Performance enhancement and health最新文献

{"title":"Risk, harm, and the enhanced games: Whose job is harm reduction?","authors":"April Henning","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Enhanced Games (TEG) have drawn interest from sports organizations, athletes, media, fans, and academics since they were first announced as a possibility. TEG not only presents a shift in how enhancement is approached, but it also turns the entire logic of anti-doping on its head and adopts an approach intended to support enhanced athletes and reduce the risks they may otherwise face in sport. This change was why here I will both concur with Andrew Richardson's general view on harm reduction and challenge some of the points around risk, harm, and responsibility. Specifically, I argue that many of the risks posed to athletes result from anti-doping itself and that by shining a light on enhanced performance TEG are already doing more to reduce those harms than other sport interventions in recent decades.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"12 4","pages":"Article 100294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attitudes of anabolic steroid users and non-users towards general practitioners in the United Kingdom","authors":"Andrew Richardson ,&nbsp;Joseph Kean ,&nbsp;Laura Fleming ,&nbsp;James I. Hudson ,&nbsp;Gen Kanayama ,&nbsp;Harrison G. Pope Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Research from past decades has suggested that anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users are often sceptical of their physicians’ level of knowledge regarding AAS. We questioned whether contemporary British AAS users and non-AAS-using weightlifters would display similar distrust of their general practitioners.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We distributed anonymous questionnaires to 61 AAS-using and 106 non-AAS-using male British weightlifters at gymnasiums and via online social media sites. Respondents rated their general practitioners’ knowledge regarding health- and drug-related topics, using 10-point Likert scales from 0 (worst) to 10 (best). AAS users also rated their degree of trust in various sources of information about AAS, using similar scales, and were asked whether they had disclosed their AAS use to various categories of individuals. We then compared our findings with the results from a 2004 American study that had used virtually identical methodology.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both AAS-using and non-using weightlifters rated their general practitioners favourably on knowledge of general health and disease, cigarette smoking, and alcohol, with mean scores ranging from 6.8 to 8.7. However, respondents scored their general practitioners significantly lower on knowledge of AAS, with mean ratings of 4.3 to 4.9 from AAS non-users and only 2.4 to 2.9 from users. Among various sources of information about AAS, users trusted their doctors significantly less than “underground” guides or Internet sites. Only 22 (36 %) of the AAS users had ever disclosed their use of these drugs to any physician. These findings closely resembled those of the earlier American study, with contemporary British men reporting even greater mistrust of their physicians on weightlifting- and AAS-related topics than their American counterparts.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Despite increasing AAS use worldwide and mounting evidence of the long-term dangers of these drugs, contemporary British weightlifters in general and AAS users in particular appear to remain distrustful of their physicians’ knowledge of fitness sports, performance-enhancing supplements, and especially AAS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"12 4","pages":"Article 100304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Arabic version of the performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS)","authors":"Maged Ossama Aly ,&nbsp;Ayat Ashour ,&nbsp;Nermin A. Osman ,&nbsp;Doaa Tawfik","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Doping is a significant issue among athletes worldwide, not only during competitions but even more so in the preparation phase to boost their performance. Understanding athletes' attitudes toward doping is crucial for designing interventions that support anti-doping efforts.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aims at validating an Arabic version of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS), thereby providing a valuable tool for further doping research in Arabic-speaking countries.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a cross-sectional study using a predesigned interview questionnaire to collect general characteristics data from 200 adult athletes of both sexes recruited from different sports clubs in Alexandria, Egypt. The PEAS was translated to Arabic and then back to English to ensure accuracy. The reliability of the PEAS was measured by internal consistency and split-half reliability using Cronbach's α coefficient. Construct validity was determined by factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed an acceptable fit (X² = 194.196, X²/df = 4.35, SRMR = 0.068, CFI = 0.92).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The α coefficient for the Arabic version of the PEAS (17 items) was 0.872, indicating a high degree of internal consistency. The split-half reliability was 0.812.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The study results show that the Arabic version of the PEAS (17 items) is a valid and reliable instrument to assess attitudes toward doping among Arabic-speaking athletes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"12 4","pages":"Article 100302"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semaglutide, Testosterone and Sildenafil advertising on social media: The Normalisation of lifestyle enhancement drugs","authors":"Mikey Hirst,&nbsp;Luke A. Turnock","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, there has been a sharp increase in advertising for the ‘prescription-only’ medicines semaglutide and testosterone on social media platforms in the UK, along with the ‘pharmacy medicine’ sexual enhancer Sildenafil. These promoted adverts appear to come from both legitimate clinics in the case of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and Sildenafil, and illicitly operating suppliers with the attempted appearance of legitimacy in the case of semaglutide. This commentary explores the extent to which the prevalent advertising of these lifestyle medicines on social media is normalising their use, and the potential harms associated with each.</div><div>For testosterone / TRT, we consider the over-medicalisation of men's general wellbeing concerns and potential harms relating to dependency if use is promoted and encouraged beyond medical need, paralleling prior observations for the sexual enhancer sildenafil. This is followed by an exploration of harms relating to black market semaglutide supply on social media to individuals who are often unaware they are not accessing legitimate pharmaceutical product, including the dangers of product contamination and substitution, as well as uninformed use linked to a lack of information on safe dosages provided by suppliers. Following these discussions, this commentary examines the potential harm reduction impacts that direct to consumer (DTC) supply of prescription medicines could have, and considers how policy could encourage these beneficial effects without further normalising or encouraging drug use in otherwise healthy individuals. However, we also note the importance of tackling prevailing cultural pressures towards lifestyle drug use and the need to address these through education and similar policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"12 4","pages":"Article 100303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating non-medical androgen use: Towards a harm reduction paradigm","authors":"Diederik L. Smit ,&nbsp;Tijs Verdegaal ,&nbsp;Peter Bond ,&nbsp;Willem de Ronde","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-medical androgen use is on the rise, with short-term side effects being well-documented whereas long-term consequences remain less understood but are likely to entail cardiovascular illness and permanent endocrine disruptions. Current educational initiatives are falling short in curbing this significant increase, signaling the need for a different approach. In this context, harm reduction emerges as a promising secondary prevention strategy. The key principles of the harm reduction approach outlined in this article emphasize educating individuals about side effects, limiting androgen use, and monitoring health closely. Successful implementation of this strategy hinges upon healthcare providers possessing expertise in the field, fostering non-judgmental interpersonal relationships, and securing cooperation of the athlete. The efficacy of this strategy will be rigorously evaluated in the HARNAS trial, comparing its outcomes with those of a historical control group. The findings from this trial are anticipated to be published in the coming years, shedding light on the effectiveness of this pioneering approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"12 4","pages":"Article 100288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influencers and ‘brain building’ smart drugs: A content analysis of services and market activities of nootropic influencers over social media","authors":"Luke Cox ,&nbsp;Tim Piatkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Nootropics are a range of substances used to improve memory, learning, cognition, and brain function. Based on their potential as enhancement drugs, nootropics have gained popularity in society and are extensively propagated via social media. However, there is currently no research focusing on the role that social media influencers play within the nootropic market.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This investigation sought to identify social media influencers who discuss nootropics, explore the services they offer and further investigate how this cohort influences their followers.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Ethnographic observations were conducted of YouTube and Instagram over a period of six months and subjected to an iterative inductive approach. Drawing on the theory of social power, which is the ability of an individual or group to influence another person's psychological or behavioral aspects, we examine how influencers shape follower perceptions related to nootropics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nootropic influencers discussed the use of various nootropics and provided a range of services, including discount codes to purchase nootropics, and sold protocols and user guides. To attract followers, gain content views, and generate income, nootropic influencers exert and rely upon informational, expert, reward, and referent power to gain traction online and influence their audience. This is primarily achieved through YouTube video discussions, where nootropic influencers share their insights and shape audience beliefs and behaviors.</div></div><div><h3>Recommendations</h3><div>Recognizing the health complications associated with nootropics, alongside the power held by nootropic influencers, we argue that harm reduction efforts ought to be developed to combat the increasing use of such substances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"12 4","pages":"Article 100289"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Enhanced Games: Prohibition, harm reduction & the future of sport","authors":"Luke A. Turnock","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Enhanced Games (TEG) has generated significant discussion around doping in sport, with reference to notions of athlete harm, ‘fairness’, and the normalisation of IPED use. This commentary draws on Richardson (2024) in unpacking each of these elements in turn, to offer an overview of the potential positives TEG can offer our understanding of anti-doping in sport.</div><div>TEG frames itself around athlete health rather than prohibitionist policies. This commentary unpacks the limits to anti-doping as a form of prohibition, and explores how harm reduction policies may be beneficial to prioritise in the sporting realm if we are concerned with athlete health, reflecting developments in our understanding of drug policy in the non-sporting world.</div><div>The commentary then unpacks ideas of ‘fairness’ in sport, and critiques the notion of the ‘level playing field’. This is followed by discussion of therapeutic and medical use of IPEDs, and some of the inconsistencies and limitations relating to TUEs at present. A discussion of technological enhancement, centred around the polyurethane swimsuit controversy, equipped powerlifting and para athletes then points to further opportunities for TEG to explore.</div><div>Following this, the extent to which TEG might normalise IPED use in comparison to other factors such as social media and aesthetics culture is considered, with counter-evidence relating to the harms that stigmatising IPED use presents also developed.</div><div>To conclude, this commentary suggests that TEG offers a real opportunity for us to examine how doping and anti-doping policy operate and are conceptualised, and offers a positive appraisal of the potential for this controversial proposed Games.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"12 4","pages":"Article 100295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain management in elite sport: A doping problem, a public health ethics issue, or both?","authors":"Thomas Zandonai ,&nbsp;Silvia Camporesi","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100301","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"12 4","pages":"Article 100301"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The enhanced games or enhancing harm?","authors":"Dr. Conor Heffernan (Lecturer)","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100298","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"12 4","pages":"Article 100298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing autonomy through the ‘Enhanced Games’","authors":"Luke Thomas Joseph Cox ,&nbsp;Timothy Piatkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100296","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"12 4","pages":"Article 100296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}