{"title":"Abdominal Pain in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Wei-Wei Tan, Zi-Xuan Liu, Xiao-Yan Liu, Wei-Bing Zhang, Lie Zheng, Ya-Li Zhang, Yan-Cheng Dai","doi":"10.1007/s40122-024-00672-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40122-024-00672-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abdominal pain is a major symptom of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and has a significant impact on patients' quality of life. Given the evolving understanding of IBD pathology and management strategies, there is an urgent need to review the recent research findings. In this review, we have analyzed the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of abdominal pain in IBD over the past decade. We draw on the current literature and highlight emerging trends, challenges, and advances in this field. By synthesizing key findings, this review provides insights into the complex interplay between abdominal pain, disease progression, and therapeutic interventions for IBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19908,"journal":{"name":"Pain and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1447-1469"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11543983/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142522555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Impact of Different Regional Anesthesia Techniques on the Incidence of Chronic Post-surgical Pain in Patients Undergoing Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery: A Network Meta-analysis.","authors":"Yue Zhao, Yaming Guo, Xue Pan, Xinyue Zhang, Fang Yu, Xuezhao Cao","doi":"10.1007/s40122-024-00648-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40122-024-00648-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) remains a prevalent issue following video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), despite advancements in surgical techniques. Various regional anesthesia techniques, including thoracic paravertebral block (PVB), intercostal nerve block (ICNB), serratus anterior plane block (SAPB), erector spinae plane block (ESPB), and thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA), have been employed in VATS procedures to mitigate this issue. This study aims to compare the efficacy of these analgesia methods in reducing the incidence of CPSP in VATS patients through a network meta-analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the incidence of CPSP associated with PVB, ICNB, SAPB, ESPB, and TEA. The occurrence of CPSP was evaluated at both 2-3 months and 6 months post-surgery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six RCTs, involving 652 patients, were included in the analysis of CPSP incidence at 2-3 months, while seven RCTs, involving 715 patients, were included for 6 months analysis. PVB, ICNB, or TEA reduced CPSP incidence compared with control group (without regional anesthesia techniques) at both 2-3 months and 6 months post-surgery. However, SAPB was found less effective in reducing CPSP incidence at 2-3 months post-VATS compared to PVB, ICNB, or TEA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PVB, ICNB, and TEA exhibit significant effects on reducing CPSP incidence following VATS. Conversely, SAPB is not recommended for reducing CPSP incidence post-VATS. Nonetheless, considering the limitation of a small sample size in this network meta-analysis, additional RCTs are necessary to validate these conclusions and enhance the management of CPSP after VATS.</p>","PeriodicalId":19908,"journal":{"name":"Pain and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1335-1350"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11543955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142140762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pain and TherapyPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1007/s40122-024-00665-8
Thanin Asawavichienjinda, Nutchawan Jittapiromsak, Andrew Blumenfeld
{"title":"Cerebral Artery Vasoconstriction After Galcanezumab Loading Dose for Migraine Prevention: A Case Report.","authors":"Thanin Asawavichienjinda, Nutchawan Jittapiromsak, Andrew Blumenfeld","doi":"10.1007/s40122-024-00665-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40122-024-00665-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies that target CGRP ligands or receptors, may cause a very rare side effect of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). This study is a case report of a patient who developed cerebral artery vasoconstriction documented on serial brain magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) scans without the typical manifestations of RCVS following galcanezumab loading dose. Case report: A 40-year-old female patient with high-frequency episodic migraine with visual aura on topiramate 100 mg/day developed transient numbness of the right upper and lower extremities and right face without headache and a normal neurological examination 10 min after a loading dose of galcanezumab, which resolved over the next 2 days. Magnetic resonance angiography brain imaging showed segmental arterial constriction of both middle cerebral arteries in the M1-2 segments and both posterior cerebral arteries in the P1-2 segments, which partial resolved in a subsequent study by the end of 6 months. There were no other supporting examination data, such as transcranial Doppler, which might provide additional information on the progression and improvement of the vasoconstriction. Her differential diagnosis included prolonged migraine sensory aura without headache, RCVS, or cerebral vasoconstriction secondary to the effect of an anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody. Further research needs to be conducted.</p>","PeriodicalId":19908,"journal":{"name":"Pain and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1705-1712"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11543969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pain and TherapyPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1007/s40122-024-00657-8
Irina T Duff, Rudolf Likar, Christophe Perruchoud, Stefan Kampusch, Markus Köstenberger, Sabine Sator, Caroline Stremnitzer, Andreas Wolf, Stefan Neuwersch-Sommeregger, Alaa Abd-Elsayed
{"title":"Clinical Efficacy of Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Chronic and Acute Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Irina T Duff, Rudolf Likar, Christophe Perruchoud, Stefan Kampusch, Markus Köstenberger, Sabine Sator, Caroline Stremnitzer, Andreas Wolf, Stefan Neuwersch-Sommeregger, Alaa Abd-Elsayed","doi":"10.1007/s40122-024-00657-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40122-024-00657-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Current guidelines for pain treatment recommend a personalized, multimodal and interdisciplinary approach as well as the use of a combination of drug and non-drug therapies. Risk factors for chronification should already be reduced in patients with acute pain, e.g., after surgery or trauma. Auricular vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) could be an effective non-drug therapy in the multimodal treatment of chronic and acute pain. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of aVNS in treating chronic and acute pain conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was performed regarding the application of auricular electrical stimulation in chronic and acute pain. Studies were classified according to their level of evidence (Jadad scale), scientific validity and risk of bias (RoB 2 tool) and analyzed regarding indication, method, stimulation parameters, duration of treatment and efficacy and safety. A meta-analysis on (randomized) controlled trials (using different comparators) was performed for chronic and acute pain conditions, respectively, including subgroup analysis for percutaneous (pVNS-needle electrodes) and transcutaneous (tVNS-surface electrodes) aVNS. The visual analog pain scale (VAS) was defined as primary efficacy endpoint.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of n = 1496 patients were treated with aVNS in 23 identified and analyzed studies in chronic pain, 12 studies in acute postoperative pain and 7 studies in experimental acute pain. Of these, seven studies for chronic pain and six studies for acute postoperative pain were included in the meta-analysis. In chronic pain conditions, including back pain, migraine and abdominal pain, a statistically significant reduction in VAS pain intensity for active compared to sham aVNS or control treatment with an effect size Hedges' g/mean difference of - 1.95 (95% confidence interval [CI]: - 3.94 to 0.04, p = 0.008) could be shown and a more favorable effect in pVNS compared to tVNS (- 5.40 [- 8.94; - 1.85] vs. - 1.00 [- 1.55; - 0.44]; p = 0.015). In acute pain conditions, single studies showed significant improvements with aVNS, e.g., in kidney donor surgery or tonsillectomy but, overall, a non-statistically significant reduction in VAS pain intensity for active compared to sham aVNS or control with - 0.70 [- 2.34; 0.93] (p = 0.15) could be observed in the meta-analysis. In acute pain results vary greatly between studies depending especially on co-medication and timepoints of assessment after surgery. A significant reduction in analgesics or opiate intake was documented in most studies evaluating this effect in chronic and acute pain. In 3 of the 12 randomized controlled trials in patients with chronic pain, a sustainable pain reduction over a period of up to 12 months was shown. Overall, aVNS was very well tolerated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This systematic review and me","PeriodicalId":19908,"journal":{"name":"Pain and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1407-1427"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11543973/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pain and TherapyPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1007/s40122-024-00662-x
Ke Qiang He, Ting Ting Huang, Meng Yuan Tan, Chen Gao, Sheng Wang
{"title":"Efficacy and Safety of Ciprofol Versus Propofol as Anesthetic for Patients Undergoing Painless Colonoscopy.","authors":"Ke Qiang He, Ting Ting Huang, Meng Yuan Tan, Chen Gao, Sheng Wang","doi":"10.1007/s40122-024-00662-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40122-024-00662-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ciprofol is a novel propofol analogue with a characteristic of hemodynamic stability. At present, there is a lack of research comparing the hemodynamic stability of ciprofol and propofol during painless colonoscopy. In this study, we aim to test the hypothesis that ciprofol is superior to propofol in terms of hemodynamic stability for sedation anesthesia in patients undergoing colonoscopy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 222 patients were randomized into two groups. Patients in group P (n = 112) and group C (n = 110) received propofol and ciprofol sedation, respectively. Noninvasive blood pressure were monitored starting from induction (T<sub>0</sub>) to the end of the procedure, at 2-min intervals (T<sub>1</sub> to T<sub>10</sub>). Heart rate variability (HRV), pain injection, Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation (MOAA/S) score, body movement, doses of norepinephrine, modified Aldrete score, drug-related adverse reactions, and patient satisfaction and endoscopist satisfaction were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In group C, fewer patients experienced a decrease in blood pressure with a higher HRV after induction sedation, the incidence of pain injection was reduced, the amount of norepinephrine dose was decreased, patient satisfaction was increased compared with group P (all P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in induction time, modified Aldrete score, alertness time, drug-related adverse reactions, and endoscopist satisfaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study indicated intravenous induction with ciprofol was superior, with regard to hemodynamic stability and reduced injection pain, than induction with propofol for anesthesia in patients undergoing painless colonoscopy.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2200061814).</p>","PeriodicalId":19908,"journal":{"name":"Pain and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1633-1644"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11543975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142472131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pain and TherapyPub Date : 2024-12-01Epub Date: 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1007/s40122-024-00660-z
Christopher S Han, Qiuzhe Chen, Christopher G Maher
{"title":"Letter to the Editor Regarding: Time Trends in the Incidence of Spinal Pain in China, 1990 to 2019 and its Prediction to 2030: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","authors":"Christopher S Han, Qiuzhe Chen, Christopher G Maher","doi":"10.1007/s40122-024-00660-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40122-024-00660-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19908,"journal":{"name":"Pain and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1713-1714"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11543968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142351720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Real-World Experience of Erenumab in Patients with Migraine in Germany: The SPECTRE Study.","authors":"Charly Gaul, Astrid Gendolla, Dagny Holle, Hartmut Göbel, Mirja Koch, Caroline Baufeld, Cordula Weiss","doi":"10.1007/s40122-024-00658-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40122-024-00658-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>To provide real-world insights into migraine patient population in Germany treated with erenumab, focusing on the prescription patterns and reasons for the initial dosage choice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>SPECTRE was an observational, non-interventional, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study in patients treated with erenumab according to approved local dose and guidelines. The study enrolled adult patients (n = 571; Germany: 105 sites) with migraine who had received erenumab for not more than 3 months before the start of the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean (standard deviation) patient age was 45.0 (12.3) years, and most patients were female (89.0%), Caucasian (97.6%), and non-smokers (85.1%). The starting dose of erenumab was 70 mg in 68.5% of patients and 140 mg in 31.5%. The proportion of patients with 140 mg as the starting dose was the highest (43.5%) in those aged 30-40 years. The most common reason for starting a higher dose of erenumab 140 mg was severity of migraine (47.4%). During the observational period, the proportion of patients taking erenumab 140 mg increased to 64.6% (visit 5; V5) after 12 months. Due to attrition of patients towards the end of the study (V9: 90 participants), data at V9 must be interpreted with caution. At least one dose change was performed in 45.3% of patients (i.e., erenumab 70 to 140 mg or 140 to 70 mg), 21.2% of patients attempted at least once to discontinue treatment (i.e., period with erenumab discontinuation and no other antibody treatment for migraine prevention), and 15.3% discontinued erenumab treatment, mainly because of no or insufficient treatment response (13.5%). The mean time until the first omission attempt was 332.3 (range 37-633) days. Constipation (12.1%) was the most frequently reported adverse event, in line with the summary of product characteristics (SmPC) of erenumab.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Most patients with migraine were prescribed erenumab 70 mg as the starting dose. No new safety signals were observed for erenumab versus the previous trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":19908,"journal":{"name":"Pain and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1659-1678"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11543967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142472132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pain and TherapyPub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1007/s40122-024-00636-z
Han-Rui Fan, En-Ming Zhang, Yong Fei, Bing Huang, Ming Yao
{"title":"Correction: Early Diagnosis of Herpes Zoster Neuralgia: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Han-Rui Fan, En-Ming Zhang, Yong Fei, Bing Huang, Ming Yao","doi":"10.1007/s40122-024-00636-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40122-024-00636-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19908,"journal":{"name":"Pain and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1323"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11393221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141767034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pain and TherapyPub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1007/s40122-024-00637-y
Dan-Feng Wang, Fu-Shan Xue, Dao-Yi Lin
{"title":"Letter to the Editor Regarding \"Comparison of Thoracoscopy-Guided Thoracic Paravertebral Block and Ultrasound-Guided Thoracic Paravertebral Block in Postoperative Analgesia of Thoracoscopic Lung Cancer Radical Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial\".","authors":"Dan-Feng Wang, Fu-Shan Xue, Dao-Yi Lin","doi":"10.1007/s40122-024-00637-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40122-024-00637-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19908,"journal":{"name":"Pain and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1315-1317"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11393269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141627319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical Application of Different Doses of Hydromorphone Slow-Release Analgesia in Lumbar Fusion in Elderly Patients.","authors":"Xianwei Jin, Ruiming Deng, Qiaoling Weng, Qiao Yang, Weibo Zhong","doi":"10.1007/s40122-024-00632-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40122-024-00632-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of this study is to examine the analgesic efficacy of varying doses of hydromorphone hydrochloride in conjunction with absorbable gelatin sponge for postoperative pain management in elderly individuals undergoing lumbar fusion surgery. Additionally, the study aims to assess the sustained release analgesic properties of this combination and to determine the optimal dosage of hydromorphone hydrochloride for effective pain relief.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 113 elderly patients (aged ≥ 65 years old) meeting the criteria for 1-2-level posterior lumbar fusion surgery at Ganzhou City People's Hospital between July 2022 and August 2023 were randomly assigned to four groups: group A (0.2 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride 1 ml), group B (0.3 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride 1.5 ml), group C (0.4 mg hydromorphone hydrochloride 2 ml), and group D (0.9% normal saline 2 ml) for standard anesthesia induction and maintenance. Prior to suturing the incision, gelfoam was utilized to administer epidural analgesia to each group. Following the surgical procedure, an intravenous analgesia pump was utilized for pain management. The baseline infusion rate was set at 0.5 ml/h. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) was administered at a dose of 2 ml, with a lockout interval of 20 min, allowing the patient to self-administer as needed. Pain relief was assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) prior to surgery, as well as at 1 day and 3 days post-operation. The frequency of PCA requests within the initial 48-h postoperative period, the remedial analgesia with dezocine, postoperative adverse reactions, and duration of hospitalization were documented for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The VAS scores of groups B and C were found to be significantly lower than those of group D 1 day after the operation. Additionally, VAS scores at 3 days post-operation, remedial rate of dezocine and PCA follow-up times at 48 h in groups A, B, and C were significantly lower compared to group D (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between group B and group C in VAS scores at 1 day and 3 days post-operation, as well as PCA follow-up times at 48 h post-operation (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the VAS scores of groups B and C were lower than those of group A at 1 day and 3 days post-operation (P < 0.05). The PCA frequency of group C was also lower than that of group A at 48 h post-operation (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combination of hydromorphone hydrochloride and absorbable gelatin sponge epidural analgesia has been shown to enhance postoperative pain management. A dosage of 0.4 mg of hydromorphone hydrochloride may be considered an appropriate analgesic dose, as it can provide effective pain relief without eliciting adverse reactions.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ChiCTR.org.cn(ChiCTR2200064863). Registered on October 20, 2022.</p>","PeriodicalId":19908,"journal":{"name":"Pain and Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"1219-1233"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11393238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141591002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}