Integrative self-regulation model for sport and exercise: Theory and implications for comprehensive training

Abstract

Self-regulation is essential in sport and exercise, enabling athletes to manage emotions, motivation, and performance under pressure. However, research remains fragmented, often isolating aspects such as self-control, coping, and emotion regulation without integrating them into a cohesive framework. This paper introduces the Integrative Self-Regulation Model for Sport and Exercise, which unifies these processes to provide a structured yet adaptable approach to self-regulation training. The model consists of four core components: self-awareness and motivation for change, strategy selection, self-regulatory behaviours, and mental control, emphasizing the ability to regulate self-regulation by continuously monitoring and refining strategies. Despite its importance, self-regulation is prone to failure. Excessive self-awareness can lead to over-analysis and negative self-judgment, poor strategy selection may result in maladaptive coping, and overuse of mental control can cause cognitive fatigue. These pitfalls highlight the need for systematic training to develop adaptive, flexible, and context-sensitive strategies. To bridge theory and practice, the article presents a comprehensive checklist for self-regulation training and suggests evidence-based methods aligned with different aspects of the model. It offers a conceptual framework for studying self-regulation in sport and exercise, guiding both research and applied interventions to optimize performance and well-being.