Parasitology Research最新文献

{"title":"Genetic diversity and co-circulation of tick-borne pathogens in Haemaphysalis spp. from Pakistan.","authors":"Bushra Javed, Muhammad Numan, Palwasha Alam, Hameed Ul Haq, Haroon Ahmed, Iram Liaqat, Mashal M Almutairi, Alanoud T Aljasham, Abid Ali","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08678-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08678-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Haemaphysalis is the second largest genus of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), both in terms of diversity and global distribution. Despite their wide occurrence, genetic information on this genus remains scarce. This study investigated the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and associated pathogens of Haemaphysalis ticks infesting small ruminants across northern Pakistan. A total of 613 ticks were collected from 95 infested goats and sheep. Four species were identified based on morphological and molecular analyses, including Haemaphysalis (Ha.) cornupunctata, Ha. danieli, Ha. montgomeryi, and a distinct Haemaphysalis sp. closely related to Ha. sulcata. Species identification was confirmed using mitochondrial 16 S rDNA and cox1 markers. Molecular confirmation of unidentified Haemaphysalis sp. was detected across multiple districts of northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, indicating close relation to Ha. sulcata. Pathogen screening revealed Rickettsia hoogstraalii (gltA and ompB) in Haemaphysalis sp. and Ha. danieli, Theileria sinensis-like (18 S rDNA) in Ha. montgomeryi and Ha. danieli, and Anaplasma bovis (16 S rDNA) in Ha. cornupunctata and Ha. montgomeryi. This study provides the first molecular evidence of T. sinensis-like in Ha. montgomeryi and Ha. danieli, R. hoogstraalii in Ha. danieli and Haemaphysalis sp., and A. bovis in Ha. cornupunctata and Ha. montgomeryi from Pakistan. Phylogenetic analyses supported species-level relationships and revealed substantial genetic divergence within Haemaphysalis. These findings highlight the importance of locality-based molecular surveillance for resolving cryptic diversity and improving understanding of tick–pathogen associations in mountainous regions of Pakistan.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13212628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147699184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haematology, serum biochemistry, innate and adaptive immune system responses to blood pathogen infections in cattle: A review.","authors":"Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina, Felix Atawal Andong, Jacinta Ngozi Omeke, Ukamaka Uchenna Eze, Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu, I F Jaja, James Wabwire Oguttu","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08652-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08652-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infection with blood pathogens, such as Anaplasma, Haemotropic Mycoplasma, and trypanosomes, has affected the livestock industry, particularly in developing countries and the tropics. Clinical signs associated with infections caused by these blood pathogens include anaemia of the haemolytic type (immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia), decreased milk yield, abortion, anorexia, cachexia, disseminated intravascular coagulopathies, conjunctivitis, ecchymoses, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and death in severe cases. Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia is more evident in anaplasmosis as the degree of anaemia is often out of proportion to the prevailing bacteriemia. Additionally, icterus, increases in serum liver enzymes and variable white blood cell count changes are observed in affected animals. Recovered cattle may become asymptomatic carriers as some apicomplexan species tend to form sequestration in the cerebrum. Asymptomatic cattle are sources of blood pathogens to competent haematophagous arthropods and consequent transfer of infection to susceptible/naive animals. Nonetheless, persistent blood infections are typically attributable to pathogens that have developed multiple strategies, including immune subversion and the dysregulation of both natural and acquired immune responses, enabling them to persist within an immunocompetent host. Therefore, this review has provided veterinary clinicians, researchers, and laboratory technicians with an overview of the haematological and serum biochemistry profiles of cattle infected with blood pathogens, prevention and control strategies, and specific innate and adaptive immune system responses, as well as the adaptive and survival properties of these blood pathogen infections in cattle.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13222901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147699448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poor population recovery of lake Washington Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Pacific Northwestern USA may be associated with disease caused by Ceratonova shasta in an urban-influenced watershed.","authors":"Jan Lovy, Sophie A Hall, Carl O Ostberg, Justin B Greer, Dorothy M Chase, Genevieve M A Kent, Timothy J Kuzan, Carla M Conway","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08679-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08679-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the effects of anthropogenic changes on fish disease is vital for supporting mitigative actions for fisheries population recovery. The Lake Washington watershed in the Pacific Northwestern United States is influenced by high urban development and climate change, compromising the sustainability of anadromous salmon. We investigated Ceratonova shasta, a myxozoan parasite, in Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to determine the impacts of C. shasta-induced enteronecrosis during salmon freshwater migrations within this watershed. All sampled adult Chinook Salmon returning to an enhancement hatchery to spawn were infected with genotype I C. shasta with a high prevalence of severe enteritis and enteronecrosis. Parasite loads and associated pathology were more severe in adult fish succumbing to prespawn mortality than in fish that spawned. Natural prespawn mortality of Chinook Salmon in the Cedar River was also associated with high C. shasta loads. Sentinel exposure studies with Chinook Salmon juveniles in the spring and fall demonstrated high levels of C. shasta genotype II actinospores in the Lake Washington Ship Canal, a human engineered canal that salmon must traverse in their freshwater migrations from the Puget Sound. The sentinel juvenile Chinook Salmon succumbed to clinical disease and high mortality from genotype II C. shasta, suggesting that these stocks have high susceptibility to this genotype. The results show that both genotypes I and II pose disease risks to adult and juvenile stages of Chinook Salmon in the watershed, and that the Lake Washington Ship Canal could be a C. shasta ‘hot spot’ for genotype II that may increase disease risk for juveniles during smolt emigration.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13194286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147691679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Note: Toxicity of herbal extracts used in ethno-veterinary medicine and green-encapsulated ZnO nanoparticles against Aedes aegypti and microbial pathogens.","authors":"Balan Banumathi, Baskaralingam Vaseeharan, Ramachandran Ishwarya, Marimuthu Govindarajan, Naiyf S Alharbi, Shine Kadaikunnan, Jamal M Khaled, Giovanni Benelli","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08680-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08680-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13079465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147691724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Markedly reduced prevalence of Schistocephalus solidus in pelagic three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from Lake Constance.","authors":"Felix Salge, Herwig Stibor, Michael Schubert, Christian Vogelmann","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08677-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08677-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Host total length, body mass and prevalence of Schistocephalus solidus were assessed in pelagic three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from Upper Lake Constance, a prealpine lake in Central Europe, based on 987 individuals collected by pelagic trawl in late autumn 2024. In addition, 62 fish sampled using gillnets in late autumn 2025 were examined using the same biometric and parasitological procedures. The 2024 population was dominated by small-bodied individuals, with a mean total length of 5.26 ± 0.55 cm and a mean body mass of 1.56 ± 0.51 g. Infection was rare: 16 of 987 fish were infected in 2024, corresponding to a prevalence of 1.6%, and parasite index (PI = parasite wet mass / host wet mass) values ranged from 0.013 to 0.302. In 2025, prevalence remained similarly low at 3.2%. Compared with earlier reports from Lake Constance, the late-autumn 2024 sample indicates markedly lower prevalence of S. solidus in the pelagic population, and the 2025 sample showed similarly low prevalence.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13079495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147675927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and predisposing factors of hookworm infection and anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: an institution-based cross-sectional study.","authors":"Getachew Teshome, Berhanu Effa, Asrat Chernet, Temesgen Weldemedhin, Mengistu Geribo","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08675-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08675-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hookworm infection and anemia remain major public health problems in developing countries, particularly among pregnant women in resource-limited settings. These conditions are associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, including increased morbidity, mortality, and poor pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of hookworm infection and anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to March 2023 among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected public health facilities. A total of 367 participants were recruited using systematic random sampling. Data on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Stool specimens were collected from each participant and examined for hookworm infection using direct wet mount and test tube flotation techniques. Hemoglobin concentration was measured using a portable HemoSmart analyzer. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with hookworm infection and anemia. A total of 367 pregnant women participated in the study, yielding a response rate of 100%. The prevalence of hookworm infection and anemia was 10.6% and 31.9%, respectively, with a mean hemoglobin concentration of 11.33 ± 1.92 g/dL. Factors significantly associated with hookworm infection and anemia included walking barefoot (AOR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.27–6.60), poor sanitation practices (AOR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.24–6.74), inadequate iron supplementation (AOR = 4.59; 95% CI: 1.8–11.5), and low household income (AOR = 7.0; 95% CI: 3.27–14.98). Hookworm infection and anemia were common among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Dawuro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. These conditions were associated with behavioral and socioeconomic factors such as lack of footwear, poor sanitation practices, inadequate iron supplementation, and low household income. Strengthening early antenatal care attendance, improving sanitation and hygiene practices, and ensuring adequate nutritional supplementation may help reduce the burden of hookworm infection and anemia among pregnant women.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13180755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular validation and redescription of Glypthelmins staffordi (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) with an updated key to genus Glypthelmins Stafford, 1905.","authors":"Abigail Hui En Chan, Urusa Thaenkham, Chanisara Kaenkaew, Vachirapong Charoennitiwat, Wallop Pakdee","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08668-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08668-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glypthelmins is a genus comprising species that parasitize anurans and has been reported in America and Asia. The taxonomic history of the genus Glypthelmins is problematic, involving the reclassification of species into other genera. Glypthelmins staffordi was consequently not considered a valid species in Glypthelmins due to morphological differences and was placed in the genus Rauschiella. Thus, the valid name of G. staffordi prior to this work is R. staffordi. Moreover, no molecular data has been published for R. staffordi. To address this gap, a morphological redescription of G. staffordi is provided, along with the confirmation of the phylogenetic placement of G. staffordi in genus Glypthelmins using three genetic markers. Morphological comparisons were conducted with eight other Glypthelmins species, and the molecular phylogeny revealed that the G. staffordi specimens form a monophyletic group with other Glypthelmins. Glypthelmins staffordi was also evidenced to be genetically distant from genus Rauschiella. Thus, G. staffordi is proposed to be reinstated as a valid species within the genus Glypthelmins, instead of in Rauschiella. Additionally, the morphological character of the excretory vesicle should not be used as a key character to distinguish among genera. Supplementing the systematics of this taxonomically complex group, we provide an updated key for the genus Glypthelmins, alongside molecular sequences of G. staffordi, to supplement the identification of Glypthelmins species.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13171979/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147646130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bat-associated Trypanosoma diversity, geographic extension of known clades, and predominance of T. cruzi TcIV in a conserved tropical forest of southeastern Mexico.","authors":"Martha P Ibarra-López, Román Espinal-Palomino, César R Rodríguez-Luna, Joel Moo-Millán, Etienne Waleckx, Rodolfo Dirzo, Salvador Montiel, Víctor M Vidal-Martínez, Carlos N Ibarra-Cerdeña","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08670-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08670-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trypanosomatids of the Schizotrypanum clade display high ecological and evolutionary diversity, yet their sylvatic cycles remain understudied in many Neotropical biomes. We conducted the first integrative molecular survey of Trypanosoma diversity in a conserved seasonal tropical forest in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. We screened Triatoma dimidiata vectors and small mammal hosts (rodents and bats) using satellite DNA (SatDNA) for Trypanosoma cruzi detection, Miniexon PCR for T. cruzi discrete typing unit (DTU) identification, and 18 S rRNA sequencing to identify other Trypanosoma species in bats. Trypanosoma cruzi was detected by SatDNA in 81.8% of collected vectors (95% CI: 75.07–87.38%; n = 165) and in 46.6% of rodents (95% CI: 36.7–56.7%, n = 103) and in 46.2% of bats (95% CI: 38.56–53.97%; n = 171). Discrete typing unit (DTU) analysis revealed that T. cruzi DTU IV (TcIV) predominated in the conserved tropical forest, being mainly associated with vectors and rodents, whereas TcI was more frequent in bats. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on 18 S rRNA revealed multiple bat-associated lineages, including sequences related to T. wauwau, T. madeirae, and Neobat clades—reported here for the first time in Mexico. Our results underscore the role of protected forests as reservoirs of trypanosomatid diversity and the relevance of multi-host surveillance to better understand transmission dynamics. This study contributes novel insights into the ecology, biogeography, and evolutionary history of Trypanosoma spp. in Mesoamerica and supports efforts to strengthen early detection of potential zoonotic threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13180769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147654734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De Novo assembly and analysis of the transcriptome of the Hyalomma anatolicum genes differentially expressed in normal morphology and disability.","authors":"Jia Zhang, Ting Ge, Rongrong Xu, Min Zhang, Na Li, Ruiqi Song, Yuanzhi Wang, Suwen Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08645-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08645-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>At present, the research on tick malformations is still in its infancy, mainly focusing on the exploration of the abnormal forms, while the research on its molecular level is relatively scarce. In this study, under identical feeding conditions, three deformed adult ticks that occurred occasionally among 320 laboratory-bred Hyalomma anatolicum were selected as the research subjects, three adult ticks with normal morphology were observed and selected as controls by stereomicroscopy and the differences in gene expression between the two groups were analyzed through transcriptome sequencing technology. The results show that morphological identification and photo analysis reveal that abnormal ticks have deformities in limbs and/or mouthparts. Through differential gene analysis, it was revealed that compared with normal ticks, abnormal ticks showed a downward trend in the expressions of ecdysone-related genes of ecdysone-induced protein, cuticle protein and chitinase, detoxification-related genes of detoxification proteases and cytochrome, immune defense-related genes of antimicrobial peptides and antifreeze protein. However, the gene expressions of heat shock protein, serine protease, serine protease inhibitors, etc. showed an upward trend. This study has for the first time discovered that the transcriptome of adult ticks with morphological abnormalities is significantly different from that of normal individuals, suggesting that the dysregulation of gene expression may be related to morphological abnormalities. An in-depth exploration of the key genes in the growth and development of these ticks is expected to provide potential approaches for the development of new anti-tick strategies. Future studies need to further verify the functions of these differentially expressed genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13038721/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular phylogeny of Pseudoglaridacris (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea) and redescription of its type species, P. laruei, the most common cestode parasite of the white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) in North America.","authors":"Tomáš Scholz, Olena Kudlai, Emma Nielsen, Anindo Choudhury, Florian Reyda","doi":"10.1007/s00436-026-08648-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00436-026-08648-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Caryophyllidean tapeworms (Cestoda) are widespread parasites of suckers (Catostomidae) in North America, but their phylogenetic relationships remain poorly understood. This study presents molecular data on species of the recently established genus Pseudoglaridacris Oros, Uhrovič et Scholz, 2018. The type species, P. laruei (Lamont, 1921), a very common parasite of the white sucker Catostomus commersonii (Catostomidae) in North America, is characterised both molecularly and morphologically based on recently collected, properly fixed specimens from the type host (C. commersonii) and four species of redhorse (Moxostoma spp.), including new host and geographical records from Canada and the United States. Pseudoglaridacris laruei differs from other species in the genus by its size, being the largest species (body length up to 12.7 mm), a high number of testes (62–119) and very few (0–6) postovarian vitelline follicles. Mackiewiczus etowanum from Hypentelium etowanum and Mackiewiczus rarus from Moxostoma poecilurum in Alabama are nomina nuda. The taxonomic status of P. confusa (Hunter, 1929), which occurs in ictiobines, and of P. oligorchis (Haderlie, 1953), which is most probably a junior synonym of P. laruei with a reduced number of testes, is also discussed, based on molecular data indicating the presence of a putative new species from ictiobines that has not yet been described.</p>","PeriodicalId":19968,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13219100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147575095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}