Pharmacological Reports最新文献

{"title":"Polypharmacology: new drugs in 2023-2024.","authors":"Piotr Ryszkiewicz, Barbara Malinowska, Eberhard Schlicker","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00715-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43440-025-00715-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polypharmacology is an emerging approach to drug design and development that involves the use of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs), agents capable of interacting with multiple biological targets simultaneously. The effective treatment of chronic and multifactorial conditions, driven by the dysregulation of multiple interconnected pathways, such as cancer, autoimmune and metabolic disorders, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, is one of the most substantial challenges in contemporary pharmacology. 'Traditional' single-target-based treatment frequently shows limited effectiveness, as resistance to therapy develops or relapses occur. The rational use of MTDLs seems therefore a promising way to address the complexity of biological systems, feedback mechanisms, crosstalk, and molecular pathways. Many MTDLs have been successfully marketed to date. Moreover, plenty of them offer an additional benefit in comparison to 'traditional' treatment approaches. To assess whether the polypharmacological trend remains prevalent, we thoroughly analysed drugs approved in the years of 2023-2024 in Germany. Among 73 newly introduced substances, 18 are in line with the polypharmacology concept, including 10 antitumor agents, 5 drugs indicated for autoimmune disorders, 1 indicated for hand eczema, 1 antidiabetic (and anti-obesity) drug, and 1 modified corticosteroid.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":"543-560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12066383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formyl peptide receptor 2: a potential therapeutic target for inflammation-related diseases.","authors":"Jiaying Wang, Zhishuo Miao, Yinhuang Gao, ZhiZhong Xie, Menghua Liu, Wei Zou","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00704-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43440-025-00704-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor with seven transmembrane domains, widely distributed in human cells. It plays a crucial role in inflammation-related diseases. Known for its \"double-edged sword\" nature, FPR2 can bind a variety of exogenous and endogenous ligands, mediating both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in tissues such as eyes, liver, joints, lungs, nerves, and blood vessels. FPR2's bioactivities are regulated by a complex network of genes and signaling pathways. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms governing its functions in different inflammatory conditions are still not well understood. This review summarizes the FPR2's activities in various inflammation-related diseases and looks into its potential as a therapeutic target. This review highlights recent advances in developing exogenous agonists for FPR2 and discusses receptor expression across species to support nonclinical research. Overall, this review aims to clarify FPR2's role in inflammation and provide insights for the development of new drugs against inflammatory diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":"593-609"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atorvastatin attenuates the expression of damage-associated molecular patterns and inflammatory cytokines in patients with psoriasis.","authors":"Kalliopi Armyra, Amin M Ektesabi, James N Tsoporis, Shehla Izhar, Andreas S Triantafyllis, Howard Leong-Poi, Thomas G Parker, Alexandros C Katoulis, Loukianos S Rallidis, Panagiotis G Stavropoulos, Christina Antoniou, Claudia C Dos Santos, Ioannis Rizos","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00710-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43440-025-00710-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In psoriasis, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released by damaged local tissue act as danger signals and trigger inflammatory responses. Statins, in addition to cholesterol-lowering, have anti-inflammatory effects. We sought to assess the effectiveness of atorvastatin in attenuating plasma DAMPs and inflammatory cytokines in adults with psoriasis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective 3-month study, we included 21 eligible psoriatic patients who received oral atorvastatin 10 mg/day and 14 non-psoriatic controls. Blood samples for DAMPs measurement were collected at baseline and 3 months. Additionally, efficacy outcomes were estimated using psoriasis severity index and dermatology-specific quality of life index scores at baseline and 3 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to control, psoriatic plasma showed a decrease in the decoy of DAMPs, the soluble (s) receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), and increases in the DAMPs S100B, S100A7, S1100A12, S100A8/A9, DJ-1, the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α. Atorvastatin for 3 months improved efficacy scores, increased sRAGE, and decreased DAMPs and inflammatory cytokines toward control levels. Mechanistically, in the immortalized embryonic fibroblast Swiss mouse cell line NIH3T3s, S100A12, and S100A7 induced an inflammatory response and atorvastatin increased sRAGE in the medium.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Statin therapy is effective in lowering DAMPs-induced inflammation in psoriasis patients. The main limitation of our study is the small sample size, and the findings should be confirmed in a larger cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":"829-839"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lymphopenia associated with sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators (S1PRMs) in multiple sclerosis: analysis of European pharmacovigilance data.","authors":"Nunzia Balzano, Raffaella Di Napoli, Federica Fraenza, Daniele Di Giulio Cesare, Ornella Moreggia, Mirko Cardillo, Cristina Scavone, Giorgia Teresa Maniscalco, Annalisa Capuano, Liberata Sportiello","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00725-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43440-025-00725-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The treatment landscape for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has increased significantly over the past few decades, thanks to the introduction of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Fingolimod, siponimod, ozanimod, and ponesimod belong to the newer generation of oral DMTs categorized as sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators (S1PRMs). Because of their mechanism of action, they may increase the risk of lymphopenia, which could influence the therapeutic management of people with MS. The aim of this study was to describe and compare the reporting frequency of lymphopenia related to four S1PRMs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Individual case safety reports (ICSRs) were retrieved from the European spontaneous reporting system database (EudraVigilance) from January 1st, 2022, to December 31st, 2023. The reporting odds ratios (RORs) were computed to compare the reporting probability of lymphopenia between a S1PRM versus each other.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We retrieved 4017 ICSRs, of which 521 (13%) reported lymphopenia associated with fingolimod (53.3%), siponimod (38.4%), ozanimod (5.4%), and ponesimod (2.1%). The most common reporting source was the healthcare professional (94.2%), and more than half of the ICSRs (62.6%) reported serious lymphopenia. Fingolimod was associated with a lower reporting frequency of lymphopenia compared to siponimod. Both siponimod and fingolimod were associated with a higher reporting frequency of lymphopenia compared to ozanimod; siponimod also had a higher reporting probability in comparison with ponesimod.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The most relevant clinical implication of the disproportionality analysis is to increase the awareness of the risk of lymphopenia related to these drugs, thus supporting proactive monitoring and optimizing treatment strategies for people with MS.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":"775-788"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12066379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143812121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Compound PZ-1262, a 4-isoquinoline-sulfonamide analog of Brexpiprazole, produces potential antidepressant, anxiolytic and procognitive effects in rodent models.","authors":"Anna Partyka, Joanna Gołębiowska, Krzysztof Marciniec, Vittorio Canale, Wojciech Trybała, Grzegorza Satała, Katarzyna Grychowska, Magdalena Jastrzębska-Więsek, Andrzej J Bojarski, Agnieszka Nikiforuk, Władysława A Daniel, Anna Wesołowska, Paweł Zajdel, Piotr Popik","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00741-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00741-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144187597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarkers associated with antidepressant response and illness severity in major depressive disorder: a pilot study.","authors":"Massimiliano Buoli, Cecilia Maria Esposito, Alessandro Ceresa, Martina Di Paolo, Francesca Legnani, Anna Pan, Luca Ferrari, Valentina Bollati, Paola Monti","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00743-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00743-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent condition characterized by alterations in different biological systems including inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. Antidepressants seem to rebalance biological abnormalities. In this short communication, we report differences in a set of biomarkers between drug-free patients and those who benefited from response to antidepressant monotherapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sample of patients affected by MDD (N = 38) was recruited at the inpatient and outpatient clinic of Policlinico Hospital in Milan: 26 responders and 12 drug-free subjects. The two groups of patients were compared by χ2 tests and analyses of variance, respectively, for qualitative and continuous variables. Correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between rating scale scores (severity of MDD) and biological parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Drug-free patients (compared to the counterpart) had a higher number of previous suicide attempts (p < 0.01), lower levels of plasmatic proteins (p < 0.01), albumin (p = 0.02), and total cholesterol (p = 0.02), but higher plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAs) (p = 0.02), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (p < 0.01) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) (p = 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of the present study suggest that the severity of MDD is associated with more prominent biological changes, and antidepressants might mitigate these abnormalities. Future studies with larger samples are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144187596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined effects of HCRTR1/2 gene variants and non-genetic factors on sleep-wake transition and hemodynamic stability during propofol, dexmedetomidine, and remifentanil anesthesia.","authors":"Zhuoling Zheng, Faling Xue, Haini Wang, Qingling Gu, Rong Hu, Xiaoyan Li, Min Huang, Wenqi Huang, Zhongxing Wang, Jiali Li","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00740-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00740-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Propofol-remifentanil-dexmedetomidine-based total intravenous anesthesia is widely utilized in clinical practice. However, maintaining safety during the sleep-wake transition and ensuring hemodynamic stability continues to pose significant challenges. This study aimed to investigate the impact of genes that are expressed specifically in orexinergic neurons on interindividual variability in the time to loss of consciousness (LOC), time to wake, and cardiovascular fluctuations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 250 patients were included in the study. Gene polymorphisms were detected using the Agena Bioscience MassARRAY system. Anesthesia induction began with propofol and was maintained with propofol and remifentanil. Dexmedetomidine was administered before anesthesia induction. The time to LOC, time to wake, heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were documented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HCRTR2 (Hypocretin receptor 2) rs2292040 and rs76380807 were significantly associated with the time to LOC, and HCRTR2 rs7774031 was correlated with the time to wake. HCRTR2 rs3122162, rs3122169, and rs74296544 were correlated with HR fluctuations, and HCRTR1 (Hypocretin receptor 1) rs2176807, rs2271933, rs871634, and HCRTR2 rs74296544 were associated with MAP fluctuations. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the Target-controlled infusion (TCI) plasma concentration (Cp) of propofol > 4 µg ml^- 1 at the time of LOC and dexmedetomidine were influencing factors for the time to LOC, whereas HCRTR2 rs7774031 influenced the time to wake. Baseline HR, baseline MAP, dexmedetomidine, HCRTR2 rs3122162, and HCRTR1 rs2176807 were predictive factors for cardiovascular susceptibility. The predictive models for the time to LOC, time to wake, mean HR, and mean MAP fluctuations accounted for 41.89%, 3.36%, 35.56%, and 47.41% of variations, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Genetic variants of HCRTR1 and HCRTR2 may affect sleep-wake transition and hemodynamic stability during propofol, dexmedetomidine, and remifentanil anesthesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marizomib in the therapy of brain tumors-how far did we go and where do we stand?","authors":"Magdalena Kusaczuk, Wiktoria Monika Piskorz, Julia Domasik","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00739-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00739-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Out of several types of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), glioblastoma (GBM) represents one of the most frequent and malignant forms of brain neoplasms. To date, GBM holds very limited therapeutic options leaving patients with poor prognosis of survival. As such, novel treatment approaches are constantly quested. One of these strategies is based on the utilization of proteasome inhibitors (PIs). However, although several PIs have been approved as therapy for patients with hematological malignancies, these treatment benefits cannot not be easily extrapolated to brain tumors. This is mostly due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) impermeability of the majority of PIs, which is then followed by their low brain bioavailability. Marizomib (MZB) is a unique, irreversible, second-generation proteasome inhibitor, which unlike other PIs can penetrate through the BBB, making it a promising therapeutic tool in brain tumors. Despite an indisputable therapeutic potential of MZB, it has yet failed to be successfully introduced to the clinics as a ready-to-use chemotherapy for GBM-suffering patients. Therefore, in this work we describe the potential of PIs as candidates for neuro-oncological drugs, present results of preclinical and clinical investigations concerning MZB in brain tumors, discuss possible reasons of failure of MZB-based therapies and delineate future directions of MZB-related studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Naltrexone dose-selectively modulates goal-directed behavior and the hypothalamic proteome in rats.","authors":"Natalia Malikowska-Racia, Przemysław Mielczarek, Piotr Popik","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00735-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00735-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist that can modulate reward processing in opposite directions depending on the dose. Whether naltrexone similarly affects motivation remains unexplored. This study investigates the effects of naltrexone on behavioral measures of motivation and search for potential mechanisms, including the endogenous opioid pathway dependent on proopiomelanocortin (POMC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male Sprague Dawley rats received naltrexone (0.01, 0.1, or 1 mg/kg, ip) for two weeks. During this period, rats were tested daily using a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement (PR) test and effort-based choice (EBC) that address motivational vigor, directedness, and effort-based decision-making. After tests, the hypothalami were collected for proteomic analysis using data-independent acquisition (DIA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Low-dose naltrexone (0.01 mg/kg; LDN) transiently increased PR response vigor without altering decision-making in EBC. At 0.1 mg/kg, but not at the high dose of 1 mg/kg, it impaired effort-based decision-making and goal-directedness. Proteomic analysis correlated LDN with the downregulation of a growth hormone (GH) pathway and altered G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) signaling. Naltrexone's intermediate dose predominantly impacted proteins involved in neural growth, while the 1 mg/kg dose affected proteins related to gene regulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Different doses of naltrexone had varying effects on motivational measures and the rat's hypothalamic proteome. Naltrexone 0.1 mg/kg impaired motivational directedness and effort-based decision-making that corresponds to reduced reward signaling due to opioid blockade. In contrast, LDN enhanced vigor, but only early in the treatment. Naltrexone had no effects on the POMC-dependent endogenous opioid pathway, suggesting that a different mechanism underlies its motivational effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144161058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular microvascular changes in COVID-19: role of hypoxia, D-dimer, IL-6 and systemic treatment.","authors":"Magdalena Kal, Michał Brzdęk, Izabella Karska-Basta, Piotr Rzymski, Antonio Pinna, Mateusz Winiarczyk, Jerzy Mackiewicz, Dominik Odrobina, Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00738-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00738-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been associated with endothelial dysfunction, which may also compromise the microcirculation within ocular tissues. This prospective study evaluated associations between radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) vessel density (VD) and systemic treatment, age, hypoxia, D-dimer, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in patients recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related pneumonia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty-three individuals who were admitted to the hospital due to COVID-19 bilateral pneumonia underwent ophthalmic examination two months post-discharge. RPC VD was measured using optical coherence tomography angiography. Associations with age, arterial hypertension, and systemic treatment (dexamethasone, remdesivir, and oxygen therapy), oxygen saturation, D-dimer, and IL-6 levels were evaluated. The control group comprised 43 control participants with no history of COVID-19 who attended routine ophthalmic examinations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No ophthalmic abnormalities were detected. RPC VD did not differ significantly with hypertension or systemic treatment with dexamethasone and remdesivir. However, patients receiving oxygen therapy had higher RPC VD. A borderline inverse correlation was observed between inferior RPC VD and age. There were no correlations between RPC VD and oxygen saturation. Significant inverse correlations were found between nasal RPC and mean RPC with D-dimer levels and between inferior RPC VD and IL-6 levels. No significant differences in RPC parameters were observed when comparing the COVID-19 group with controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hypertension or systemic treatment had no significant effect on RCP VD. However, VD in specific RPC areas correlated inversely with D-dimer and IL-6 levels, highlighting the need for monitoring peripapillary microvasculature for potential long-term ocular effects of COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}