported in the Fujian province, which suggests a neglected transmission event along with transboundary fish delivery. Besides, combining morphological disparities with no more than 98.09 % molecular identity, the biliary myxosporean is regarded as a novel species, <em>Ceratomyxa xiangshanensis</em> n. sp. Histological examination of infected fish tissues showed trypanosome-associated pigment aggregation in melanoma-macrophage centers of the spleen and kidney. The subcutaneous tissue of the head is observed with moderate inflammatory infiltration in the dermis. We suggest that the year-round feeding operation and seasonal fish delivery may favor native circulation and transboundary transmission of these endoparasites. This work expands our knowledge of the parasite fauna harbored in reared <em>L. crocea</em> and frames the importance of routine surveillance for emerging parasitic diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145041080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to First report of Saccocoelioides nanii (Digenea: Haploporidae) infecting an extremophile host, Jenynsia sulfurica (Cyprinodontiformes: Anablepidae) Parasitology International, Volume 110 (2026), 103148.","authors":"Macarena S De Martino, Guillermo E Teran, Patricia M C Romero, Felipe Alonso, Melisa Moncada, German Reig Cardarella, Gaston Aguilera, Martin M Montes","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2025.103163","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":" ","pages":"103163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis spp. and Toxoplasma gondii infections and their relationship with milk production in goats from Argentina","authors":"K.D. Steffen ,&nbsp;L. Gortari Castillo ,&nbsp;M.L. Gos ,&nbsp;M.C. Venturini ,&nbsp;R.O. Arias ,&nbsp;G. Moré","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The apicomplexan protozoa <em>Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis</em> spp. and <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> are worldwide distributed. Goat infections with these protozoans are frequent, although the relationship with milk production is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate and relate the antibodies titers to <em>N. caninum</em>, <em>Sarcocystis</em> spp. and <em>T. gondii</em> with the goat milk production. The study was conducted in two commercial dairy goat farms located in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. A total of 336 Saanen breed goats were evaluated (146 goats of E1 and 190 goats of E2). The total production per lactation was calculated and adjusted to 240 lactation days in milliliters. Blood samples obtained and the age, number of lactations, body condition, and FAMACHA© degree were recorded. Sera were tested for <em>N. caninum</em>, <em>Sarcocystis</em> spp. and <em>T. gondii</em> antibodies by IFAT, starting at 1:100 for <em>N. caninum</em> and <em>T. gondii</em> IFATs, and at 1:50 for <em>Sarcocystis</em> spp., and all three IFATs from each animal were processed at the same time to final titer. The overall seroprevalence of <em>N. caninum, Sarcocystis</em> spp. and <em>T. gondii</em> was 81.8 % (275/336), 85.1 % (286/336) and 66.7 % (224/336), respectively. Forty-nine percent (164/336) of goats were seropositive to three IFATs, 37.5 % (126/336) to two and 12.2 % (41/336) to only one. Similar <em>N. caninum</em> and <em>Sarcocystis</em> spp. seroprevalences were observed in E1 (80.1 and 88.4 %) compared to E2 (83.1 and 82.6 %), respectively. A higher <em>T. gondii</em> seroprevalence was detected in E1 (80.1 %) than E2 (56.3 %). A small group of 16 goats with higher IFAT titers to <em>T. gondii</em>, produced significantly less milk (85.3 L) than the rest. No significant milk productivity differences were found in goats seropositive and negative to only one, two or all three IFATs when analyzed within age and/or ordinal lactation number groups. Our results indicate a low association of seropositivity to these protozoans with goat milk production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145016091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil-transmitted helminth eggs in public areas of Azores archipelago, Portugal","authors":"Romana Teixeira ,&nbsp;João Lozano ,&nbsp;Isilda Flor ,&nbsp;Carlos Pinto ,&nbsp;Maria Constança Pomba ,&nbsp;Luís Madeira de Carvalho","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the Azores archipelago, data regarding environmental contamination by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) is inexistent till the moment. The current study aimed to assess the environmental contamination with helminth eggs, in soil samples collected from public parks/gardens and beaches from three islands belonging to the Azores archipelago (Portugal): Faial, Terceira and São Miguel. Between June–December 2024, a total of 37 soil samples were collected from 26 public parks/gardens and 11 public beaches, and processed using the Mini-FLOTAC method to calculate parasites' prevalences and burdens (eggs/oocysts per gram of soil, EPG/OPG). Overall, a total of 35 % of the sampled sites were contaminated with helminth eggs, with the environmental contamination being higher in public parks or gardens (46 %), in comparison with beach areas (9 %). The majority of positive sites were contaminated with <em>Toxocara</em> spp. eggs (30 %), followed by Ancylostomatidae (11 %) and <em>Trichuris</em> spp. (11 %) eggs. São Miguel and Terceira islands presented higher rates of soil contamination, when compared to Faial Island. The overall helminth egg intensity was the following: <em>Toxocara</em> spp. (157 EPG), <em>Trichuris</em> spp. (59 EPG) and Ancylostomatidae (38 EPG). Faial island presented the lowest EPG levels, regarding all parasite species, being <em>Toxocara</em> spp. EPG levels significantly lower than the remaining islands surveyed (<em>p</em> = 0.02). The present study provides new and relevant data concerning environmental contamination by STHs with zoonotic potential in the Azores archipelago, and revealed that the analysis of soil samples is an important approach to be included in integrated pet parasite control programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and molecular data reveal a new genus and species from the family Transvenidae (Echinorhynchida: Palaeacanthocephala) from Bahía de Todos los Santos, Northeast Pacific, Mexico","authors":"Rogelio Aguilar-Aguilar ,&nbsp;Marcelo Tonatiuh González-García ,&nbsp;Martín García-Varela","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Echinorhynchids are a group of globally distributed acanthocephalan parasites mainly of freshwater, brackish and marine fishes and occasionally, reptiles and amphibians. During several parasitology surveys in the Gulf of Mexico and Northeast Pacific, Mexico, acanthocephalans were recovered from two marine fish species. The specimens from the Gulf of Mexico were identified as <em>Caballerorhynchus lamothei</em> (Cavisomidae), a typical parasite of the striped mojarra, whereas adult acanthocephalans from the Northeast Pacific, Mexico, from the Garibaldi fish exhibited morphological characteristics belonging to the family Transvenidae. Sequences from the small (SSU) and large (LSU) subunits of ribosomal DNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) of mitochondrial DNA were obtained for both species. The new sequences were aligned with other sequences available in the GenBank dataset from Echinorhynchida. Phylogenetic trees inferred with the combined (SSU + LSU), concatenated (SSU + LSU+ cox 1), and cox 1 datasets consistently placed the two species into two independent lineages. The species <em>C. lamothei</em> from Cavisomidae was placed in a clade together with members from Spinulacorpidae, Rhadinorhynchidae and Transvenidae, suggesting that Cavisomidae is paraphyletic. The unidentified specimens were nested inside a clade formed by members of Transvenidae. Morphologically, the new samples presented a combination of unique diagnostic traits, which was not observed in other members of the Transvenidae family. Therefore, the genus <em>Darwinorhynchus</em> was created to accommodate a new species named herein as <em>Darwinorhynchus bajacaliforniaensis</em> n. gen., n. sp. The current record from a transvenid acanthocephalan expands its distribution range to the northern Pacific in the Americas, Indian Ocean and Arabian Gulf.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First molecular characterization and species validation of Toxocara alienata (Rudolphi 1819) (Nematoda: Ascarididae), from a crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus)","authors":"Gustavo Macêdo do Carmo ,&nbsp;Lorena Gisela Ailán-Choke ,&nbsp;Hassan Jerdy ,&nbsp;Hermínio Ismael de Araújo-Júnior ,&nbsp;Felipe Bisaggio Pereira","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Toxocara alienata</em> infects racoons and wild pigs in South America and its taxonomy is important to distinguish the species from closely related zoonotic congeners, such as <em>T. canis</em>. This study provides the first genetic characterization of <em>T. alienata</em> from the Brazilian Amazon, along with a comprehensive morphological description, to clarify its distinction from the closely related <em>T. canis</em>. Nematodes were observed using light and scanning electron microscopy and genetically characterized based on barcode COI mtDNA. A phylogeny was reconstructed using Bayesian inference and different species delimitation methods (PTP, bPTP, ASAP, GMYC) were performed for robust species validation. Specimens were identified as <em>T</em>. <em>alienata</em> based on a somewhat narrow cervical alae; male with equal, alate spicules, shorten than 1 mm, 28 pairs of caudal papillae (24 subventral precloacal pairs and 4 postcloacal pairs) and a protruded well-developed precloacal lip with an unpaired papilla on it, which was observed for the first time in the species. These morphological features can differentiate <em>T. alienata</em> from <em>T. canis</em> mainly regarding number and arrangement of postcloacal papillae, structure of precloacal lip and the presence of the unpaired papilla. In the phylogeny, <em>T. alienata</em> represented an independent lineage, sister to a clade formed by <em>T. canis</em> sequences. All species delimitation methods validated <em>T</em>. <em>alienata</em> as a specific entity, different from <em>T. canis</em>. The present results, including the first genetic characterization of <em>T. alienata</em>, reinforce its validation and provide crucial data for future taxonomic, epidemiological and ecological works on Toxocarinae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145005053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}