Pharmacology Research & Perspectives最新文献

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics Education: Addressing Core Learning Challenges Through Innovations in Teaching.","authors":"Catherine Dobler, Jiani Wu, Grace Leaman, Leah Brassard, Michelle Arnot, Fatima Mraiche","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70286","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmacokinetics is fundamental to drug discovery, therapeutic optimization, and patient safety. Despite its importance, students consistently demonstrate limited mastery of pharmacokinetic core concepts. Studies reveal that students have persistent misconceptions of pharmacokinetic core concepts, difficulty applying mathematical principles, and challenges in transferring theoretical knowledge to medical and biomedical practices. Contributing factors include mathematical skill deficits upon entering university programs, fragmented curricular integration, and limited opportunities for active application of knowledge. These gaps raise concerns about the preparedness of graduates entering health professions and drug design/discovery fields, where pharmacokinetic competence directly impacts the fundamentals of drug discovery, therapeutic optimization, and patient safety. In addition to student challenges with learning pharmacokinetics, this commentary highlights innovative teaching strategies for educators to support student comprehension and application of pharmacokinetic core concepts. Approaches such as team-based learning, case-based exercises, simulations, games, and prerequisite review tutorials have shown promise in strengthening conceptual understanding and bridging theory with practice. These strategies have largely been studied in isolated contexts, underscoring the need for broader evaluations examining how course design, delivery methods, and teaching strategies shape student learning of pharmacokinetic core concepts. Future research could explore pharmacology educator and student perspectives on pharmacokinetics to develop an international framework for pharmacokinetics education. Such a framework would ensure progressive reinforcement of core concepts, integration across curricula, and alignment of teaching practices with real-world application, ultimately preparing students for diverse careers where pharmacokinetics proficiency is essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"14 4","pages":"e70286"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13332736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148387777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting CD148 for Antithrombotic Therapy: Functional and Molecular Evaluation of AKB-9778.","authors":"Lina El Badaoui, Stipo Jurcevic, Yotis A Senis, Alastair J Barr","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70301","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CD148 is the primary receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) regulating platelet activation, and its inhibition has been proposed as a novel anti-thrombotic strategy with potentially lower bleeding risk than current therapies. However, selective and potent inhibitors of CD148 are currently lacking. AKB-9778 (razuprotafib), a potent inhibitor of the closely related vascular endothelial-PTP (VE-PTP), has also been reported to inhibit CD148. This study investigated the effect of AKB-9778 on in vitro whole-blood thrombogenicity, examined the molecular basis of its interaction with the CD148 catalytic domain using molecular docking, and assessed inhibitor selectivity with an in vitro phosphatase assay. In a total-thrombus formation analysis system (T-TAS), AKB-9778 partially inhibited thrombus formation, reducing AUC₁₀ by 28%, without significantly affecting occlusion start time or occlusion time. The inhibitor did not alter collagen-stimulated CD62P platelet surface expression or PAC-1 binding to the activated integrin αIIbβ3. Molecular docking using CB-Dock predicted a binding configuration in which the phenylsulfamic acid group of AKB-9778 is orientated towards the catalytic cysteine, with additional conformations reflecting ligand flexibility. Site-directed mutagenesis of Tyr1071, Gln1283, His1206, and Asn1073 to alanine reduced the inhibitory effect in phosphatase assays, supporting interaction with these residues. Notably, the IC₅₀ of AKB-9778 against CD148 was approximately 300-fold higher than previously reported values, consistent with the wide variability across studies. Despite this reduced potency, these findings support the concept of CD148 inhibition as a potential anti-thrombotic strategy and suggest that AKB-9778 may serve as a useful prototype for developing more selective and efficacious CD148 inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"14 4","pages":"e70301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148648965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Omics Analysis Identifies Tryptophan Metabolism and Glycolysis as Potential Pathways Involved in the Protective Effects of Tormentic Acid Against Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease.","authors":"Yuanyuan Wei, Dingyi Wei, Jingyang Lu, Lulin Wei, Weijia Lin, Jinbin Wei, Xiao Ma","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70310","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has high morbidity and tragically lacks effective therapeutic remedies. Tormentic acid (TA) has been shown to have therapeutic effect on liver fibrosis, but its role in MAFLD remains unknown. Therefore, we employed multi-omics analyses to investigate the effects of TA on MAFLD. In this study, male C57BL/6J mice were fed a methionine- and choline- deficiency (MCD) diet to induce MAFLD and subsequently treated with TA for 4 weeks. The therapeutic efficacy of TA was then evaluated through histopathological examination and biochemical analysis. In addition, multi-omics analyses including transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics were conducted to identify potential pathways associated with TA treatment. Finally, key genes and proteins in the identified pathways were validated by qPCR and Western blot. Our results showed that TA significantly alleviated liver damage and excessive lipid accumulation. Importantly, our integrative multi-omics analyses identified tryptophan metabolism and glycolysis as pivotal pathways associated with TA treatment in our fatty liver mouse model. Subsequent validation demonstrated the TA-induced upregulation of IDO2 and HAAO, suggesting engagement of tryptophan metabolism. Concurrently, TA treatment downregulated HK2, PFKP, and PKM2, indicative of altered rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme expression. These findings suggest that TA alleviates MCD diet-induced MAFLD, potentially involving modulation of enzyme expression in tryptophan metabolism and glycolysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"14 4","pages":"e70310"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13449935/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148685516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Student Perceptions of a Virtual Reality Animation for Teaching Absorption and Bioavailability in Pharmacology: A Mixed Methods Evaluation.","authors":"Jon Andsnes Berg, Trond Trætteberg Serkland, Monika Kvernenes, Johnson Liu, Waltraud Binder, Steve Gallagher, David Reith, Ullamari Pesonen, Dimitra Mitsa, Marit Christine Strandvik, Tiril Egset Mork, Silje Skrede, Paul White","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70294","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medication errors, often arising from insufficient pharmacology knowledge, can have serious consequences, highlighting the importance of effective pharmacology education for health care students. This study hypothesized that virtual reality (VR) could improve student engagement, motivation and perceived learning of core concepts in pharmacology. A mixed-method approach was employed. Students who had completed a course in basic pharmacology were recruited from five international study sites to view a VR animation, explaining drug absorption and bioavailability. The students responded to an online questionnaire exploring their experience and understanding. In addition, 13 medical students from the University of Bergen participated in focus group interviews to further explore their perceptions of VR in pharmacology education. A total of 133 students participated in the VR session and completed the questionnaire, with approximately half reporting that the VR animation changed their understanding of drug absorption. Thematic analysis of the focus group interviews produced three themes descriptive of the students' learning experiences, each pivoting tensions between: (1) The role of VR in integrating pharmacology with other medical disciplines; (2) striking a balance between engaging and overwhelming learning experiences; (3) in-depth learning under the weight of assessment. The technical solution appears satisfactory, and students found the 360° VR animation engaging and useful for visualizing the complex concepts of absorption and bioavailability. VR animation shows potential to enhance integration of pharmacology to other medical disciplines. However, careful design is required to support self-paced learning and minimize cognitive overload.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"14 4","pages":"e70294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13323160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148369537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Berberine and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Hope or Hype?","authors":"Ruth Nona, Eric Kalo","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70300","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70300","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"14 4","pages":"e70300"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13373458/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148456217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential Impact of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Variability on Response to Combination Therapy.","authors":"Kuteesa R Bisaso, Ronald Kadada Karyaburo, Jackson K Mukonzo, Ene I Ette","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70281","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interindividual variability (IIV) in drug response complicates both fixed-dose design and individualized therapy. Understanding how pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) processes jointly shape this variability is essential, particularly in combination therapy, where multiple interacting pathways influence outcomes. This study employed a unified PK-Signal-Reaction-Stimulus-Response (PK-SRSR) modeling framework to quantify and compare the impact of IIV in PK and PD parameters under monotherapy and combination therapy. Monte Carlo simulations were used to generate response distributions across hypothetical physiological conditions, while Sobol variance-based sensitivity analysis decomposed total response variability into contributions from individual parameters (FOI) and their interactions (TOI). Results showed that PD variability, especially that related to system-level modulatory processes (S0A, S0B, βA, βB, and βiA), exerted a greater influence on overall response than drug effect level PD (SmaxA, SmaxB, KA, and KB) variability and PK (CLA/F and CLB/F) variability. Variability in response was most sensitive to S0B, βB (FOI > 34%, TOI > 32%) during monotherapy and SmaxA (FOI > 25%, TOI > 27%), SmaxB (FOI > 17%, TOI > 24%), and βB (FOI > 32%, TOI > 34%) during combination therapy. At 45% CV in all parameters, variability in response was lower during combination therapy (CV = 44%, 42%, and 33%) than during monotherapy (CV = 59%, 52%, and 53%) for additive, antagonistic, and synergistic PD interactions, respectively. Introducing a second drug targeting a modulatory pathway reduced response variability by stabilizing regulatory mechanisms, explaining previous observations in which patients achieve therapeutic response despite suboptimal plasma concentrations during combination therapy. Coordinated dose optimization of all agents, supported by response-guided, system-aware strategies, may yield more robust, consistent, and individualized treatment outcomes than traditional PK-guided dosing approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"14 4","pages":"e70281"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13269674/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148259242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronotherapy in Hematological Malignancies: Evaluating the Rationale and Evidence.","authors":"Andrej Belančić, Marko Skelin, Yun Wah Lam, Almir Fajkić, Bruna Perkov-Stipičin, Rossana Roncato, Ivan Krečak, Marko Lucijanić","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70302","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hematological malignancies remain one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality despite advances in targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. Emerging evidence indicates that treatment efficacy and toxicity depend not only on the choice of therapy but also on its timing relative to the patient's internal circadian rhythm. The circadian clock orchestrates fundamental processes in hematopoiesis and immunity, such as stem-cell proliferation, leukocyte trafficking, DNA repair, and drug metabolism, while its disruption promotes malignant transformation, therapeutic resistance, and systemic toxicity. This narrative review synthesizes current understanding of circadian regulation in hematopoietic and immune systems, the mechanistic and preclinical foundations of chronotherapy in blood cancers, and the limited but growing body of clinical evidence linking treatment timing with outcome in leukemia, lymphoma, and transplantation. The review also examines practical challenges, including inter-individual variability, disease-induced circadian disruption, and hospital workflow constraints, while highlighting emerging technologies, such as transcriptomic clocks, wearable biosensors, and AI-driven scheduling algorithms, that are poised to enable personalized, time-aware therapy. By integrating temporal precision into existing therapeutic frameworks, chronotherapy may represent a promising investigational dimension of precision medicine in hematological oncology. However, its clinical value remains to be defined through prospective studies that incorporate validated circadian biomarkers, predefined timing windows, and clinically meaningful efficacy and toxicity endpoints.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"14 4","pages":"e70302"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148648627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reported Characteristics of Anaphylaxis Associated With Glatiramer Acetate: A Pharmacovigilance Analysis of the FDA and Canadian Databases.","authors":"Tailei Nie, Hongyu Liu, Chuanxu Cheng, Jian Li, Jiajing Lu","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70303","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The FDA has mandated a Boxed Warning for glatiramer acetate (GA) due to the risk of serious anaphylactic reaction. This study aimed to characterize the reported features of GA-associated anaphylaxis. Data mining was performed using the Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database (Q1 2004-Q1 2025) and the Canadian Vigilance Adverse Reaction (CVAR) database (Q1 1996-Q1 2025). Demographic characteristics, time-to-onset (TTO), and case seriousness were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test or the Chi-squared (χ²) test. In the FAERS database, 9816 reports were identified with 29 significant disproportionality signals. Younger age (p < 0.01) was significantly associated with a higher proportion of serious reports. The association between GA and anaphylactic AEs remained statistically significant after stratification by age, body weight, sex, and reporter types. Twenty AEs demonstrated significantly higher reporting rates in serious cases (p < 0.05). Clinical prioritization identified 9 moderate-priority and 20 weak-priority signals. The median TTO was 197 days for moderate-priority signals versus 153 days for weak-priority signals. All signals exhibited early failure-type patterns, indicating that reported anaphylactic events were more frequently observed earlier after treatment initiation than later in treatment. In the CVAR database, 711 reports were identified. A total of 17 PTs overlapped with FAERS, with respiratory arrest uniquely present in CVAR. Three PTs were rated as moderate priority in the CVAR database but weak priority in FAERS. This large-scale pharmacovigilance analysis of the FDA and Canadian databases characterizes the safety signals derived from GA-associated reports of anaphylaxis, providing a hypothesis-generating foundation for future pharmacovigilance validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"14 4","pages":"e70303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13428025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148648951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting the Carotid Body Function With Big-K⁺-Channel Blocker ENA-001 in Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Jimmy J Arevalo, Monique van Velzen, Simone C Jansen, Maarten van Lemmen, Elise Sarton, Albert Dahan, Erik Olofsen, Joseph F Cotten, Marieke Niesters, Rutger M van der Schrier","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70297","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Opioids, most intravenous anesthetics and various illicit substances can cause fatal respiratory depression by depressing central respiratory networks. ENA-001, a ventilatory modulator targeting the carotid bodies, has emerged as a potential countermeasure without impairing analgesia or hypnosis. We conducted a literature review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ENA-001. This scoping review summarizes the current evidence base for ENA-001 from in vitro, animal experiments, and human volunteer studies. A comprehensive search was conducted across several electronic databases to identify all available literature describing its effects as a respiratory stimulant and as a reversal agent of drug-induced respiratory depression. We identified eight relevant publications, four describing data in humans and four using animal models (mice, rats, and non-human primates). ENA-001 increased ventilation and attenuated respiratory depression induced by morphine and the combination of xylazine and fentanyl. The primary site of action was localized to the carotid bodies, specifically the pore-forming α-subunit of the KCa1.1 (BK) channel. In humans, ENA-001 increased minute ventilation and reduced end-tidal carbon dioxide under poikilocapnic conditions. In experimental human models of alfentanil- and propofol-induced respiratory depression, ENA-001 significantly improved isohypercapnic minute ventilation and fully restored the hypoxic ventilatory response, respectively, without impairing sedation or analgesia. Across all studies, the safety profile was favorable, with no serious adverse events reported. In conclusion, ENA-001 is a first-in-class, peripherally acting respiratory stimulant that effectively reverses drug-induced respiratory depression. These findings support its continued clinical development for opioid- and anesthetic-induced respiratory compromise.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"14 4","pages":"e70297"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13365875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping Current Use of Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacology Education via a Scoping Review.","authors":"Werner Cordier, Princess Ijeoma","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70290","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmacology education, often reputed as complex, overtly didactic and decontextualised, may benefit from artificial intelligence-supported strategies. However, current guidance is fragmented across disciplines and contexts, thus weakening evidence-based curricular implementation. This scoping review mapped existing research to identify applications, strengths, limitations, and areas for future development. A double-blinded screening process facilitated by Covidence yielded 17 eligible studies from four databases. Studies mostly comprised cross-sectional studies from high-income countries in the medical context, with generative artificial intelligence being predominant (ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4.0). Research comprised assessment (n = 12), paedagogy (n = 4), curriculum design (n = 1), and programme evaluation (n = 1). Most studies assessed tools' ability to answer examinations, with mixed success depending on the version, question type, and inclusion of context in prompt engineering. Few studies incorporated students, limiting insights into learning impact. Zero-shot prompting was mostly used, limited further by unclear design frameworks, which may bias outcomes considering downstream inefficiencies. Current research prioritises the performance of artificial intelligence, rather than its integration or impact in learning, which reduces its applicability for curriculum design and competency development. Although promising, the impact is limited, requiring clearer instructional design and rationalisation within the education ecosystem. Although there is considerable potential for pharmacology education, research requires greater structure, longitudinal design, and incorporation of students to inform clear impact. Purposeful, context-aligned implementation and continuous evaluation are needed to ensure ethical, valid, and meaningful use in pharmacology education. To support future research, recommendations are provided for practical reporting, scientific design, and impact measurement.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"14 4","pages":"e70290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13322406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148369502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}