Pharmacology & Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Ciclesonide Use in COVID-19: Not All Steroids Are the Same","authors":"M. Tagliati, Marianna Leopoulou, J. LeQuang, Charles Wollmuth, J. Pergolizzi, Kailyn Mitchell, P. Magnusson","doi":"10.4236/PP.2021.121002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2021.121002","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The inflammatory mechanisms of COVID-19 suggest that corticosteroids may \u0000be beneficial, but their benefits must outweigh their potential risks. The \u0000RECOVERY trial results suggest that dexamethasone 6 mg/day (but not other steroids) may confer mortality \u0000benefits on ventilated COVID-19 patients. Methods: This is a narrative review of the literature about the use of ciclesonide \u0000and dexamethasone for COVID-19 patients. Literature is being created rapidly \u0000and this review is offered as a state-of-the-science narration. Results: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is an RNA virus whose RNA is transcribed via open \u0000reading frames, making its elimination difficult. Coronaviruses have evolved \u0000multiple strategies for proteolytic activation of the spike; viral replication \u0000occurs entirely in the cytoplasm. In this connection, the RNA-cleaving \u0000endoribonuclease (NSP-15 also known as EndoU) may play a key role by facilitating \u0000viral double-stranded RNA recognition by the host’s macrophages. Furthermore, the virus is able to undergo RNA \u0000recombination rapidly, enabling it to evade host immunity and develop \u0000drug resistance. Ciclesonide is an inhaled corticosteroid that reduces lung \u0000inflammation and blocks the activity of specific kinases which may explain its \u0000anti-inflammatory effect. Dexamethasone is known to reduce mortality in \u0000ventilated COVID-19 patients. Discussion: Systemic corticosteroids were used in previous coronavirus epidemics \u0000(SARS and MERS) and pulmonary histology of these patients is similar to those \u0000in COVID-19 patients. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is the main cause of \u0000death in most COVID-19 infections and steroids may be effective in addressing \u0000that condition, brought on by cytokine storm. However, it should be noted that \u0000inhaled steroids likely have a narrower window for effect than systemic \u0000regimens. Conclusion: Dexamethasone has been proven to confer mortality benefits on ventilated \u0000COVID-19 patients and may be used with inhaled ciclesonide, which has few side \u0000effects and can be locally metabolized. Further study is needed.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"13 1","pages":"10-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85315657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Palatability of Dry Syrups and the Bitterness Intensities of Dry Syrups Mixed with Various Beverages","authors":"T. Kurihara, Honami Kojima, Miyako Yoshida, Mizuho Oshio, Rino Kunikata, Haruka Nishikawa, T. Uchida","doi":"10.4236/PP.2021.122004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2021.122004","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to evaluate the palatability of dry syrups for pediatric use by human gustatory sensation testing and the artificial taste sensor. The bitterness intensities of dry syrups mixed with various beverages were also evaluated using the taste sensor. Twenty dry-syrup formulations of antibacterial and anti-allergic drugs containing bitter active ingredients, frequently used in pediatric medicine in Japan, were selected for testing. The main factors influencing palatability were determined by factor analysis of data from human gustatory sensation testing using the semantic differential method. It was shown that the bitterness intensity of dry syrups in water could be predicted by the artificial taste sensor. The influence of different beverages (orange juice, milk or cocoa) mixed with the dry syrups was evaluated using the artificial taste sensor. Taste and texture were found to be the principal factors influencing the palatability of dry syrups. While the bitterness intensities of some dry syrups were increased by mixing with orange juice, the bitterness intensities of most dry syrups were decreased by mixing with milk or cocoa. This suggests that one or more constituents of milk or cocoa may reduce the bitterness intensities of dry syrups.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"100 1","pages":"43-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74401072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality Evaluation of Carnitine for Proper Use of Supplement","authors":"Yuka Miyachi, Chika Nakayama, Taeyuki Oshima","doi":"10.4236/PP.2021.122005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2021.122005","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, consumers are becoming more health-conscious. Supplements are becoming popular as they can be purchased easily. In Japan, the “Food with Function Claims” system began in 2015; the market for supplements is expected to continue to expand. However, the use of some supplements has not been supported with sufficient scientific evidence; some products have even caused health problems. In addition, consumers may not be able to make correct decisions based on the information from the Internet. Unlike medicine, the instruction on the usage of supplements is not precise. Therefore, improving the quality of the information on the supplements will become more necessary in the future. This study aims to improve the quality of the information on supplements by surveying the disintegration and dissolution behavior of the carnitine-containing supplements and evaluated their quality. The products tested here were supplements containing commercial carnitine. Disintegration test and dissolution test were conducted according to the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. Carnitine was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The disintegration tests revealed that the products had different disintegration times, varying from 35 to 100 minutes; some products took more than 5 hours to disintegrate. Thus, some products had a slow rise in their dissolution rate. These results suggest that the carnitine-containing supplements used in this study may affect the absorption process. Therefore, in the case of oral administration, the expected effect might not be achieved depending on the product.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"44 1","pages":"55-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80951607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation, Identification and Pharmacological Activities of Endophytic Fungi from Aponogeton undulatus Roxb.","authors":"N. Chowdhury, Farhana Farjana, M. Sohrab","doi":"10.4236/pp.2020.1112028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2020.1112028","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study \u0000is to isolate, identify and investigate the \u0000pharmacological activities of the endophytic fungi from an aquatic plant Aponogeton undulatus Roxb. (A. \u0000undulatus). Endophytic fungi were isolated and identified based \u0000on morphological characters. The \u0000molecular identification of the fungal isolates was performed using by \u0000analyzing the DNA sequence based on mega BLAST program. Spectrums of \u0000antibacterial and antifungal activities were \u0000studied by Agar diffusion methods. Extracts of the endophytic fungal \u0000strains isolated from the plant A. undulatus were screened for probable \u0000cytotoxic activities using brine shrimp lethality \u0000bioassay. Six endophytic fungi, namely AULE-1, AULE-2, AULE-3, AURE-1, AURE-3 and AURE-4 were isolated and purified from the leaves and roots of the plant such as strains AULE-1 as Trichooderma sp., \u0000AULE-2 as Carvularia sp. AULE-3 as Penicillium sp. strains AURE-1 \u0000and AURE-4 as Fusarium sp. and AURE-3 as Mucor sp. Strain AURE-4 was further identified as Fusarium solani. At 300 μg/disc concentration, six ethyl acetate extracts of endophytic \u0000fungi of the plant A. undulates showed \u0000moderate to significant activities against \u0000most of the test bacteria and pathogenic fungi. The strain AURE-4 \u0000exhibited strong cytotoxic activities (10.18 μg/mL) compared to the standard \u0000antitumor agent vincristine sulphate and this \u0000positive result suggests that fungal extracts may contain antitumor or \u0000pesticidal compounds. This is the first study to report the isolation, \u0000identification, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of endophytic fungi of Aponogeton undulatus Roxb. in \u0000Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"19 1","pages":"350-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81709456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psoriasis: A Comprehensive Review on the Aetiopathogenesis and Recent Advances in Long-Term Management of Patients with Plaque Psoriasis","authors":"T. Gmeiner, J. Grželj, B. Strukelj, Luka Stopar, P. Marko","doi":"10.4236/pp.2020.1112030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2020.1112030","url":null,"abstract":"Immense changes have been introduced in psoriasis \u0000treatment, including successful \u0000systemic treatment of inflammation and education of psoriatic patients. \u0000The focus of this review is the latest developments in the understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of \u0000psoriasis, the significance of its comorbidities, treatment possibilities and \u0000long-term management using the latest insight provided by pharmacogenetics and \u0000identification of biomarkers. The successful control of the disease leads to \u0000reduction of myocardial infarction and long-term cardiovascular risk but is \u0000usually achieved after various therapeutic attempts until the best-matched \u0000treatment for the individual is identified. There is a high unmet medical need \u0000for revealing biomarkers associated with disease prognosis, comorbidities, \u0000response to therapy and adverse effects. More studies have to be performed for \u0000identification and validation of biomarkers and implementation of personalized \u0000medicine into clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"30 1","pages":"373-401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75065648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Anti-Salmonella Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extract of Senna siamae, Used in Traditional Management of Salmonellosis in Benin","authors":"B. B. Legba, V. Dougnon, J. Agbankpe, K. Fabiyi, Christelle Lougbegnon, A. Soha, Césaire Ayena, E. Déguénon, H. Koudokpon, L. Baba-Moussa","doi":"10.4236/PP.2020.119020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2020.119020","url":null,"abstract":"Recent ethnopharmacological data cited Senna siamea as one of the most widely used medicinal plants in the \u0000management of salmonellosis in Benin. However, data related to its activity on non-typhoidal Salmonella spp are limited. \u0000This study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of Senna siamea on multidrug-resistant Salmonella. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of S. siamea were tested for their antibacterial activity on four \u0000multidrug-resistant Salmonella: Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and \u0000three Salmonella spp. isolated \u0000from animals intended for human consumption in Benin. Well diffusion technique \u0000combined with the determination by microdilution of Minimum Bactericidal \u0000Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were used for \u0000antibacterial testing. From antibacterial testing, inhibition diameters of the \u0000extracts ranged from 7 to 11 mm, for \u0000the susceptible strains. Colistin (reference antibiotic) was active on all Salmonella spp. with inhibition \u0000diameters between 18 and 19 mm. The MICs ranged from 3.125 to 25 mg/ml while \u0000MBCs of the extracts are greater than 100 mg/ml, so none of the extracts have \u0000antibacterial power (p.a). From these results, it appears that the use of Senna siamea in the \u0000traditional treatment of salmonellosis is justified. These results must be \u0000valued in the development of anti-salmonella phytomedicines.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"1 1","pages":"226-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88143043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Effect of a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor and a Selective Cyclo-Oxygenase-2 Inhibitor on Post Spinal Anesthesia Headache","authors":"R. F. Iteke, D. Mutombo, Franck Namegabe Zirhumana, O. Mukuku, E. Muyumba, Tinsley Mukakala Kibonge, J. Brichant, A. Kilembe, Y. Brouh, J. Kakoma","doi":"10.4236/pp.2020.118018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2020.118018","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To evaluate the synergistic effect of a Selective \u0000Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) and a Selective Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitor \u0000(ISCOx-2) in the management of After Rachianesthesia Headache in Obstetric \u0000Care. Patients and Methods: This was an experimental double-blind, \u0000randomized, multi-center clinical trial of non-inferiority clinical trials over \u0000a 12-month period (May 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019) in six hospitals in \u0000southeastern DR Congo, including all patients undergoing surgery or \u0000analgesia on spinal anesthesia for obstetrical indication and with headache \u0000characteristic of a dural breccia, with no known causes, contraindications to \u0000experimental products and informed consent to been obtained. The patients were \u0000divided into four different groups depending on the protocol used, namely: \u0000Group A = Rehydration + Paracetamol, Group B = Rehydration + Celecoxib, Group C \u0000= Rehydration + Nefopam and Group 4 = Rehydration + Celecoxib + Nefopam (Study \u0000Group). Using the Statview II software, the statistical analyzes of data \u0000obtained from the different tests were made using the ANOVA test for comparing \u0000the averages of different samples using the Fisher test. Verification of the \u0000normality of the samples was made by the Kurtosis and Skewness flattening and \u0000asymmetry test. Results: The protocol associating Celecoxib and Nefopam \u0000significantly demonstrates its effectiveness in reducing CPRAOs in the first \u0000two days with a gradual decrease in anxiety and length of stay. In addition, \u0000the majority of patients (75.6%) had a high overall level of satisfaction with \u0000this protocol. Conclusion: The Nefopam-Celecoxib combination shows its \u0000effectiveness in the early reduction of these CPRAOs, anxiety and length of \u0000stay with a high overall level of patient satisfaction. Given the good \u0000tolerance and accessibility of these products, we strongly suggest the use of \u0000this protocol for its validation in our environment and elsewhere, although it \u0000is desirable to continue research on other non-explored alien pathways.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"26 1","pages":"196-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82258126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerated Aqueous Solubility and Antibacterial Activity of Cefuroxime Axetil Using Microcrystalline Cellulose as Carrier","authors":"Moushumi Tabassoom Salam, Ashim Kumar, A. Hata, H. Kondo, M. Salam, M. I. I. Wahed, Md. Rafiqul Islam Khan, R. Barman","doi":"10.4236/pp.2020.118015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2020.118015","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation was undertaken to enhance the \u0000solubility and consequent antibacterial activity of cefuroxime axetil (CA), a β-lactamase-stable broad spectrum second \u0000generation cephalosporin through solid dispersion (SD) technique. For this \u0000purpose, CA loaded SDs (CSDs) were prepared by solvent evaporation method using \u0000different concentrations of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as carrier. The \u0000CSDs were characterized by in-vitro dissolution study, thermal analysis (DSC), crystallinity (PXRD), interactions \u0000(FTIR) and morphology (SEM). Among the formulations, CSD-2 showed the highest \u0000dissolution rate which was 2.59-fold higher than pure CA with a drug-carrier \u0000(CA: MCC) ratio of 1:3. Enhanced dissolution rate was attributed to conversion \u0000of drug from crystalline to amorphous state during preparation of SDs, which \u0000was validated by DSC, PXRD, FTIR and SEM analyses. Antibacterial activity of \u0000CSD-2 against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) showed 1.94- and 6.75-fold higher relative zone of inhibition \u0000(RZOI), respectively than pure CA. CSD-2 has been found to be the most \u0000effective optimized formulation in terms of both enhanced dissolution rate and \u0000antibacterial activity. Thus, it can be an effective alternative to \u0000conventional dosage forms of CA. However, further investigations are needed to \u0000validate its pharmacokinetic properties, in-vivo antibacterial efficacy and safety before recommending as a novel formulation","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"36 1","pages":"159-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90329538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Critical Influencing Factor on pH Stability of Yuxingcao Injection","authors":"Long Xianjun, Bo Liu, Zuren Peng, P. Qiu, Yang Xuechun, Yang Yuanxiang, Meili Wang, Yin Songmao, Xingchu Gong","doi":"10.4236/pp.2020.118017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2020.118017","url":null,"abstract":"The change of drug quality of Yuxingcao injection \u0000after formulation is considered as one of the causes for adverse reactions. In \u0000this study, orthogonal experimental design was used to investigate the \u0000influencing factors on the pH stability of Yuxingcao injection. Two methods of \u0000accelerated tests were carried out in the experiments. The results showed that \u0000using Tween 80 as the solubilizer could significantly decrease the pH value of \u0000Yuxingcao injection after accelerated tests. There was no significant \u0000difference in the pH value after the accelerated tests when the other 6 factors \u0000varied, including the type of liquid processed, the dosage of activated carbon, \u0000heating temperature, reagents for pH adjustment, pH value range after \u0000adjustment, and sterilization conditions. In order to improve the quality \u0000stability of Yuxingcao injection, the quality of Tween 80 should be strictly \u0000controlled to minimize the change of pH value of Yuxingcao injection.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"1996 1","pages":"188-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78609095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flavonoids from the Leaves of Bridelia stipularis with in Vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Activity","authors":"Sangita Debnath Puja, Kazi Ruhullah Shahriar, C. M. Hasan, M. Ahsan","doi":"10.4236/pp.2020.117013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2020.117013","url":null,"abstract":"Methanolic \u0000extract of the leaves of Bridelia stipularis was studied. From this study, we isolated three \u0000known flavonoids. They were identified as 7-O-methyl luteolin, apigenin and \u00005, 7, 2’, 5’ tetrahydroxyflavone by NMR spectroscopic studies. All of them are first \u0000time documented for this plant. Different solvent fractions were subjected to in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity studies. \u0000Both apigenin and ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Bridelia stipularis showed strong antioxidant activity having IC50 value of 8.005, 8.77 μg/mL respectively. Chloroform soluble fraction of Bridelia stipularis exerted the highest toxicity to brine shrimp \u0000and petroleum ether soluble fraction showed moderate toxicity having LC50 value of 1.05, 1.71 μg/mL respectively.","PeriodicalId":19875,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"213 1","pages":"137-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74157290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}