Pharmaceutics最新文献

{"title":"Incomplete Decarboxylation of Acidic Cannabinoids in GC-MS Leads to Underestimation of the Total Cannabinoid Content in Cannabis Oils Without Derivatization.","authors":"Martina Franzin, Rebecca Di Lenardo, Rachele Ruoso, Riccardo Addobbati","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030334","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Cannabis oil titration consists of quantification of the acidic precursors tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and their decarboxylated products, the active neutral cannabinoids delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), and is recommended to ensure galenic preparation quality through gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS; LC-MS). Analyses by LC-MS and GC-MS involving derivatization allow for detection of acidic and neutral cannabinoids; on the contrary, GC-MS without derivatization determines only neutral cannabinoids due to high temperature-decarboxylation occurring in the injection system. However, it is not clear if decarboxylation is complete. <b>Methods</b>: Different GC-MS methods with (BSTFA: TMCS and pyridine; incubation at 60 °C for 25 min) or without derivatization and an LC-MS method were developed for cannabinoid quantification. The total Δ9-THC and CBD yield of recovery were compared between the methods by testing laboratory samples with known concentrations of THCA and CBDA (total Δ9-THC and CBD: 175-351-702 ng/mL) and real cannabis oil samples (n = 6). <b>Results</b>: The total Δ9-THC and CBD yield of recovery were determined using LC-MS and GC-MS with derivatization, but not using GC-MS without derivatization (decarboxylation conversion rate of about 50-60%). No high deviation (<10%) in the total neutral cannabinoid concentrations in real cannabis oil samples was noticed, probably due to the low content of acidic forms in the original galenic preparation. <b>Conclusions</b>: This study raised awareness about the potential underestimation of the total Δ9-THC and CBD content in cannabis oils when quantification is performed by GC-MS without derivatization. The advice for pharmacists is to perform complete decarboxylation to convert all acidic precursors in neutral cannabinoids.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Effects of Polysaccharides from <i>Bovistella utriformis</i> as Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Antihyperglycemic Agents: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.","authors":"Aya Maaloul, Claudia Pérez Manríquez, Juan Decara, Manuel Marí-Beffa, Daniel Álvarez-Torres, Sofía Latorre Redoli, Borja Martínez-Albardonedo, Marisel Araya-Rojas, Víctor Fajardo, Roberto T Abdala Díaz","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030335","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: This study explores the bioactive potential of <i>Bovistella utriformis</i> biomass and its polysaccharides (PsBu) through comprehensive biochemical and bioactivity analyses, focusing on their antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antihyperglycemic properties. <b>Methods</b>: Elemental analysis determined the biomass's chemical composition. Antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS and DPPH assays. Monosaccharide composition was analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In vitro cytotoxicity assays were conducted on cancer and normal cell lines to determine IC₅₀ values and selectivity indices (SI). Zebrafish embryo toxicity was evaluated for teratogenic effects, and an in vivo antihyperglycemic study was performed in diabetic rat models. <b>Results</b>: The biomass exhibited high carbon content (around 41%) and nitrogen levels, with a balanced C/N ratio nearing 5. Protein content exceeded 50%, alongside significant carbohydrate, fiber, and ash levels. Antioxidant assays revealed inhibition rates of approximately 89% (ABTS) and 64% (DPPH). GC-MS analysis identified glucose as the predominant sugar (>80%), followed by galactose and mannose. Additionally, HPLC detected a photoprotective compound, potentially a mycosporin-like amino acid. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated PsBu's selective activity against colon, lung, and melanoma cancer cell lines (IC₅₀: 100-500 µg·mL^-1), while effects on normal cell lines were lower (IC₅₀ > 1300 µg·mL^-1 for HaCaT, >2500 µg·mL^-1 for HGF-1), with SI values approaching 27, supporting PsBu's potential as a targeted anticancer agent. Zebrafish embryo assays yielded LC₅₀ values ranging from 1.4 to 1.8 mg·mL^-1. In vivo, PsBu reduced fasting blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic rats (approximately 210 mg·dL^-1 vs. 230 mg·dL^-1 in controls) and preserved pancreatic β-cell integrity (around 80% vs. 65% in controls). <b>Conclusions</b>: These findings suggest that <i>B. utriformis</i> biomass and PsBu exhibit strong antioxidant activity, selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells, and antihyperglycemic potential, making them promising candidates for further biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Feasibility of the Repeated Administration of Acetylsalicylic Acid Mini-Tablets to Children with Kawasaki Disease: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Noriko Hida, Fuka Serizawa, Takehiko Sambe, Akihiro Nakamura, Tsutomu Harada","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030333","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Mini-tablets are a novel pediatric dosage form designed to mask drug taste and facilitate easier administration. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of uncoated acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) mini-tablets in Japanese children with Kawasaki disease (KD) aged 1 to 4 years. <b>Methods</b>: A retrospective case series study of three pediatric patients with KD treated with ASA mini-tablets (3 mm diameter, 10 mg) was conducted at Showa University Hospital. ASA mini-tablets were administered for up to 68 days. Caregivers recorded daily medication intake and any issues in medication logbooks. <b>Results</b>: All three patients successfully took 100% of the prescribed doses. No adverse events related to mini-tablet ingestion were reported. Patients could take the mini-tablets for extended periods (63-68 days) as part of their KD treatment. <b>Conclusions</b>: ASA mini-tablets showed potential acceptability in this small cohort of pediatric patients with KD. This study represents the first investigation into the acceptability of mini-tablets containing active ingredients in Japanese pediatric patients. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate long-term safety and efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Evaluation of the Safety and Antineoplastic Effects in Gastrointestinal Tumors of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Loaded with Berberine.","authors":"Denitsa Stefanova, Yordan Yordanov, Radostina Bogdanova, Christina Voycheva, Borislav Tzankov, Teodora Popova, Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina, Virginia Tzankova, Natalia Toncheva-Moncheva, Diana Tzankova, Marta Slavkova","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030331","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives</b>: Natural substances have been a widely studied source of both pharmaceutical excipients and drugs. Berberine (BRB) is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from different plant sources. It possesses various pharmacological properties including antibacterial, antitumor, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, etc. However, the limited aqueous solubility hinders its application. Nanosized drug delivery systems are an innovative approach for addressing various challenges regarding drug delivery via different routes of administration. Their utilization could improve the solubility of active constituents. <b>Methods</b>: A melt-emulsification and ultrasonication technique was applied for the preparation of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). They were thoroughly physicochemically characterized by the means of Dynamic Light Scattering, TEM, FTIR, DSC, TGA, and In Vitro release. The In Vitro efficacy and safety were evaluated on cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, lymphoma, fibroblast, and cardioblast cells, as well as rat liver microsomes by means of cytotoxicity assays and the comet assay. <b>Results</b>: The obtained nanoparticles had a spherical shape and size around 158.2 ± 1.8 nm with negative zeta potential. They revealed successful drug loading and improved dissolution of berberine in physiological conditions. The In Vitro safety studies showed that loading BRB in NLCs resulted in improved or retained cytotoxicity to tumor cell lines and reduced cytotoxicity to normal cell lines and liver microsomes. The NLC itself increased microsomal malondialdehyde (MDA) and comet formation. <b>Conclusions</b>: A successful preparation of NLCs with berberine is presented. The nanocarriers show favorable physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. The cellular experiments show that the NLC loading of berberine could improve its anticancer efficacy and safety. These findings highlight the potential applicability of berberine in gastrointestinal neoplasms and build the foundation for future practical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Nano-Niclosamide in Killing <i>Demodex folliculorum</i> In Vitro and the Potential Application in Ocular Surface.","authors":"Jiani Li, Panqin Ma, Shujia Guo, Danyi Qin, Yuqian Wang, Yuwen Liu, Zixuan Yang, Caihong Huang, Yi Han, Zuguo Liu","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030332","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030332","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Blepharitis is a condition often caused by <i>Demodex folliculorum</i> infestations, resulting in significant ocular discomfort and surface damage. Current treatments offer only temporary relief and fail to eliminate mites effectively. This study evaluates nano-niclosamide (nano-NCL), a lipophilic nanosuspension designed to enhance solubility and permeability, for targeting <i>Demodex folliculorum</i>. <b>Methods:</b> Nano-NCL was characterized by particle size, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, pH measurement, bacterial culture, and HPLC. Viable Demodex mites were collected from patients' eyelashes and assigned to six treatment groups: DDW, F127, 0.15% nano-NCL, 0.3% nano-NCL, 20% TTO, and Okra. Mite survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. The ocular surface safety was assessed via slit-lamp examination, corneal fluorescein staining, and in vivo confocal microscopy. <b>Results:</b> The nano-NCL particles are uniformly rod-shaped, approximately 291 nm in size, and exhibit good stability, remaining suspended in various media for up to 20 days. The formulation has a stable pH of 6 and demonstrated no bacterial growth, indicating sterility and suitability for clinical use. In vitro, both 0.15% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) and 0.30% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) nano-NCL significantly reduced Demodex survival, with mortality rates ranging from 70.6% to 92.3% within 2 h. Safety evaluations showed minimal corneal staining and inflammation. Notably, 0.15% nano-NCL displayed efficacy comparable to that of 20% tea tree oil (TTO) and Okra, which are established anti-Demodex treatments. <b>Conclusions:</b> Nano-NCL, particularly at 0.15%, rapidly eliminates mites while maintaining excellent ocular tolerability, making it a promising treatment for Demodex-related ocular surface diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143721019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Antinociceptive Effect of Sesamin: Role of 5HT_1A Serotonergic Receptors.","authors":"Roberto Camacho-Cruz, David Francisco Alcalá-Hernández, Juan Carlos Huerta-Cruz, Jesús Arrieta-Valencia, María Elena Sánchez-Mendoza, Francisco Javier Flores-Murrieta, Andrés Navarrete, Juan Gerardo Reyes-García, Héctor Isaac Rocha-González","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030330","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background/Objectives:</b> Sesame (<i>Sesamum indicum</i> L.) is used in folk medicine to treat painful disorders. Sesamin is the main lignan found in this plant; however, its antinociceptive potential has scarcely been studied. The aim was to investigate the antinociceptive effect of sesamin on inflammatory and neuropathic pain models, as well as the possible mechanism of action through which sesamin mediates its own antinociceptive effect. <b>Methods:</b> Formalin and carrageenan animal models were used to assess inflammatory pain, whereas an L5/L6-spinal-nerve-ligated rat model was employed to evaluate neuropathic pain. <b>Results:</b> Oral sesamin significantly reduced carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and inflammation, formalin-induced nociception, and L5/L6-spinal-nerve-ligation-induced allodynia. Sesamin was more effective than diclofenac in the inflammatory pain models, but it was less effective than pregabalin in the neuropathic pain model. The antinociceptive effect of sesamin, in the formalin test, was prevented by the intraperitoneal administration of methiothepin (5-HT_1/5 antagonist), but not by naltrexone (an opioid antagonist) or L-NAME (an NOS inhibitor). In addition, WAY-100635 (5-HT_1A antagonist), but not SB-224289 (5-HT_1B antagonist), BRL-15542 (5-HT_1D antagonist), and SB-699551 (5-HT_5A antagonist), impeded sesamin-induced antinociception. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study's results support the use of sesamin to treat inflammatory pain disorders and suggest that 5-HT_1A receptors influence the antinociceptive effect of this drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944384/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143721024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Surface Charge of Inhaled Liposomes on Drug Efficacy and Biocompatibility.","authors":"Jinniu Zhang, Yun Huang, Wenhao Shen, Yixing Zeng, Yingjing Miao, Nianping Feng, Tianyuan Ci","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030329","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> Liposomes are a promising drug carrier for inhaled delivery systems and their physical parameters could influence therapeutic efficacy significantly. This study was designed to answer the specific question of the proper surface charge of liposomes in pulmonary inhalation, as well as to study the synergistic anti-inflammation efficacy between drugs. <b>Methods:</b> In this work, a series of drug-loaded liposomes with different surface charges (from negative to positive) were prepared, and several in vitro and in vivo assays, including cytotoxicity, hemolysis assay, mucus penetration and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pneumonia model test, were adopted to evaluate the anti-inflammation efficacy and biocompatibility of the above liposomes. <b>Results:</b> Compared with cationic liposomes, anionic liposomes are capable of better mucus penetration and good biocompatibility (low cytotoxicity, better blood compatibility and mild tissue inflammation), but with poor cellular uptake by immune cells. In specific, even when the liposome surface charge was only +2.6 mV, its cytotoxicity and blood hemolysis reached around 20% and 15%, respectively. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in biocompatibility between anionic liposomes (-25.9 vs. -2.5 mV), but a slightly negative-charged liposome exhibited better cellular uptake. <b>Conclusions:</b> Thus, slightly negative-charged liposomes (-1~-3 mV) could be a well inhaled drug carrier considering both efficacy and biocompatibility. In an LPS-induced pneumonia mouse model, the drug-loaded liposomes achieved better anti-inflammatory efficacy compared with free drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945262/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial on Special Issue \"The Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease: Towards a New Generation of Drugs\".","authors":"Sílvia Chaves, M Amélia Santos","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030327","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder, leading to severe dementia [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945979/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug Delivery Systems Based on Dendritic-Cell-Derived Exosomes.","authors":"Lihua Chen, Jie Zhang, Yueyan Huang, Xiaoqin Zhang, Guoqing Zhang, Shuaizhi Kong, Jianqing Gao, Xiaojuan Zhang, Baoyue Ding","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030326","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exosomes, spherical lipid-bilayered particles secreted by cells, have recently emerged as a novel and highly promising drug delivery system, attracting extensive attention in the field of biomedical research. Dendritic-cell-derived exosomes (DC-Exos) possess surface protein and ligands characteristic of DC cells, such as functional MHC-I and MHC-II, CD80, CD86. These components play a crucial role in immune responses, facilitating antigen uptake, presentation, and the activation of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. These properties make them striking and excellent drug delivery vehicles for use in various immune diseases and cancer therapy. This review summarizes and discusses the characteristics, current methods and types of drug loading of DC-Exos. Its surface modifications and application in disease treatment were also discussed, aiming to motivate the development of exosome-based theranostic nanoplatforms and nanotechnology for improved healthcare treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Pain.","authors":"Karolina Walczyńska-Dragon, Anna Kurek-Górecka, Jakub Fiegler-Rudol, Aleksandra Nitecka-Buchta, Stefan Baron","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030328","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmaceutics17030328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated muscles, leading to pain, restricted jaw movement, and impaired quality of life. Conventional treatments, including physical therapy, medications, and surgical interventions, have varying degrees of success and potential side effects. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component of cannabis, has gained attention for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anxiolytic properties. This study explores the potential role of CBD in TMD management. <b>Methods</b>: A review of existing literature was conducted (2007-2024), focusing on preclinical and clinical studies assessing the efficacy of CBD in pain modulation, inflammation reduction, and muscle relaxation. Relevant studies were sourced from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Additionally, potential mechanisms of action, including interactions with the endocannabinoid system, were analyzed. <b>Results</b>: Studies suggest that CBD exerts analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating CB1 and CB2 receptors, reducing cytokine release, and influencing neurotransmitter pathways. Preliminary clinical evidence indicates that CBD may alleviate TMD-related pain and muscle tension with minimal adverse effects. However, high-quality randomized controlled trials are limited. <b>Conclusions</b>: CBD demonstrates promise as a potential adjunctive treatment for TMD. Further research, including well-designed clinical trials, is necessary to establish its efficacy, optimal dosage, and long-term safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":19894,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutics","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945290/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}