Pharmacological Reports最新文献

{"title":"Empiric and targeted antibiotic therapy for bloodstream infections in internal medicine patients in Poland: a three-year analysis in a single centre using the AWaRe classification.","authors":"Piotr Piekiełko, Dariusz A Hareza, Ewa Stawowczyk, Estera Jachowicz-Matczak, Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00753-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00753-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bloodstream infection (BSI), defined as bacteraemia accompanied by sepsis or septic shock, is a frequent cause of hospitalization in departments of internal medicine (DIM). This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology, microbiological profile, and antibiotic treatment patterns of BSIs in a DIM setting in 2021-2023 in Polish hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A three-year, single-centre retrospective analysis was conducted at a DIM in Southern Poland. Medical records from 2021 to 2023 were reviewed for patients diagnosed with sepsis (ICD-10 codes A40-A41) with microbiological confirmation. Antibiotic use was assessed using Days of Therapy (DOT) and Length of Therapy (LOT). Empiric and targeted therapies were classified according to the WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 124 BSI cases were identified, with an incidence rate of 5.8%. Community-acquired BSIs accounted for 84.3% of cases, while 15.7% were hospital-acquired. The predominant pathogens were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The median LOT for empiric therapy was 3 days (IQR 2-4), with third-generation cephalosporins being the most frequently used agents (78 patients; 43.3%, 228 DOTs; 43.9%). Targeted therapy had a median LOT of 8 days (IQR 5-10), most commonly involving penicillins (33 patients; 28.4%, 291 DOTs; 34.5%). Access group antibiotics were significantly more prevalent in targeted therapy compared to empiric therapy (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Microbiological confirmation of BSI facilitates a safe de-escalation from broad-spectrum empiric antibiotics to narrow-spectrum targeted therapy, supporting antimicrobial stewardship in internal medicine settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iodothyronine deiodinases in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - preliminary results.","authors":"Elżbieta Małujło-Balcerska, Anna Kumor-Kisielewska, Maria Gałecka, Tadeusz Pietras","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00754-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00754-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Different immune/inflammatory molecules play key roles in the development of inflammatory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thyroid hormones (THs) participate in immune/inflammatory reactions and may play a role in COPD. The main TH metabolism reactions are dependent on iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO). Accumulating evidence also supports the role of cytokines in TH metabolism-related factors. This cross-sectional, observational study investigated the levels of DIO and proinflammatory cytokines and their correlations with stable COPD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 55 participants, comprising 25 patients diagnosed with stable COPD and 30 control patients, were enrolled in this study. Cytokine and DIO levels were measured using commercially available human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits from R&D Systems and My BioSource.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increased levels of DIO1-3 and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-ɑ, and interferon (IFN)-ɣ were found. Correlation analysis revealed several significant correlations, including interdependence between DIO and cytokine levels, with strong correlations between DIO2 and IFN-ɣ levels and an association between the above protein levels and clinical data. The levels of DIO 1-3 and cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) all showed a positive relationship with COPD relative risk, suggesting that higher levels of DIO and cytokines may influence COPD biology.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings from our novel study indicate that DIO and proinflammatory cytokines are possibly involved in the mechanisms underlying processes related to COPD, including immune-endocrine interaction. These can be discussed for further evaluation in COPD-related studies with more precise diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring of all confounding factors and a larger cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The application of telmisartan in central nervous system disorders.","authors":"Wei Quan, Shui-Xian Zhang, Xu-Yang Zhang, Xi Chen, Chao Yang, Zhi-Yu Li, Rong Hu","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00737-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00737-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Telmisartan, a well-established antihypertensive drug, has shown promising therapeutic potential for a variety of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. This review outlines the fundamental characteristics of telmisartan, focusing on its dual pharmacological effects as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist and a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ activator. These mechanisms underpin its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, which are essential to its therapeutic benefits in CNS diseases. Telmisartan modulates key cellular components of the CNS, including microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and neurons, thereby offering protection against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage. We summarize telmisartan's efficacy in addressing a range of neurological conditions, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, dementia, Parkinson's disease, demyelinating diseases, psychiatric disorders, and gliomas. By targeting multiple pathways involved in these disorders, telmisartan demonstrates potential as both an adjunctive and standalone therapy. Its ability to attenuate neuroinflammation and promote cellular repair highlights its versatility in CNS disease management. This review underscores the potential of telmisartan as a valuable therapeutic option for CNS disorders, warranting continued exploration to optimize its clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adolescent cannabidiol treatment produces antidepressant-like effects without compromising long-term cognition in rats.","authors":"Laura Gálvez-Melero, Itziar Beruete-Fresnillo, Sandra Ledesma-Corvi, M Julia García-Fuster","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00750-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00750-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent preclinical studies have shown sex-dependent antidepressant-like responses of cannabidiol in adolescence, which were dependent on biological sex, early-life stress, and dose. In particular, cannabidiol (10 mg/kg) induced acute and sustained antidepressant-like responses in adolescent male rats, while it lacked efficacy in females. This follow-up study aimed at further characterizing cannabidiol's effects in adolescence, in an attempt to overcome female unresponsiveness, while also evaluating its long-term safety profile in adulthood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Groups of adolescent rats of both sexes were treated (ip) with cannabidiol (10, 30, 60 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 ml/kg) for 7 days. Acute (30 min post-injection) and repeated (24 h post-treatment) antidepressant-like responses were measured in the forced-swim test. Brains were collected to evaluate several neurochemical correlates in the hippocampus (CBR1, CBR2, BDNF, and cell proliferation) after adolescent cannabidiol exposure (acute and repeated). Some rats were left undisturbed until adulthood, when long-term effects on cognition were measured in the Barnes maze (short- and long-term memory) or affective-like responses in the forced-swim test. Data was analyzed with two-way ANOVAs (independent variables: sex and treatment).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While the dose of 10 mg/kg of cannabidiol induced antidepressant-like effects in adolescent rats, higher doses had no effect in adolescent rats of both sexes. No changes were observed in any of the hippocampal neuroplasticity markers evaluated. Adolescent cannabidiol exposure did not induce long-term changes in cognitive performance or affective-like behavior.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, our data suggest that adolescent cannabidiol treatment produces dose-dependent antidepressant-like effects of moderate magnitude without compromising long-term cognition in rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The phenomenology of psilocybin's experience mediates subsequent persistent psychological effects independently of sex, previous experience, or setting.","authors":"Tereza Klučková, Marek Nikolič, Filip Tylš, Vojtěch Viktorin, Čestmír Vejmola, Michaela Viktorinová, Anna Bravermanová, Renáta Androvičová, Veronika Andrashko, Jakub Korčák, Peter Zach, Kateřina Hájková, Martin Kuchař, Marie Balíková, Martin Brunovský, Jiří Horáček, Tomáš Páleníček","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00742-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00742-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent studies intensively explore psilocybin's antidepressant potential, but variables like previous experience, repeated use, setting, and sex remain underexplored. This study examines acute and long-term effects of psilocybin in healthy individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study included 40 healthy participants (20 females, mean age 38). Each received two doses of psilocybin (0.26 mg/kg) at least 56 days apart (mean 488) in two neuroimaging study arms. Nearly half had previous psychedelic experience. Acute effects were measured using the Altered States of Consciousness Scales (ASCs) and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for emotional valence. The Persisting Effects Questionnaire (PEQ) assessed long-term effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All results were independent of observed variables such as previous psychedelic experience, repeated use, setting, sex and occupation. Acute effects were moderate on the ASCs, with VAS ratings showing mostly pleasant or fluctuating experiences and only one unpleasant session. All experiences resolved in a positive or neutral state by the session's end. Psilocybin produced lasting positive effects across all PEQ domains, with negligible negative effects. Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) and Visionary Restructuralization (VRS) correlated with positive outcomes, while Dread of Ego Dissolution (DED), typically associated with fear, did not predict negative effects. The nature of the acute experience (pleasant or mixed) was not linked to the direction or intensity of long-term outcomes. Peak experiences ending in a positive mood were strongly associated with favourable long-term effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Repeated psilocybin administration in healthy individuals induces positive, lasting effects, with challenging experiences in controlled settings not causing adverse outcomes. These findings support psilocybin's psychological safety and its repeated use in clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144302707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammatory lung diseases: a clinical and scientific review of the latest advances and challenges.","authors":"Ahmed A Katamesh, Khaled Almansour, Shimaa M Hassoun, Ossama M Sayed, Mohammed Khaled Bin Break, Randa Mohammed Zaki, Obaid Afzal, Amr Radwan","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00749-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00749-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary sarcoidosis, and interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally. These conditions are characterized by chronic inflammation and tissue damage, leading to substantial respiratory compromise and impairing quality of life. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnostic approaches for inflammatory lung diseases, emphasizing their shared and distinct characteristics. The review synthesizes current literature on the genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and immune responses involved in the development and progression of inflammatory lung diseases. It also examines the classification and staging of these conditions to highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis and effective management. Key findings include the complex interplay of numerous factors that contribute to disease development and progression, as well as an analysis of classification and staging systems that support clinical practice. By elucidating the underlying mechanisms and clinical features of inflammatory lung diseases, this review aims to inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies and enhance patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling hidden risks: pharmacogenetic insights from a cross-sectional study of statin therapy in the Indian population.","authors":"Shaik Mohammad Naushad, Palani Kumar Palanichamy, Jagadeesh Babu Sreemanthula, Yadam Reddy Kanaka Durga Devi, Palakonda Gopi, Tajamul Hussain, Vijay Kumar Kutala","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00746-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00746-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Statin usage has increased significantly in India due to the very high incidence of dyslipidemia, however, approximately 18% of the population is at risk for statin-induced myopathy. Hence, we conducted a population-level screening for pharmacogenetic determinants of statin therapy, particularly Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B1 (SLCO1B1) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Whole exome sequencing was performed in 2180 subjects, and the variant data were segregated further into diplotypes and phenotypes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SLCO1B1 normal function was observed in 81% of subjects (diplotypes: 1/*1, *1/*14, *1/*20, *1/*37, and *37/*37). Increased SLCO1B1 function was observed in 8% of the population (diplotypes: *14/*14 and *20/*20). Decreased function of SLCO1B1 (*1/*15) was observed in 5% of the population. Poor function of SLCO1B1 was observed in 6% of the population (diplotypes: *5/*5 and *15/*15). About 81.46% of subjects displayed normal ABCG2 function, while 17.34% had decreased and 1.19% had poor function. Combined SLCO1B1/ABCG2 functional defects were observed in 7.4% of subjects. Two rare SLCO1B1 variants in SLCO1B1 i.e., rs201722521 and rs71581988, were reported to affect the binding affinity of certain statins. The SLCO1B1 C-C-C-A-A-A haplotype was associated with a 2.22-fold risk for hyperbilirubinemia (95% CI: 1.13-4.36, p = 0.02). Rosuvastatin's daily dose of up to 10 mg is well tolerated across the different SLCO1B1 functionality groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrates that 11% of our population exhibit decreased or poor function of SLCO1B1 and 7.4% exhibit decreased or poor function of both SLCO1B1 and ABCG2, necessitating adjustments in daily statin doses to minimize the risk for statin-induced myopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residence time in drug discovery: current insights and future perspectives.","authors":"Szymon K Kordylewski, Ryszard Bugno, Sabina Podlewska","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00748-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00748-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The temporal stability of ligand-receptor complexes is increasingly acknowledged as a critical factor in drug discovery, influencing both efficacy and pharmacodynamics. Although the relationship between the duration of compound action and complex stability can be traced back to Paul Ehrlich's 19th-century doctrine Corpora non agunt nisi fixata, its significance has gained renewed attention in recent years. This review comprehensively examines the concept of residence time (RT). We first summarize key ligand binding models (lock-and-key, induced-fit, and conformational selection) and delve into various perspectives on how RT impacts functional outcomes. Furthermore, we discuss experimental methods for measuring RT, highlighting both radioligand and non-radioligand approaches. The growing interest in RT has spurred advancements in computational techniques, particularly molecular dynamics simulations, which utilize diverse strategies to observe dissociation events. We outline these molecular dynamics-based methods, their theoretical foundations, and provide examples of their application in assessing RT. Finally, we highlight molecular determinants of prolonged RT, focusing primarily on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) while also incorporating relevant data from other receptor classes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of curcumin on vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for health and disease.","authors":"Majid Shohrati, Farshad Abedi, Mahdi Bagheri, Amirhossein Sahebkar","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00744-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00744-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are pivotal in regulating vascular tone and integrity. Their dysregulation significantly contributes to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular ailments, including atherosclerosis, blood pressure, and vascular remodeling. Curcumin, a polyphenol with a natural origin in turmeric, exhibits promising therapeutic properties due to its remarkable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative characteristics. This review aims to assess the effects of curcumin on vascular SMC behavior, encompassing its impact on proliferation, migration, phenotypic switching, and extracellular matrix remodeling. The underlying molecular mechanisms are highlighted, particularly curcumin's modulation of signaling pathways such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear transcription factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways, as well as its ability to decrease oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine generation. Furthermore, we evaluate the implications of the results for vascular health and disease, emphasizing curcumin's potential to prevent or mitigate atherosclerosis, restenosis, and hypertension. Despite promising preclinical evidence, challenges related to curcumin's bioavailability and clinical translation remain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel receptor tyrosine kinase-targeted strategies to overcome resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma.","authors":"Shahryar Irannejadrankouhi, Hassan Mivehchi, Aisan Eskandari-Yaghbastlo, Seyedeh Tabasom Nejati, Sahand Emrahoglu, Fatemeh Azarang, Abbas Nikroo, Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi","doi":"10.1007/s43440-025-00745-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-025-00745-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has seen the rise of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs). However, their therapeutic effectiveness is severely limited by the emergence of resistance. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-independent survival pathways, extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated drug sequestration, lysosomal exocytosis, and metabolic reprogramming mediated by METTL1 (methyltransferase-like protein 1) are some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie RTKI resistance in OSCC. In this line, specific resistance methods are carefully studied, including the signaling processes involving SHP2, the different ways ErbB2 and AKT, and features related to tumor stemness. Additionally, the interaction between resistance and the tumor microenvironment (TME), namely via EVs and modified angiogenic signaling, is emphasized. Novel therapy approaches are put forth to address these issues. The effectiveness of treatment may be improved by combination treatments that include RTKIs with other medications, such as mTOR inhibitors, chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapies. Innovative nanotechnology-based strategies, such as exosome-based drug carriers and liposomal drug delivery systems, provide encouraging answers for overcoming resistance and enhancing precise targeting. Furthermore, phytochemicals and herbal remedies are investigated as supplementary approaches to enhance RTKI responses. Despite the potential of these approaches, obstacles, including resolving tumor heterogeneity, limiting off-target effects, and improving delivery methods, continue to be major obstacles to clinical use. To inform personalized medicine strategies, future studies should concentrate on finding predictive biomarkers and conducting thorough preclinical validation. By integrating emerging therapies and addressing these limitations, this work provides a comprehensive foundation for advancing the management of OSCC and improving patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}