Performance enhancement and health最新文献

{"title":"Associations between types of anabolic androgenic steroids and growth hormone and adverse effects: Insights from a male cohort study","authors":"Morgan Scarth ,&nbsp;Rang Abdullah ,&nbsp;Vibeke Marie Almaas ,&nbsp;Astrid Bjørnebekk","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. Preclinical studies suggest that different AAS compounds, as well as factors including dose and administration routes, may have distinct risks for certain adverse effects. This exploratory study aims to evaluate associations between adverse effects and use of structurally different AAS compounds and human growth hormone (hGH), as well as patterns of AAS use including dose and duration of use.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 91 males reporting long-term AAS use completed comprehensive questionnaires detailing their AAS regimen and self-reported adverse effects, comprising psychological, cardiovascular, cognitive, and physical effects. Objective cardiovascular conditions were assessed using echocardiography and blood pressure measurements. Regression models were used to determine the associations between adverse effects and recent use of popular AAS compounds.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Recent use of stanozolol was linked to several adverse effects, including psychological, cognitive, and self-reported and objective cardiovascular effects. Recent use of trenbolone was also associated with reported psychological adverse effects. Physical adverse effects and dependence were correlated with higher dosages, earlier initiation age, older age and the use of multiple compounds. Notably, hGH use was associated with fewer AAS dependence symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Though exploratory, our findings highlight the need for caution when using AAS, especially stanozolol and trenbolone, given their potential links to more adverse effects than other popular AAS. Additionally, factors including dose, duration of use, and age of initiation should be considered potential risk factors for undesired effects of AAS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 100337"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“When I take it, it will give me the strength to work…”: Tramadol consumption, performance enhancement and the production of masculinity","authors":"Ediomo-Ubong Nelson","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A growing body of research has investigated non-medical consumption of pharmaceutical opioids in Africa, especially for performance enhancement. This literature is, however, delinked from current research on performance and image enhancement drugs (PIEDs) use, part of which has explored how PIEDs consumption is implicated in the production and reproduction of masculinities. This study merges these two literatures to explore how young men constitute masculinity through non-medical tramadol use for performance enhancement, highlighting the political-economic and socio-cultural contexts that shape and rationalize this consumption. It draws insights from the works of Judith Butler, Michel Foucault and Bruno Latour to inform analysis of 39 in-depth interviews with young men who consume tramadol non-medically in Nigeria. Accounts counter discourses of non-medical tramadol consumption that emphasize harmfulness, enacting this consumption as ‘technologies of the self’, practices through which consumers defined themselves as men. They further highlight how tramadol consumption for sexual and work performance enhancement is veridicted within its ‘modes of existence’, namely the economic conditions and cultural norms that shape how young men perform masculinity. The study questions contemporary approaches that aim to prevent the negative consequences of non-medical tramadol consumption through penalization. Although it is important to emphasize the potential negative consequences of non-medical tramadol consumption, it is equally necessary to understand that harms and benefits constitute a knot of experience, rather than mutually-exclusive phenomena. Recognizing, and attending to, the complexities of non-medical tramadol consumption invites collaborative interventions that harness the knowledge and safe consumption practices of consumers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 100339"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventing sport-acquired brain damage in children: ‘If in doubt, sit them out’ on its own is not good enough","authors":"Jack Hardwicke ,&nbsp;Christopher R. Matthews ,&nbsp;Keith Parry ,&nbsp;Melanie Lang ,&nbsp;Daniel Walker ,&nbsp;Matthew Shaw ,&nbsp;Joe Piggin ,&nbsp;Rachael Bullingham ,&nbsp;Howard T. Hurst ,&nbsp;Eric Anderson","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100340","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 100340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making the cut: Investigating body image and well-being among female powerlifters","authors":"Isabella L. Tremonte ,&nbsp;Diane E. Mack ,&nbsp;Philip M. Wilson ,&nbsp;Catherine M. Sabiston","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In weight-category sports, purposeful weight loss (PWL) is often undertaken preceding a competition to gain a performance advantage at a lower body weight. Researchers investigating PWL among powerlifters have identified associations to psychological outcomes. Yet investigations considering the psychological outcomes of PWL can be expanded to include (1) broader conceptualizations of psychological concepts and (2) greater nuance for the dynamics of PWL. Moving towards addressing these research gaps, the purpose of this study was to examine body image and well-being in female powerlifters during a period of PWL surrounding competition. Using a non-experimental longitudinal design, female powerlifters (<em>N</em> = 12; <em>Mage</em> = 29.42, <em>SD</em>age = 9.23 years) self-reported body weight, body image, and well-being at five timepoints over 10 weeks. Body image was measured using the Body Appreciation Scale-2 along with a single-item indicator of shape and weight satisfaction. Well-being was measured using the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale. At the time of official competition weigh-in, participants lost an average of 3.44 kg of body weight (<em>SD</em> = 1.14 kg). One pooled time series regression analysis was used per response variable (body appreciation/shape satisfaction/weight satisfaction/well-being) to test the temporal association with body weight. Body weight predicted weight satisfaction (<em>B</em> = 0.40, <em>p</em> &lt; .001) and well-being (<em>B</em> = –0.19, <em>p</em> &lt; .001). It can be concluded that during a nine-week period of PWL female powerlifters reported improvements in weight satisfaction and well-being. These findings help to understand psychological outcomes for gradual weight loss practices among female powerlifters when preparing to compete.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 2","pages":"Article 100333"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Banned for doping: Using composite vignettes to portray rugby players’ experiences of anti-doping rule violations","authors":"Justin D. Hall,&nbsp;Laurie B. Patterson,&nbsp;Susan H. Backhouse","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Objective:</em> Understanding the lived experiences of athletes who have been sanctioned for violating anti-doping rules presents the opportunity to listen and learn. Yet, the academic field seldom draws on the voices of those affected when considering doping in sport. Our aim was to illuminate important aspects of sanctioned athletes’ experiences and highlight opportunities for prevention and rehabilitation. <em>Design:</em> A semi-structured interview research design was used, and data informed the development of composite vignettes, a form of creative non-fiction. <em>Method:</em> Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two elite rugby players sanctioned for violating the anti-doping rules within rugby league (<em>n</em> = 1) and rugby union (<em>n</em> = 1). Three composite vignettes were created illuminating player experiences before, during and after the violations. <em>Findings:</em> The vignettes highlight in participants’ own words the multiple impacts of sport demands and drug use: (1) <em>Leading up to the violation: ‘You're just treading water, you're surviving’</em> (2) <em>‘There's just this massive amount of social pressure in rugby, not just on the game, but on who you're supposed to be’</em> (3) <em>‘It was like being hit by a train’. The ADRV aftermath. Conclusions:</em> The role of social identity in the transitions experienced by a rugby player following a critical incident (e.g., serious injury) was a key influencing factor for doping. Alongside addressing the demands of the sport, the need for early intervention and evidence-based support for players experiencing critical incidents (e.g., injury) and transitions was evident to prevent doping violations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 2","pages":"Article 100334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social media as a driver of physical activity: A snapshot from sport sciences students","authors":"Samuel López-Carril ,&nbsp;Deukmook Bae ,&nbsp;Tiago Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Mario Alguacil","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social media has become integral to daily life. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these digital tools enabled people to maintain physical activity at home despite restrictions, positively impacting public health. This study examines whether the trend of using social media to support physical activity has continued post-pandemic. A questionnaire was administered to 251 university sport sciences students to gauge their perceptions of social media's role in guiding and promoting physical activity. The findings indicate that participants engage with social media daily, viewing platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok as valuable for visualizing and promoting physical activity. However, they report a lack of professional training in social media use at the university level. These results carry practical implications for health policymakers, educational institutions, faculty, students, and sport industry professionals, highlighting the importance of targeted training in social media management and the development of relevant policies to harness the potential of social media in promoting physical activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 2","pages":"Article 100331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein powders, painkillers, and pleasure: Reasons for exercise and the use of dietary supplements and analgesics among recreational half-marathoners","authors":"Remco C. Havermans ,&nbsp;Jos L.M.L. le Noble ,&nbsp;Ilse van Lier","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The primary aim of the current study was to explore associations between reasons for running exercise and the use of nutritional supplements and analgesics among recreational half-marathoners. In a sample of 80 participants of the Venloop half marathon public running event, we determined the most important reason(s) for running exercise and assessed whether that reason is correlated with the use of analgesics and/or supplements. Further, we hypothesized that the degree of supplement use predicts the use of analgesics with running exercise. The most prominent reason for running was enjoyment and that did not correlate with either analgesic or supplement use. Overall supplement use incidence was high (93 %) but degree of supplement use did not predict the use of analgesics with exercise. We conclude that the widespread use of supplements is not analogous to using analgesics before/during a run. Nonetheless, recreational runners would benefit from more evidence-based information on safe and sensible use of both supplements and analgesics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 2","pages":"Article 100332"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducing SPARK: A pilot study of a sport-specific, pragmatic, and athlete-centred values-based anti-doping education workshop","authors":"Andrea Petróczi ,&nbsp;Sam N Thrower ,&nbsp;Cornelia Blank","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The provision of values-based education (VbE) for elite athletes, as required by WADA's International Standard for Education, presents challenges which are related to the developmental stage of learners, delivery methods, content design, and resource availability. To address these challenges, we developed and piloted SPARK, a 90-minute, evidence-based, in-person workshop for elite athletes. SPARK combines value-education and values-based education to enhance athletes' awareness of personal values, sensemaking, and decision-making autonomy, complementing anti-doping education. This pilot study included two international groups of young elite biathletes (54 in 2023 and 51 in 2024). Standardized evaluations were conducted pre- and post-intervention (<em>n</em> = 19 and <em>n</em> = 10, respectively), with feedback collected from 48 athletes. Paired pre- and post-workshop assessments demonstrated effect sizes ranging from small (i.e., noticeable) to medium (i.e., practically meaningful) in self-awareness of value priorities (d=0.37, p=0.06), efficacy in processing and managing personal and societal values (d=0.39, p=0.04), handling value conflicts (d=0.37, p=0.06), and using personal values to guide decision-making about sport and performance enhancement (d=0.42, p=0.03). Results suggest SPARK is feasible, effective, and well-received by athletes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 2","pages":"Article 100330"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anything but androgens: How image and performance enhancing drug consumers manage body composition and health through off-label use of medicines","authors":"Timothy Piatkowski ,&nbsp;Kim Akrigg ,&nbsp;Luke Cox ,&nbsp;Adam Bradshaw ,&nbsp;Steve Vigorous","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2025.100329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>This exploratory study investigates the diverse behavioural practices surrounding the use of non-androgenic image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) among individuals who seek to optimise their body composition. Participants engaged in stacking various substances, often leading to polypharmacy, which complicates the (im)balance between achieving desired physical attributes and maintaining health.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 participants, predominantly men (<em>n</em> = 13) and one woman, aged 25–45 years (M = 33.34, <em>SD</em> = 6.27). The interviews explored their experiences with non-androgenic substances such as human growth hormone (HGH), insulin, and metformin, focusing on the strategic integration of these drugs into their routines and their motivations for use. Iterative categorisation was employed to identify key themes, including risk management, perceptions of efficacy, and the role of peer networks in shaping usage practices.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The research highlights how participants employed these non-androgenic substances to manage calorie intake and enhance insulin sensitivity. The cohort reported that this facilitated a more controlled approach to body composition while mitigating the physiological stress associated with high androgen use.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The study highlights ethnopharmacology's significance within the IPED community, showing how people navigate drug regimens based on experiential knowledge. While participants noted potential benefits, they also expressed challenges relating to medication access, underscoring the need for improved availability through legitimate channels. This research ultimately advocates for and reinforces the need to recognise people who use IPEDs as knowledgeable agents in health management, informing more effective harm reduction strategies tailored to the complexities of IPED use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 2","pages":"Article 100329"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epistemic racism in anti-doping research: A call for critical awareness","authors":"Jonathan Ruwuya ,&nbsp;Byron Omwando Juma ,&nbsp;Rekha Janarthanan ,&nbsp;Jules Woolf","doi":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.peh.2024.100300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The anti-doping movement is presented with significant challenges, including high-profile inter-agency disputes, claims of inconsistent application of the WADA Code, institutionalized doping, and the emergence of doping-permissive movements. Amid these issues lies a less recognized yet crucial issue of epistemic racism, which can undermine global anti-doping initiatives. Epistemic racism, rooted in culturally biased systems of knowledge production, often privileges Western perspectives while relegating non-Western perspectives. Such bias can perpetuate racial stereotypes and affect anti-doping research and policy implementation. This Commentary explores the concept of epistemic racism, its manifestations, and strategies for mitigation within anti-doping research. A case example of a recent publication is presented to demonstrate how epistemic racism can go undetected and unchallenged, potentially reproducing and reinforcing outdated stereotypes. Overlooked, epistemic racism can have profound ramifications, including deterring aspiring scholars from developing countries, distorting anti-doping policies, and reinforcing racial stereotypes. To counteract this, it is essential to educate researchers on racial biases, adapt methodologies to reduce these biases and increase the inclusion and representation of scholars from developing countries in research and editorial roles. Such measures may foster a more inclusive research environment and directly inform practice, helping anti-doping research and practice become more critically aware.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19886,"journal":{"name":"Performance enhancement and health","volume":"13 1","pages":"Article 100300"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}