Performance enhancement and health最新文献

{"title":"The effect of sleep quantity and quality on exercise and academic performance, autonomic function, wellness and cognition in youth athletes","authors":"Melissa Skein,&nbsp;Tegan E Hartmann","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2026.100417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2026.100417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The aim was to examine the effect of sleep restriction, fragmentation, and extension on athletic and academic performance, cognition, autonomic function, and mood of youth athletes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sixteen pre-elite youth athletes completed four sleep experimental trials in a randomised-control design. Each trial included sleep restriction to 4 h (RES), sleep fragmentation by periodic waking throughout the night (FRAG), sleep extension to 10 h (EXT), or control/normal night sleep (CONT). The following day, testing included resting heart rate variability (HRV); exercise tests, Stroop task, and mood and wellness questionnaires.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Time domain HRV data indicate no differences between conditions (P = 0.126 – 0.945, <em>d</em> = 0.11 – 0.67), while frequency domain indices indicate resting very low frequency (VLF) % contribution higher in RES compared to CONT and RES (P = 0.05, <em>d</em> = 0.86 – 0.96). Stroop reaction times were slower and accuracy lower in FRAG (P = 0.001–0.009; <em>d</em> = 1.90 – 2.55), while maths results were not different between conditions (P = 0.91; <em>d</em> = 0.13 – 0.58). There were no differences between conditions for sprint times, agility times, and vertical jump height (P = 0.38–0.98; <em>d</em> = 0.02 – 0.35). Throwing reaction task accuracy was lower in FRAG compared to CONT and RES (P = 0.006–0.05; d = 0.8) with moderate to large effects noted for throwing duration (<em>d</em> = 0.43 – 1.21). Scores for ‘positive’ feelings were lower (P = 0.02 - 0.001; <em>d</em> = 0.51 – 0.99) and ‘negative’ feelings were increased for RES and FRAG compared to CONT (P = 0.003–0.08; <em>d</em> = 1.01 – 1.84). Perceived wellness was lower for RES compared to CONT (P = 0.016 – 0.0001; <em>d</em> = 0.9 – 2.34).</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Sleep fragmentation and restriction had no significant effects on anaerobic exercise performance or academic tests, but significant decrements were evident in mood states, autonomic regulation, and accuracy during complex cognition tasks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"14 2","pages":"Article 100417"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of parental and coach pressure on competitive state anxiety: The mediating role of emotional intelligence","authors":"Jon Berastegui-Martínez ,&nbsp;Josu Barrenetxea-García ,&nbsp;José M. Tomás ,&nbsp;Igor Esnaola","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Competitive state anxiety is one of the most extensively researched topics in sport psychology due to its crucial role in determining athletes’ performance and well-being. Therefore, it seems relevant to identify factors that influence adolescent athletes’ anxiety especially in sports where scientific literature is scarce, such as water polo. This study examines the relationship between parental and coach pressure for perfectionism, players’ emotional intelligence and their competitive state anxiety. The sample comprised 304 water polo players (males = 209, females = 94, other = 1) from Spain, aged between 12 and 18 years (<em>M_age</em> = 14.10 ± 1.58 years). Two a priori models (full and partial mediation) were estimated and the best-fitting model was later analyzed for gender invariance. Results showed that the partially mediated model fit the data well and was invariant across genders. Coach pressure negatively predicted emotional intelligence and positively predicted cognitive and somatic anxiety. Additionally, there was a negative and significant indirect effect from coach pressure to self-confidence; that is, emotional intelligence plays a mediating role between coach pressure and self-confidence. On the other hand, parental pressure had a direct effect on somatic anxiety and emotional intelligence directly predicted self-confidence. The study highlights the importance of considering both environmental factors and individual psychological characteristics when addressing competitive state anxiety. Future research and interventions should focus on coach and parent-education programs, as well as developing emotional intelligence in athletes for managing external pressure to optimize their well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"14 2","pages":"Article 100408"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145986747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping doping-related criminal legislation together: An informed stakeholder consultation","authors":"Isaac Lockett ,&nbsp;Jan Exner ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Pummell ,&nbsp;Andrea Petróczi","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2026.100413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2026.100413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Access to reliable, jurisdiction-specific information on the existence and scope of doping-related criminal legislation is essential for understanding how anti-doping policies are interpreted and enforced globally. While the globally adopted World Anti-Doping Code provides a private regulatory framework for sporting sanctions, governments have introduced doping-related criminal laws that vary in scope, legal form, and underlying rationale. In the absence of a centralised legal resource, navigating this policy space becomes complex and challenging. This study addresses this gap by combining desk research with a multilingual, semi-structured informed stakeholder consultation to map the presence and scope of doping-related criminal legislation, identifying at least thirty-seven jurisdictions that have criminalised doping-related behaviours and enabling the development of five legislative typologies: comprehensive, trafficking-focused, child protection, context-specific, and fraud-based models. These typologies reveal variations in the behaviours targeted, definitions employed, and penalties applied. Such divergences raise important questions about the coherence of global anti-doping efforts, particularly regarding the definition of doping and the interaction between public and private sanctioning. This study also demonstrates the potential viability of a distributed, multi-actor approach to legal data gathering and supports the development of a dynamic, centralised legal database to advance transparency, equity, and evidence-informed anti-doping governance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"14 2","pages":"Article 100413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘In the fatigue phase, I am simply fighting for survival’: A qualitative interview study on fatigue in competitive bodybuilding","authors":"V.T.M. Nguyen ,&nbsp;A.J. Esser-Seraphin ,&nbsp;T.J. Lalgi ,&nbsp;S. Geiger ,&nbsp;G. Paslakis ,&nbsp;T. Muehlbauer ,&nbsp;M. Teufel ,&nbsp;A. Bäuerle","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fatigue symptoms in elite athletes are receiving increasing attention within the literature. In bodybuilding, extended dieting phases are essential for competition preparation. As a sport driven by aesthetic and weight-sensitive goals, bodybuilding also carries a heightened risk of fatigue. Previous research has predominantly focused on the physical aspects of fatigue, with comparatively limited attention given to its psychological dimensions. This study aimed to explore the subjective experience of fatigue symptoms in competitive bodybuilders using a qualitative research approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 German-speaking competitive bodybuilders (9 women, M_age = 28 years, SD = 4.63) focusing on their experiences of fatigue. Three independent researchers collaboratively conducted the data analysis, using reflexive thematic analysis with a mainly inductive approach informed by existing theoretical concepts. All bodybuilders experienced psychological and somatic fatigue symptoms. Fatigue was shaped by the relationship between sport-specific demands and embodiment, the prioritisation of performance over health, individual vulnerability (e.g. performance-oriented personality), and protective factors (e.g. health literacy, positive body image). The findings highlight novel risk factors, such as the habituation to fatigue, as well as protective elements, including effective recovery strategies, fatigue-related interoception and a generally positive attitude towards potential interventions. Our study provides the foundation for developing targeted psychological interventions pre- and post-competition, contributing to improved health outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"14 2","pages":"Article 100407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the path to exercise dependence: An Explanatory model on the dark triad personality traits and motivation","authors":"Ashrene Rathilal ,&nbsp;Rudolph Leon van Niekerk ,&nbsp;Jahvaid Hammujuddy","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exercise dependence (ED) emerges when engagement in exercise becomes excessive, manifesting as a harmful behavioural dependency with adverse health consequences. This study aimed to develop a model explaining the interplay between Dark Triad personality traits, motivational orientations, and demographic factors in predicting ED. Data were collected from 486 South African university students using the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R), the Short Dark Triad Questionnaire (SD3), and the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ). Bootstrapped path analysis was applied to assess direct and indirect relationships. The findings revealed that ego orientation mediated the relationship between Dark Triad traits and ED, while age showed a small but significant positive association with ED. These results highlight the role of personality and motivational factors, alongside individual characteristics, in shaping vulnerability to maladaptive exercise. Interventions should therefore target ego-oriented motives and personality-driven behaviours to promote balanced, sustainable exercise engagement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"14 2","pages":"Article 100405"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implicit power motive, affect, and gross-motor skill learning in a contest scenario","authors":"Simon Steib ,&nbsp;Sinja Rettig-Hiebsch ,&nbsp;Hanna Schöttner ,&nbsp;Alisa Gabduliyanova ,&nbsp;Florence Theil ,&nbsp;Philipp Wanner ,&nbsp;Martin G. Köllner","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The importance of socio-cognitive-affective factors in motor skill learning has received increasing attention over the past two decades. In line with theoretical frameworks, previous studies in sports contexts have demonstrated that positive affect facilitates motor skill acquisition. However, there is a paucity of research regarding the factors that influence affective responses during motor practice. Implicit motives have emerged as a potential factor, with evidence linking motive-congruent environments to enhanced learning outcomes – though mainly in artificial laboratory settings using simple tasks. Here, we examine the associations between implicit motives, affective and hormonal responses, and motor learning in a competitive context by means of an ecologically valid, whole-body balance task. For this, 138 healthy adults participated in a fictitious one-on-one competition to practice a novel balancing task. We found that winning or losing did not directly affect task performance or learning, but that individuals' affective responses to the competition were associated with learning outcome. As expected, positive valence predicted better motor learning, which was primarily driven by participants who won the competition. Contrary to our hypotheses, the implicit power motive as well as testosterone and estradiol responses did not predict learning outcomes, and interactions between power motive and affective responses showed only a weak trend. Notably, female participants showed stronger responses to competition, highlighting the need to systematically consider biological sex in future research. Our findings highlight the importance of positive affect in motor skill learning and extend previous work to gross motor tasks practiced under competitive conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"14 2","pages":"Article 100410"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Beyond scapegoats: Doping and the myth of the level playing field” [Performance Enhancement & Health 13 (2025) 100376]","authors":"John Nauright ,&nbsp;Lizzy Ratcliff ,&nbsp;Sarah Zipp","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2026.100414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2026.100414","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"14 2","pages":"Article 100414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145986750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Talking dirty: Anti-doping’s stigmatizing rhetoric and its impact on the unintentional doper","authors":"Harry Grimes ,&nbsp;Luke Thomas Joseph Cox","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is the principal body responsible for leading global efforts to address the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in sport. Central to WADA’s strategic approach has been the framing of PED use as a form of cheating, a morally deviant behaviour that undermines the integrity of competition. This moralised discourse constructs doping not merely as a regulatory infraction but as an ethical transgression, reinforcing a dichotomy between “clean” and “dirty” athletes. As a result, athletes who are found to have violated anti-doping rules are often subject to public condemnation, exclusion, and reputational damage, phenomena that amount to public shaming. Drawing upon Erving Goffman’s (1963) seminal sociological work on stigma, this paper critically examines the harmful consequences of this prevailing narrative, particularly for athletes who unintentionally consume banned substances. These individuals, whose infractions may arise from contaminated supplements, mislabelled medications, or inadvertent exposure, are nonetheless subjected to <em>similar</em> treatment as those who engage in deliberate PED use. By failing to account for the complexity and nuance of such cases, the dominant moral framing perpetuates stigma and exacerbates harm. By highlighting these issues, we call for greater awareness and reflection on doping stigma and the language we use to discuss doping.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"14 2","pages":"Article 100412"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clarification regarding doping rates in the article by Nauright, Ratcliff & Zipp (2025)","authors":"Rolf Ulrich ,&nbsp;Léa Cléret ,&nbsp;Gen Kanayama ,&nbsp;Perikles Simon ,&nbsp;Harrison G. Pope Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2026.100415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2026.100415","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"14 2","pages":"Article 100415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Team captains’ experiences of sporting leadership during menstruation in student-athletes","authors":"Scarlett M. Kent ,&nbsp;Ryland Morgans ,&nbsp;Ben Ryan ,&nbsp;Ola Krukowska-Burke","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the impact of menstruation on team captains’ leadership experiences and whether menstruation has implications on performance as a team captain. Twelve captains from eight different sports participated in semi-structured interviews. The data was analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Five main themes were generated: 1) Navigating Heightened Negative Emotions, 2) Communication Under Strain, 3) The Struggle to Lead on Low Motivation, 4) Influence on Cognitive Processes and 5) Disruptions to Confidence. In conclusion, the results revealed that whilst the team captains had unique experiences, navigating and approaching leadership roles in diverse ways, participants mostly agreed that performance as a captain was adversely affected during menstruation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"14 2","pages":"Article 100409"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145986748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}