Novel receptor tyrosine kinase-targeted strategies to overcome resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract

Treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has seen the rise of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs). However, their therapeutic effectiveness is severely limited by the emergence of resistance. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-independent survival pathways, extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated drug sequestration, lysosomal exocytosis, and metabolic reprogramming mediated by METTL1 (methyltransferase-like protein 1) are some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie RTKI resistance in OSCC. In this line, specific resistance methods are carefully studied, including the signaling processes involving SHP2, the different ways ErbB2 and AKT, and features related to tumor stemness. Additionally, the interaction between resistance and the tumor microenvironment (TME), namely via EVs and modified angiogenic signaling, is emphasized. Novel therapy approaches are put forth to address these issues. The effectiveness of treatment may be improved by combination treatments that include RTKIs with other medications, such as mTOR inhibitors, chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapies. Innovative nanotechnology-based strategies, such as exosome-based drug carriers and liposomal drug delivery systems, provide encouraging answers for overcoming resistance and enhancing precise targeting. Furthermore, phytochemicals and herbal remedies are investigated as supplementary approaches to enhance RTKI responses. Despite the potential of these approaches, obstacles, including resolving tumor heterogeneity, limiting off-target effects, and improving delivery methods, continue to be major obstacles to clinical use. To inform personalized medicine strategies, future studies should concentrate on finding predictive biomarkers and conducting thorough preclinical validation. By integrating emerging therapies and addressing these limitations, this work provides a comprehensive foundation for advancing the management of OSCC and improving patient outcomes.