Pharmaceutics最新文献

{"title":"Application of the Thermal Analysis of Frozen Aqueous Solutions to Assess the Miscibility of Hyaluronic Acid and Polymers Used for Dissolving Microneedles.","authors":"Ken-Ichi Izutsu, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Yasuhiro Abe, Eiichi Yamamoto, Yoji Sato, Daisuke Ando","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16101280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The combination of multiple polymers is anticipated to serve as a means to diversify the physical properties and functionalities of dissolving microneedles. The mixing state of components is considered as a crucial factor in determining their suitability. <b>Objectives:</b> The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether thermal analysis of frozen aqueous solutions can appropriately predict the miscibility of hyaluronic acid (HA) and other polymers used for dissolving microneedles prepared by a micromolding method. <b>Methods:</b> Aliquots of aqueous polymer solutions were applied for thermal analysis by heating the samples from -70 °C at 5 °C/min to obtain the transition temperature of amorphous polymers and/or the crystallization/melting peaks of polymers (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG)). Films and dissolving microneedles were prepared by air-drying of the aqueous polymer solutions to assess the polymer miscibility in the solids. <b>Results:</b> The frozen aqueous single-solute HA solutions exhibited a clear T_g' (the glass transition temperature of maximally freeze-concentrated solutes) at approximately -20 °C. The combination of HA with several polymers (e.g., dextran FP40, DEAE-dextran, dextran sulfate, and gelatin) showed a single T_g' transition at temperatures that shifted according to their mass ratio, which strongly suggested the mixing of the freeze-concentrated solutes. By contrast, the observation of two T_g' transitions in a scan strongly suggested the separation of HA and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or HA and polyacrylic acid (PAA) into different freeze-concentrated phases, each of which was rich in an amorphous polymer. The combination of HA and PEG exhibited the individual physical changes of the polymers. The polymer combinations that showed phase separation in the frozen solution formed opaque films and microneedles upon their preparation by air-drying. Coacervation occurring in certain polymer combinations was also suggested as a factor contributing to the formation of cloudy films. <b>Conclusions:</b> Freezing aqueous polymer solutions creates a highly concentrated polymer environment that mimics the matrix of dissolving microneedles prepared through air drying. This study demonstrated that thermal analysis of the frozen solution offers insights into the mixing state of condensed polymers, which can be useful for predicting the physical properties of microneedles.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510125/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Banked Primary Progenitor Cells for Allogeneic Intervertebral Disc (IVD) Therapy: Preclinical Qualification and Functional Optimization within a Cell Spheroid Formulation Process.","authors":"Annick Jeannerat, Cédric Peneveyre, Sandra Jaccoud, Virginie Philippe, Corinne Scaletta, Nathalie Hirt-Burri, Philippe Abdel-Sayed, Robin Martin, Lee Ann Applegate, Dominique P Pioletti, Alexis Laurent","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16101274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Biological products are emerging as therapeutic management options for intervertebral disc (IVD) degenerative affections and lower back pain. Autologous and allogeneic cell therapy protocols have been clinically implemented for IVD repair. Therein, several manufacturing process design considerations were shown to significantly influence clinical outcomes. The primary objective of this study was to preclinically qualify (chondrogenic potential, safety, resistance to hypoxic and inflammatory stimuli) cryopreserved primary progenitor cells (clinical grade FE002-Disc cells) as a potential cell source in IVD repair/regeneration. The secondary objective of this study was to assess the cell source's delivery potential as cell spheroids (optimization of culture conditions, potential storage solutions). <b>Methods/Results:</b> Safety (soft agar transformation, β-galactosidase, telomerase activity) and functionality-related assays (hypoxic and inflammatory challenge) confirmed that the investigated cellular active substance was highly sustainable in defined cell banking workflows, despite possessing a finite in vitro lifespan. Functionality-related assays confirmed that the retained manufacturing process yielded strong collagen II and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis in the spheroids in 3-week chondrogenic induction. Then, the impacts of various process parameters (induction medium composition, hypoxic incubation, terminal spheroid lyophilization) were studied to gain insights on their criticality. Finally, an optimal set of technical specifications (use of 10 nM dexamethasone for chondrogenic induction, 2% O₂ incubation of spheroids) was set forth, based on specific fine tuning of finished product critical functional attributes. <b>Conclusions:</b> Generally, this study qualified the considered FE002-Disc progenitor cell source for further preclinical investigation based on safety, quality, and functionality datasets. The novelty and significance of this study resided in the establishment of defined processes for preparing fresh, off-the-freezer, or off-the-shelf IVD spheroids using a preclinically qualified allogeneic human cell source. Overall, this study underscored the importance of using robust product components and optimal manufacturing process variants for maximization of finished cell-based formulation quality attributes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Elalouf et al. Bioinformatics-Driven mRNA-Based Vaccine Design for Controlling Tinea Cruris Induced by <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i>. <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 2024, <i>16</i>, 983.","authors":"Amir Elalouf, Hanan Maoz, Amit Yaniv Rosenfeld","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16101273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the original publication [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common Mitochondrial Targets of Curcumin and Cinnamic Acid, the Membrane-Active Natural Phenolic Compounds.","authors":"Tatiana A Fedotcheva, Natalia V Beloborodova, Nadezhda I Fedotcheva","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16101272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Research has shown the multiple actions of curcumin on different cell systems, including enzymes and mitochondria. The detected effects of curcumin on mitochondria are diverse, ranging from protective to toxic. <b>Objectives:</b> In this present work, the influence of curcumin, as well as cinnamic acid, which is a microbial metabolite and a possible product of the microbial breakdown of curcumin, on isolated mitochondria, was investigated. <b>Methods:</b> Membrane potential, swelling, respiration, and calcium retention capacity were studied using selective electrodes, fluorescence and spectral methods. <b>Results:</b> It was found that curcumin at low concentrations (10-20 μM) activated the opening of the calcium-dependent permeability transition pore (mPTP) and decreased the calcium retention capacity and threshold concentrations necessary for the mPTP opening. Moreover, curcumin caused a concentration-dependent stepwise decrease in the membrane potential, accompanied by the activation of respiration and a decrease in oxidative phosphorylation, which indicates that curcumin is a typical mitochondrial uncoupler. The uncoupling effect strongly depended on the concentration of curcumin, which also increased, stepwise, from weak uncoupling at 25 µM to complete uncoupling at 75-100 µM. Cinnamic acid had similar effects, with the exception of the depolarizing effect, at concentrations that were an order of magnitude higher. <b>Conclusions:</b> Presumably, the uncoupling action of curcumin is a priming event that modulates any energy- and redox-dependent mitochondrial functions, from positive stimulation to toxic disorder. This effect can also underlie the curcumin-induced changes in different cellular processes and be achieved by targeted delivery of curcumin to certain cells, bypassing the microbiota.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annatto (<i>Bixa orellana</i>)-Based Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications-A Systematic Review.","authors":"Vitória Regina Pereira da Silva, Natália Ornelas Martins, Carolina Ramos Dos Santos, Elysa Beatriz de Oliveira Damas, Paula Lauane Araujo, Gabriella de Oliveira Silva, Graziella Anselmo Joanitti, Marcella Lemos Brettas Carneiro","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16101275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants are a source of valuable organic chemical compounds with complex structures rich in therapeutic activities. The encapsulation of compounds in nanostructured systems is an alternative to avoid limitations, such as instability and low solubility, and to promote therapeutic use. The objective of the present review was to summarize the data in the literature on the physicochemical characteristics, biomedical efficacy, and toxicity of nanostructures containing extracts and oils obtained from annatto (<i>Bixa orellana</i>). For this, searches were conducted in the CINAHL, LILACS, Embase, FSTA, MEDLINE, ProQuest, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies that carried out the development, physical-chemical characterization, and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and/or in vitro, in vivo, or clinical toxicity of nanostructures containing extracts and oils derived from annatto were included in the review. Of the 708 articles found, nine met the inclusion criteria. The included studies developed different nanostructures (nanofibers, nanocochleates, chitosan, lipid, polymeric, and metallic nanoparticles). These nanostructures showed leishmanicidal, photoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory efficacy, and tissue regeneration potential with no or low toxic effects in the tested models. Thus, the present work supports the nanostructuring of annatto extracts and oils as a relevant approach to the development of new technologies for biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510392/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capped Plasmonic Gold and Silver Nanoparticles with Porphyrins for Potential Use as Anticancer Agents-A Review.","authors":"Nthabeleng Hlapisi, Sandile P Songca, Peter A Ajibade","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16101268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are potential cancer treatment methods that are minimally invasive with high specificity for malignant cells. Emerging research has concentrated on the application of metal nanoparticles encapsulated in porphyrin and their derivatives to improve the efficacy of these treatments. Gold and silver nanoparticles have distinct optical properties and biocompatibility, which makes them efficient materials for PDT and PTT. Conjugation of these nanoparticles with porphyrin derivatives increases their light absorption and singlet oxygen generation that create a synergistic effect that increases phototoxicity against cancer cells. Porphyrin encapsulation with gold or silver nanoparticles improves their solubility, stability, and targeted tumor delivery. This paper provides comprehensive review on the design, functionalization, and uses of plasmonic silver and gold nanoparticles in biomedicine and how they can be conjugated with porphyrins for synergistic therapeutic effects. Furthermore, it investigates this dual-modal therapy's potential advantages and disadvantages and offers perspectives for future prospects. The possibility of developing gold, silver, and porphyrin nanotechnology-enabled biomedicine for combination therapy is also examined.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of a High-Dose Inhaled Indomethacin Dry Powder with Dual Deposition for Pulmonary and Oral Delivery.","authors":"Jamie E Spahn, Amr Hefnawy, Feng Zhang, Hugh D C Smyth","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16101269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study we have developed a high-dose dry powder inhaler formulation of indomethacin using a novel approach to carrier-based formulations. Specifically, larger drug particles serve as the carrier for the smaller micronized drug particles, such that an inhaled dose is combined with an oral dose. To study this system, the aerosol performance of a standard indomethacin-lactose formulation was compared to carrier-free micronized indomethacin and a drug-as-carrier formulation (a micronized indomethacin-coarse indomethacin blend). Indomethacin with lactose showed a very poor aerosol performance, indicating high adhesion between the drug and carrier. The performance of the carrier-free micronized drug was significantly better, indicating low cohesion. Coarse drug particles as a carrier allowed improved powder flow and aerosol performance while also providing a potential secondary route of absorption of indomethacin, namely oral. An optimal formulation ratio of 1:1 (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) fine indomethacin-coarse indomethacin was developed in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510369/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Stealthiness Evaluation of Main Chain Carboxybetaine Polymer Modified into Liposome.","authors":"Mazaya Najmina, Shingo Kobayashi, Rena Shimazui, Haruka Takata, Mayuka Shibata, Kenta Ishibashi, Hiroshi Kamizawa, Akihiro Kishimura, Yoshihito Shiota, Daichi Ida, Taro Shimizu, Tatsuhiro Ishida, Yoshiki Katayama, Masaru Tanaka, Takeshi Mori","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16101271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Acrylamide polymers with zwitterionic carboxybetaine (CB) side groups have attracted attention as stealth polymers that do not induce antibodies when conjugated to proteins. However, they induce antibodies when modified onto liposomes. We hypothesized that antibodies are produced against polymer backbones rather than CB side groups. <b>Objectives:</b> In this study, we designed and synthesized a polymer employing CB in its main chain, poly(<i>N</i>-acetic acid-<i>N</i>-methyl-propyleneimine) (PAMPI), and evaluated the blood retention of PAMPI-modified liposomes in mice. <b>Results:</b> The non-fouling nature of PAMPI-modified liposomes estimated from serum protein adsorption was found to be not inferior to PCB- and PEG-modified liposomes. However, to our surprise, the PAMPI-modified liposomes showed an instantaneous clearance less than 1 h post-injection, comparable to the naked liposomes. <b>Conclusions:</b> The extent of the blood retention of polymer-modified liposomes cannot be predicted by their susceptibility to serum protein adsorption and semi-flexible conformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510557/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SLNs and NLCs for Skin Applications: Enhancing the Bioavailability of Natural Bioactives.","authors":"Diana Antonia Safta, Cătălina Bogdan, Mirela-Liliana Moldovan","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16101270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural bioactives are mixtures of compounds extracted from plants with physicochemical properties that are usually not favorable for penetrating the skin's complex barrier. Nanoparticles have important advantages both in dermatology and cosmetology: improved solubility and stability of encapsulated phytocompounds, controlled and sustained skin delivery, and enhanced skin permeation, leading to an improved bioavailability. This review focuses on two generations of lipid-based nanoparticles: solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). An extensive overview on the recent studies on SLNs and NLCs entrapping essential oils, oils, herbal extracts, and phytocompounds for topical applications is presented, emphasizing their composition, physicochemical characterization, efficacy, and methodologies used to evaluate them. This review also summarizes topical systems containing natural bioactives incorporated into SLNs and NLCs, commercially available products and registered patents in the field. SLNs and NLCs turn out to be effective nanocarriers for skin applications, offering significantly improved encapsulation efficiency, stability, and bioactives delivery. However, their full potential is underexplored. Future applications should study the encapsulation potential of new natural bioactives and show more specialized solutions that address specific requirements; an improved product performance and a pleasant sensory profile could lead to increased customer compliance with the product use.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Modified Cell-Penetrating Peptide Enhances Insulin and Oxytocin Delivery across an RPMI 2650 Nasal Epithelial Cell Barrier In Vitro.","authors":"Sara Wong, Alexander D Brown, Abigail B Abrahams, An Nisaa Nurzak, Hoda M Eltaher, David A Sykes, Dmitry B Veprintsev, Kevin C F Fone, James E Dixon, Madeleine V King","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics16101267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Peptide-based treatments represent an expanding area and require innovative approaches to enhance bioavailability. Combination with cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) is an attractive strategy to improve non-invasive delivery across nasal epithelial barriers for systemic and direct nose-to-brain transport. We previously developed a modified CPP system termed Glycosaminoglycan-binding Enhanced Transduction (GET) that improves insulin delivery across gastrointestinal epithelium. It contains a membrane docking sequence to promote cellular interactions (P21), a cationic polyarginine domain to stimulate uptake (8R) and an endosomal escaping sequence to maximize availability for onward distribution (LK15). It is synthesized as a single 44-residue peptide (P21-LK15-8R; PLR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The current research used in vitro assays for a novel exploration of PLR's ability to improve the transport of two contrasting peptides, insulin (51 residues, net negative charge) and oxytocin (9 residues, weak positive charge) across an RPMI 2650 human nasal epithelial cell barrier cultured at the air-liquid interface.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PLR enhanced insulin transcytosis over a 6 h period by 7.8-fold when used at a 2:1 molar ratio of insulin/PLR (<i>p</i> < 0.0001 versus insulin alone). Enhanced oxytocin transcytosis (5-fold) occurred with a 1:10 ratio of oytocin/PLR (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Importantly, these were independent of any impact on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) or cell viability (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We advocate the continued evaluation of insulin-PLR and oxytocin-PLR formulations, including longer-term assessments of ciliotoxicity and cytotoxicity in vitro followed by in vivo assessments of systemic and nose-to-brain delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510563/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142505582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}