{"title":"Assessing Medication Adherence to Tadalafil 5 mg Once Daily in Erectile Dysfunction: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.","authors":"Emre Kandemir, Onur Kucuktopcu","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70129","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our study aimed to examine medication adherence (MA) to tadalafil 5 mg once daily (OaD) in patients undergoing treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED) and to identify factors contributing to potential drug noncompliance. This cross-sectional study included 233 patients diagnosed with ED. Sociodemographic and clinical data were recorded. MA was assessed using the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS). Additionally, the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ), the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) were employed to evaluate patients' perceptions and beliefs regarding their condition and treatment. The influence of these factors on MA was thoroughly analyzed. High MA was reported in 136 (58.4%) of 233 patients. Factors, such as education level, monthly income, frequency of medical examinations, smoking habits, and a history of radical pelvic surgery, were found to influence MA (p < 0.05) significantly. Multivariate analysis identified monthly income and radical pelvic surgery history as statistically significant predictors of adherence (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, adherence was significantly associated with IIEF scores, five items on the B-IPQ, and the BMQ subscales, including specific concerns, necessity, and general harm (p < 0.05). Tadalafil OaD demonstrates acceptable rates of MA in the treatment of ED. Socioeconomic and clinical factors, patients' cognitive and sensory status, and perceptions regarding medications and healthcare providers significantly influence adherence. Physicians should exercise caution when prescribing tadalafil 5 mg OaD to patients with lower socioeconomic status, as they may be at higher risk for reduced MA.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"13 3","pages":"e70129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12125271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youran Dai, Wenhui Yang, Li Xu, Pingting Pan, Shan Liu, Yingzhe Sun, Suying Hu, Qiushuang Li, Fang Hu
{"title":"Comparative Efficacy of Different Targeted Therapies in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Ulcerative Colitis: Systematic Review/Network Meta-Analysis and Mechanistic Overview.","authors":"Youran Dai, Wenhui Yang, Li Xu, Pingting Pan, Shan Liu, Yingzhe Sun, Suying Hu, Qiushuang Li, Fang Hu","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70108","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ongoing evaluations of targeted therapies for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis (UC) continue to unfold, with the emergence of novel drugs. However, head-to-head trials comparing these therapies are still lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of targeted therapies in moderate-to-severe UC. The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase were searched from the inception to November 12, 2024. Statistical analyses included multivariate random effects models and Bayesian modeling. Stratified and sensitivity analyses were also performed. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots. Outcomes such as clinical response/remission, endoscopic remission, mucosal healing, quality of life, adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events (SAEs) were used to quantify the relative therapeutic effects. Thirty-three studies (33 reported on the induction phase; 13 reported on the maintenance phase) were identified. In the induction phase, Upadacitinib 45 mg demonstrated the highest efficacy in achieving clinical remission (OR 10.03; 95% CI, 4.83-20.80), clinical response (OR 7.96; 95% CI, 3.89-16.28), and mucosal healing rate (OR 8.91; 95% CI, 3.36-23.62). Cobitolimod 250 mg was the first-ranked treatment (SUCRA, 92.67%) in Endoscopic remission. Vedolizumab 108 mg was the best dosage in reducing Adverse Events (AEs). The optimal dosage for reducing Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) was found to be Tulisokibart 1000/500 mg. During the maintenance phase, Etrasimod 2 mg/kg ranked first in clinical remission (OR 9.58; 95% CI, 2.82-32.59), and Upadacitinib 45 mg was superior in endoscopic remission. Additionally, the most effective medication for raising quality of life was Guselkumab 200 mg (OR 3.04; 95% CI, 1.70-5.40). Consequently, there is a need for further high-quality research to conclusively determine the best therapeutic option.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"13 3","pages":"e70108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12138205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Hu, Yuhan Zhao, Litao Shao, Wenhui Zhang, Han Wang, Yun Liu, Mengxiang Su, Xiangrong Zuo
{"title":"Pharmacokinetic Properties and Therapeutic Effectiveness of Remimazolam in ICU Patients With Mechanical Ventilation: A Preliminary Study.","authors":"Jing Hu, Yuhan Zhao, Litao Shao, Wenhui Zhang, Han Wang, Yun Liu, Mengxiang Su, Xiangrong Zuo","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70130","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of remimazolam, a ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine, has been investigated for procedural sedation and anesthesia, but its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and optimal dosing for ICU sedation are still unclear. This prospective, single-center, double-blind randomized controlled trial studied ICU adults on mechanical ventilation for over 24 h. Participants were divided into three groups, each receiving a 0.2 mg/kg remimazolam loading dose in less than a minute, followed by maintenance doses of 0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 mg/kg/h. Plasma concentrations of remimazolam and its metabolites were measured using UPLC-MS/MS, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using one-compartmental methods with WinNolin. The study also assessed pharmacodynamic indicators (RASS score) and the impact of the clinical indicators on pharmacokinetic parameters. The study on 36 ICU patents using a one-compartment model found that after 24 h of continuous intravenous remimazolam infusion, the drug had a median clearance rate of 22.23 mL/kg/min and a volume of distribution of 2656.58 mL/kg. The half-life was 101.791 min in ventilated patients, while its metabolites had a slower clearance rate of 0.49 mL/kg/min and an longer half-life of 656.02 min. Sedation levels were mild to moderate at dosed of 0.1-0.3 mg/kg/h. Liver function significantly affected remimazolam metabolism, influencing the half-life (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.36, p = 0.00013) and clearance (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.13, p = 0.04). The pharmacokinetic study indicates that remimazolam is effective and safe for ICU patients on mechanical ventilation, with a 24-h infusion demonstrating rapid clarence and a clear dose-effect relationship. It provides mild to moderate sedation at 0.1-0.3 mg/kg/h, but caution is advised for patients with severe liver dysfunction due to its impact on drug metabolism. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05480787.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"13 3","pages":"e70130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12167508/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luciano Parola, Paula Denise Prince, Javier Alberto Walter Opezzo, Jennifer Riedel, Miguel Ángel Allo, Yanina Alejandra Santander Plantamura, Eliana P Bin, Germán E González, Andrea Carranza, Martín Donato, Diego A Chiappetta, Marcela A Moretton, Christian Höcht
{"title":"Encapsulation of Carvedilol in Nanomicelles Improves Central Hemodynamics and Target Organ Damage Protection in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.","authors":"Luciano Parola, Paula Denise Prince, Javier Alberto Walter Opezzo, Jennifer Riedel, Miguel Ángel Allo, Yanina Alejandra Santander Plantamura, Eliana P Bin, Germán E González, Andrea Carranza, Martín Donato, Diego A Chiappetta, Marcela A Moretton, Christian Höcht","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70125","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hypothesis of this work was that chronic treatment with carvedilol (CAR) administered in a nanomicelles-based formulation (CAR-NMs), which increases CAR oral bioavailability, is more effective than a conventional liquid CAR formulation (CAR-LCF) and is comparable to chronic treatment with losartan (LOS) in improving hemodynamic parameters and preventing target organ damage (TOD) in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. Chronic treatment with CAR-NMs significantly improved central hemodynamic parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and its variability) to a similar extent as LOS, and with superior efficacy than CAR-LCF. Although LOS was more effective than CAR-NMs and CAR-LCF in reducing peripheral systolic BP, both LOS and CAR-NMs, in contrast to CAR-LCF, were able to significantly reduce short-term BP variability indexes. Both CAR formulations and LOS significantly reduced aortic media wall thickness and interstitial collagen deposition, and lowered TNF-α expression in left ventricle (LV) in SH rats. Only CAR-NMs significantly reduced IL-6 expression and were more effective in reducing ventricular TGF-β expression in LV of SH rats. These findings suggest that encapsulation of CAR in NMs improved its ability to control central hemodynamics in SH rats when compared with CAR-LCF, mainly due to a greater effect on carotid systolic BP and short-term BP variability, resulting in a higher protection against TOD compared to CAR-LCF.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"13 3","pages":"e70125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12127884/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144199852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hang Yang, Shuanghu Wang, Quan Zhou, Peiwu Geng, Zebei Lu, Qinrong Lin, Chunhong Chen, Yunfang Zhou, Jianping Cai, Dapeng Dai
{"title":"Assessments of CYP-Inhibition-Based Drug-Drug Interactions Between Tofacitinib and Lipid-Lowering Agents in Rats Both In Vitro and In Vivo.","authors":"Hang Yang, Shuanghu Wang, Quan Zhou, Peiwu Geng, Zebei Lu, Qinrong Lin, Chunhong Chen, Yunfang Zhou, Jianping Cai, Dapeng Dai","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70127","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tofacitinib is a widely used medication for the treatment of arthritis. It has been reported that some patients experience abnormal cholesterol levels following treatment, leading to recommendations for the coadministration of lipid-lowering drugs such as statins. In this study, we investigated the potential drug-drug interactions between tofacitinib and the statins simvastatin and lovastatin. In the in vitro experiments, rat liver microsomes were employed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of lipid-lowering agents on the metabolism of tofacitinib, with the primary metabolite M8 analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that simvastatin and lovastatin significantly inhibited the metabolism of tofacitinib, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 5.837 and 10.68 μM, respectively. For the in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with simvastatin or lovastatin via oral gavage for 7 days before the oral gavage of tofacitinib. This pretreatment led to an increased area under the concentration-time curve of tofacitinib, suggesting that a potential reduction in the first metabolism and/or systemic clearance takes place. These findings demonstrate significant interactions between tofacitinib and certain lipid-lowering agents in the rat model, particularly simvastatin and lovastatin, both in vitro and in vivo.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"13 3","pages":"e70127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12124994/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis Jaramillo-Valverde, Mary K Horton, Julio A Poterico, Cristina M Lanata, Heinner Guio
{"title":"Pharmacogenetic Study of Anti-TB Drugs in the Native Ancestry Peruvian Population.","authors":"Luis Jaramillo-Valverde, Mary K Horton, Julio A Poterico, Cristina M Lanata, Heinner Guio","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70135","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Peru, 33 113 individuals were diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in 2023. While TB treatments are generally effective, 3.4% to 13% of cases are associated with significant adverse drug reactions, with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) being the most prevalent. Limited data exist on genetic risk factors for DILI in Latin America; even less is known about these factors in native Peruvian populations. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of TB drug-metabolizing genotypes in these populations. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using genetic data from 254 participants from the Peruvian Genome Project (PGP) representing three subpopulations: Coast, Andes, and Amazon. Twenty-three genes associated with TB treatment, include isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide, as identified in the PharmGKB database, were analyzed. Significant differences were observed in genotype frequencies among subpopulations for AGBL4, NAT2, GSTP1, SLCO1B1, NOS, and CYP2B6 genes. The Amazonian population demonstrated a higher risk of DILI due to the increased prevalence of hepatotoxic alleles in AGBL4, GSTP1, and SLCO1B1. In contrast, alleles in the NOS gene indicated a lower risk of hepatotoxicity in the Andean population. However, the high-risk genotypes identified in the study's native Peruvian populations exhibit distinct prevalence patterns compared to those reported in the 1000 Genomes Project. These findings can inform the development of personalized therapeutic strategies to improve TB treatment outcomes among Peru's diverse subpopulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"13 3","pages":"e70135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12167507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joel Moore, Isabella Singh, Ruby Tszwai Au, Genevieve Gabb, Joanne Eng-Frost, Elizabeth Hotham, Sepehr Shakib, Vijayaprakash Suppiah
{"title":"Psychotropic Polypharmacy and QT Prolonging Medications in Hospitalized Patients.","authors":"Joel Moore, Isabella Singh, Ruby Tszwai Au, Genevieve Gabb, Joanne Eng-Frost, Elizabeth Hotham, Sepehr Shakib, Vijayaprakash Suppiah","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70107","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is common for patients with mental illnesses to be prescribed multiple psychotropic medications to effectively manage their conditions. Psychotropic polypharmacy has been shown to potentiate and increase the risks of several adverse effects, including QT prolongation. This study aimed to investigate the prescribing trends of and differences in prescribing of QT-prolonging medications (QTPMs) at admission and discharge in hospitalized patients. This retrospective observational study utilized inpatient data from three public hospitals between January and December 2019. QTPMs were classified according to the AZCERT classification. QTPMs doses were evaluated by calculating the ratio of prescribed daily dose (PDD) to the defined daily dose (DDD). Subgroup analyses showed significant differences between patient groups on admission and discharge (all p < 0.001). Mean QTPMs decreased significantly between the two time points only in patients admitted to acute medical and geriatric units (p < 0.001). PDD/DDD ratio for conditional risk QTPMs in acute mental health unit (AMHU) patients was increased at discharge (p = 0.038). Patients admitted to acute medical and geriatric units were four and eight times more likely to be discharged with one QTPM with known risk in combination with more QTPMs with conditional risk. Logistic regression showed significant relationships with age and total number of regular medicines at admission for those prescribed high-dose QTPMs at discharge. The findings underscore the necessity for enhanced monitoring of QTPMs in hospitalized patients, particularly for those at higher risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"13 3","pages":"e70107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12041124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144047832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D Joshua Cohen, Thomas W Jacobs, D Scott Wilson, Michael C Mancini, Christine Van Duyn, Zvi Schwartz, Barbara D Boyan
{"title":"Rapidly Polymerizing Click Hydrogel Provides Localized Delivery of rhBMP2 to Promote Bone Formation.","authors":"D Joshua Cohen, Thomas W Jacobs, D Scott Wilson, Michael C Mancini, Christine Van Duyn, Zvi Schwartz, Barbara D Boyan","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70119","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Delivery of bioactive agents to achieve tissue regeneration at targeted sites with minimal side effects requires the use of biodegradable carriers and sustained release of the therapeutic at appropriate concentrations. We developed a copper-free polyethylene glycol-based click hydrogel to deliver bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), a potent regulator for bone regeneration that is currently delivered to orthotopic sites using an absorbable collagen sponge, leading to a burst release of BMP2, potentially causing ectopic bone formation. In contrast, the hydrogel is delivered as a liquid, conforming to the contours of treatment sites, polymerizing rapidly at body temperature without generating heat, exhibiting minimal swelling after gelation, and releasing its payload as it degrades. We assessed the safety and effectiveness of BMP2 delivery in vitro and in mouse cranial defects in vivo, comparing it to BMP2 delivered via a collagen sponge. No toxicity was observed in vitro or systemically, nor was there allergic sensitization caused by the hydrogel in rabbits. Released BMP2 increased the production of osteogenic markers in vitro. Hydrogel + BMP2 caused equivalent defect closure and total bone growth compared to collagen + BMP2; however, there was more vascularization within the defect but less bone growth outside of the defect on the calvaria for hydrogel + BMP2 compared to collagen + BMP2. In conclusion, the click hydrogels used in this study are safe and effective for administering BMP2 with fewer undesired off-target effects and high potential to be used with BMP2 for bone regeneration, supporting the use of click chemistry hydrogels to deliver bioactive agents to treatment sites safely and effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"13 3","pages":"e70119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12146212/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In Vitro Signaling Properties of Cannabinoid and Orexin Receptors: How Orexin Receptors Influence Cannabinoid Receptor-Mediated Signaling.","authors":"Kawthar A Mohamed, Robert B Laprairie","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70078","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The co-expression of different types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the same cells can have implications for receptor signaling and receptor cross-talk, potentially altering the apparent potency or efficacy of ligands targeting each receptor. The endocannabinoid and orexinergic systems, consisting of class A GPCRs and their endogenous ligands, are highly complex and regulate processes such as appetite, sleep, nociception, and energy homeostasis. The shared anatomical distribution of cannabinoid and orexin receptors in various regions of the central nervous system (CNS), coupled with data from previous studies exploring physical and functional interactions between these receptors, suggests that the endocannabinoid and orexinergic systems engage in crosstalk. In this study, we explored how orexin receptors (OX<sub>1</sub>, OX<sub>2</sub>) altered the in vitro signaling of cannabinoid receptors (CB<sub>1</sub>, CB<sub>2</sub>) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells by quantifying cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) inhibition and βarrestin2 recruitment. Our results suggest that orexin receptors alter agonist-dependent signaling at the cannabinoid receptors by enhancing cannabinoid receptor-mediated cAMP inhibition while increasing or decreasing cannabinoid receptor-mediated βarrestin2 recruitment. These initial results are important for understanding the effects associated with cannabinoid ligands and may provide novel insights for therapeutics targeting physiological processes modulated by both systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"13 2","pages":"e70078"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143503191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oykum Kaplan-Arabaci, Zuzana Dančišinová, Ragnhild Elisabeth Paulsen
{"title":"The Chicken Embryo: An Alternative Animal Model in Development, Disease and Pharmacological Treatment.","authors":"Oykum Kaplan-Arabaci, Zuzana Dančišinová, Ragnhild Elisabeth Paulsen","doi":"10.1002/prp2.70086","DOIUrl":"10.1002/prp2.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To examine various medications and substances, in vivo models such as rats and mice are routinely used. However, it is utterly desirable to reduce extensive amounts of animals for these experimental models, which are costly and time-consuming. Animals are frequently put through a variety of procedures that could cause them pain, distress, or even harm; therefore, it is important to think about the ethical ramifications of using them in research. Thus, by following the three R's of animal research: reduction, replacement, and refinement, living animals used in studies should be minimized. The embryo of Gallus gallus, the domestic chicken, is a great model to research many different diseases and conditions. Its efficient blood supply from the chorioallantoic membrane gives us a unique possibility to administer chemicals or cells to the embryo in a noninvasive manner. In this review, we evaluate some advantages and disadvantages of using the developing chicken as an alternative in vivo model for development, disease, and pharmacological treatment. We focus on the top two leading causes of death: neurological disorders and cancer. We present a number of studies that describe the use of the chicken embryo in neuroscience and neurodevelopment research, in cancer research, and pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies. These studies show that the chicken embryo is an inexpensive, readily available, self-sufficient model with a short incubation period, high accessibility, and ideal for drug screening, making it an appealing model that can provide insightful biological and pharmacological information.</p>","PeriodicalId":19948,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology Research & Perspectives","volume":"13 2","pages":"e70086"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11925699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}