Performance enhancement and health最新文献

{"title":"Use of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists among exercisers and recreational athletes and associated mental health symptoms","authors":"Daniel Martin ,&nbsp;Rebecca M. Hawkins ,&nbsp;Thomas I. Gee ,&nbsp;Luke Turnock ,&nbsp;Lambros Lazuras","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The present study assessed the self-reported use of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists and associated health risk awareness and mental health symptoms among UK-based exercisers and recreational athletes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants (<em>n</em> = 681) completed an online survey which assessed: (1) participation in exercise and sport; (2) past and intended future off-label use of GLP-1 agonists; and (3) awareness of associated health risks, body image disturbances, and symptoms of anxiety and depression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over half of participants (57.9 %, <em>n</em> = 372) were familiar with GLP-1 agonists. Of these, 78.2 %, (<em>n</em> = 291) reported that they were unaware of any associated health risks. A quarter (25.5 %, <em>n</em> = 93) of participants had thought about using GLP-1 agonists off-label for physical appearance purposes, and 2.9 % (<em>n</em> = 11) reported having already used GLP-1 agonists. GLP-1 agonists were mainly sourced through online outlets (45.5 %, <em>n</em> = 5) or private sellers (18.2 %, <em>n</em> = 2), and 50.0 % (<em>n</em> = 5) of the users continued taking GLP-1 drugs even after perceiving they experienced adverse symptoms. The majority of users (63.6 %, <em>n</em> = 7) had followed more than one course of GLP-1 agonists, Semaglutide being the most commonly used GLP-1 agonist (54.5 %, <em>n</em> = 6), and 90.9 % (<em>n</em> = 10) of users believed they had bought the genuine product. Compared to non-users, participants who had used or thought about using GLP-1 agonists, reported significantly higher scores in symptoms of anxiety and depression, and in body image disturbances.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A sizeable proportion of exercisers and recreational athletes contemplated GLP-1 agonist use for body image enhancement purposes, despite being unaware of associated health risks and experiencing elevated mental health symptoms in comparison to non-contemplators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 4","pages":"Article 100353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidimensional exercise amotivation beliefs across exercise stages of change","authors":"Symeon P. Vlachopoulos ,&nbsp;Stuart J.H. Biddle","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of the study was to examine differences in exercise amotivation beliefs, specifically levels of capacity, effort, value, and task characteristics, across the exercise stages of change. A sample of 766 men and women aged 19 to 64 years indicated their exercise stage of change and completed the Revised Amotivation Toward Exercise Scale - 2 to indicate their levels of capacity, effort, value, and task characteristics as exercise amotivation beliefs. Analyses of covariance using the stages of change as the independent variable, the four amotivation scores as the dependent variables, and sex, age, BMI, and educational level as covariates revealed that the precontemplators reported stronger capacity, effort, and task characteristics amotivation beliefs compared to members of the contemplation, action, and maintenance groups. Also, contemplators reported stronger capacity, effort, and task characteristics amotivation beliefs compared to the maintenance group. Further, the preparation group reported stronger capacity amotivation beliefs compared to the maintainers. No value exercise amotivation differences emerged between the exercise stages. Sex had a small effect on capacity beliefs with men tending to report lower capacity amotivation beliefs. Age did not have any effect on any type of exercise amotivation. Educational level had a small effect on value amotivation beliefs with higher educational levels corresponding to lower value amotivation. BMI had a medium effect on capacity, and a small effect on effort and task characteristics beliefs with persons of greater BMI reporting higher levels of amotivation. The present findings support continued research on the role of multidimensional exercise amotivation beliefs in better understanding the exercise behavior change process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 4","pages":"Article 100358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Commentary on Twietmeyer’s ‘the plastic person: A response to fry’”","authors":"Jeffrey P. Fry","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In his response to a book chapter that I wrote for Robert Simon’s anthology entitled <em>The Ethics of Coaching Sports: Moral, Social, and Legal Issues</em> (2013), Gregg Twietmeyer presents a number a criticisms. Underlying his concerns is his view that the brain should not be mistaken for the person. Hence, the notion of a neuroethics of coaching is misfocused. The brain is a feature of the person, but not the person as such. Coaches should have the whole person in focus. In my response, I raise some questions about Twietmeyer’s own views, and I defend, on ethical grounds, a particular concern of coaches for the brains of athletes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 100348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144098554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cheating and Doping in Chess – A Survey among 1,924 German Club Players using the Randomized Response Technique","authors":"Kim Schu ,&nbsp;Nils Haller","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the estimated 12-month prevalence of cheating behaviors (i.e., prohibited chess computer engine use or cognitive doping) among German club chess players.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>An online questionnaire was completed by 1924 German club chess players. Self-reported cheating behavior was examined using game mode specific (i.e., Over the board (OTB) and/or online chess) questions on prohibited actions via randomized response technique (RRT), as well as the specific methods of cheating via direct questioning. Estimated 12-month prevalences are presented descriptively. Potential associations between skill level, age, and game mode with cheating behaviors were analyzed using the chi-square test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study revealed estimated 12-month prevalences of 5.1 % (95 % CI: 2.5 – 7.8 %) for cognitive doping in both formats (OTB and/or online chess), 7.1 % (95 % CI: 4.3 – 9.8 %) for cheating in OTB chess, and 6.2 % (95 % CI: 3.1 – 9.3 %) for cheating in online chess. Cheating prevalence is potentially influenced by factors such as skill level, age, and game mode.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study highlights the presence of cheating in the German club chess community. This highlights the need for targeted anti-cheating measures and policies by chess governing bodies and chess platforms to address this issue and secure the integrity of the sport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 100344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144098529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between acculturation, muscle dysmorphia symptomatology, and anabolic-androgenic steroid use ideation in Filipino American male university students: A pilot study","authors":"Pamela Paula Pioquinto,&nbsp;Miguel Antonio Fudolig","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objective</h3><div>Filipino American (FilAms) males are prone to experiencing body dissatisfaction due to sociocultural factors, but little is known about the attitudes towards muscularity and anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use in this population. This pilot study investigated the relationship between acculturation, muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptomatology, and AAS ideation, and measured the MD symptom severity level of Filipino American university students from a single institution.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A sample of 210 FilAm male university students from a single institution were recruited to complete an online survey. MD severity and acculturation were measured using validated scales (Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory and A Short Acculturation Scale for Filipino Americans). Participants were also asked about AAS use ideation and history.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings showed that drive for size and functional impairment were negatively associated with language use and preference, while appearance intolerance was positively associated with language use and preference. 39.0 % of the sample reported having considered using AAS. Functional impairment and ethnic social relations were strongly associated with AAS use ideation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The high MDDI and reported AAS ideation could provide insight into developing specifically tailored interventions for FilAm males.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 100346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From performance enhancement to health: The role of heat acclimation protocols for protecting vulnerable individuals against heat related illness","authors":"Laura J. Wilson,&nbsp;Luke W. Oates","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100347","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 2","pages":"Article 100347"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harm reduction in the Enhanced Games: Can performance enhancing drugs be ‘safe’?","authors":"Martin Chandler,&nbsp;Ian Boardley","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Enhanced Games proposes a model of competitive sport in which the use of performance enhancing drugs is not only permitted but actively supported by the organisers. Whilst they seemingly recognise the evidence around potential harms to the end-user, they contend that the use of performance enhancing drugs can be safely managed. They argue in favour of a medically supervised model in which harms are minimised by careful monitoring of biomarkers (e.g., blood counts) and physiological assessments (e.g. gene testing, electrocardiograms). However, we argue that the extant evidence base is insufficient to properly inform a workable harm reduction model in this context. Specifically, the available evidence is largely drawn from observational studies and as such lacks crucial detail around relationships between specific substances, supraphysiological doses and subsequent adverse health effects. Furthermore, some evidence shows potentially long-term effects for which the epidemiology is poorly understood. We examine gaps in the evidence via three exemplar areas of adverse health effects – cardiovascular, reproductive, and cognitive function – in order to demonstrate the significant limitations of a harm reduction model in the context of medically supervised doping.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 100341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fit and fit in – exploring women’s IPED trajectories","authors":"Ellen Sverkersson","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article addresses the use of Image and Performance-Enhancing Drugs (IPEDs) among women, aiming to describe and analyse how gender, social context, and risks influence IPED trajectories among women, from initiation to possible discontinuation. The study utilises a case study approach, drawing on semi-structured interviews with three Swedish women. Based on an analytical framework consisting of transitional subcultural spaces and what can account for more non-normative life courses, the results demonstrate that the onset of IPED use occurs before entering gym culture as well as within it. Social connections are essential to initiation; however, accessibility and knowledge about side effects associated with specific IPEDs also influence the choice of substances and their use. Despite not all using IPEDs for muscle- building purposes, their bodies elicited reactions from their surroundings related to challenging gender norms and a non-normative life course. Discontinuation of IPEDs is associated with adverse effects, legal violations, and accessibility issues, as well as transitions linked to ceasing athletic pursuits and changing one’s social circles. The study highlights the complexity of IPED use among women, placing IPED trajectories in transitional subcultural spaces, underscoring the need for further research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 100345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the complexities of enforcing anti-doping non-compliance: A case study of South Africa","authors":"Jonathan Ruwuya,&nbsp;Rekha Janarthanan,&nbsp;Jules Woolf","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>In September 2023, WADA declared South Africa non-compliant with the 2021 Code following outdated legislation, coinciding with the nation’s participation in major international sporting events. This Short Report uses South Africa’s case to explore the complexities of non-compliance and its broader implications, providing recommendations for improving the Code compliance process.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study analyzes WADA documents and statements from the South African government and the South African Institute for Drug-Free Sport, to understand the legislative, administrative, and contextual challenges that led to non-compliance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>South Africa’s failure to update its legislation, coupled with bureaucratic delays, contributed to the non-compliance. The misalignment between the UNESCO Convention and WADA Code further complicated compliance, exacerbated by WADA's top-down, Western-centric approach. Additionally, a lack of communication between government entities slowed remedial efforts.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The non-compliance declaration triggered political tensions, uncertainty for athletes, and potential economic consequences, illustrating the far-reaching impact of such declarations. Recommendations include more flexible compliance monitoring, improved coordination between South African institutions, and capacity-building initiatives to build expertise.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Revisiting WADA’s approach to global compliance and addressing context-specific challenges can lead to a more effective and equitable anti-doping system, enhancing Signatories’ ability to meet Code requirements and safeguarding clean sport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 100342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The associations between passion for resistance training and muscle dysmorphia","authors":"Eivind Joensberg ,&nbsp;Hjalmar Fagermyr ,&nbsp;Tommy Haugen ,&nbsp;Sebastian S. Sandgren","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Obsessive passion for resistance training can predict adverse outcomes such as symptoms of muscle dysmorphia. Similarly, social media exposure has previously been associated with increased muscle dysmorphia symptoms. The present study aimed to investigate the association between passion for resistance training (harmonious and obsessive passion), fitness content on social media, and muscle dysmorphia symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We conducted a cross-sectional study using a self-report survey administered to resistance training individuals in Norway. Participants (<em>N</em> = 502) with a mean age of 23.72 (SD = 3.17) completed the survey.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Multiple Linear Regression Analyses revealed that obsessive passion and fitness content on social media positively predicted muscle dysmorphia symptoms, whilst harmonious passion negatively predicted symptoms of muscle dysmorphia.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Healthcare professionals can use this knowledge to better assess and treat individuals at risk of developing or already suffering from muscle dysmorphia. Additional implications for practice and future recommendations are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 100343"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}