Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal最新文献

{"title":"Postmalaria Labyrinthitis Ossificans: A Rare Complication of Plasmodium Infection.","authors":"Francisca Sena Batista, Rosa Couto, Diogo Pinto, Ana Mafalda Matias, Lígia Neves, Filipa Castelão","doi":"10.1097/INF.0000000000005010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000005010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19858,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concordance of Pathogenic Bacteria in the Upper and Lower Airway in Children With Severe Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections.","authors":"Katherine Bline, Takaharu Karube, Jeffrey Naples, Melissa Moore-Clingenpeel, Josey Hensley, Chi-Sian Dai, Li Tang, Mark W Hall, Will Ray, Octavio Ramilo, Asuncion Mejias","doi":"10.1097/INF.0000000000005009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000005009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are a leading cause of mortality among children. Bacterial coinfections in viral LRTI are associated with severe clinical outcomes. Identifying lower airway bacterial involvement in viral LRTI is challenging. Our objective was to define the concordance of bacterial detection between paired upper nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and lower endotracheal airway samples (ETAs) in children with severe viral LRTI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Convenience sample of children <5 years intubated with LRTI. Children were enrolled within 48 hours of ICU admission, and NP/ETAs were obtained for the detection of Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus. Concordance was assessed via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), according to the respiratory virus and age. Clinical outcomes were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 2017 to 2021, we enrolled 76 children [median age: 2.1 (1.2-4.3) months]. The most common respiratory virus was respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (73.7%). Overall concordance for bacterial detection was high for M. catarrhalis, H. influenzae, and S. pneumoniae (ICC ≥0.75) but low for S. aureus (ICC 0.36). Detection rates varied by viral pathogen, with M. catarrhalis and S. pneumoniae showing the highest agreement in children with RSV. Agreement was higher in infants <6 months. Prolonged intubation was observed in children with RSV and NP codetection of S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Concordance was high for M. catarrhalis, H. influenzae, and S. pneumoniae, but not for S. aureus, and was influenced by the viral etiology and age. These findings suggest the applicability of NP swabs as surrogates for lower airway cultures for specific bacterial-virus combinations in children with severe LRTI.</p>","PeriodicalId":19858,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in Antibiotic Use for Pediatric Patients With Pneumonia: A Nationwide Analysis in South Korea (2016-2023).","authors":"Ji Young Park, Jungmi Chae, Young June Choe, Yujeong Kim, Jihye Shin, Dong-Sook Kim, Hyunju Lee","doi":"10.1097/INF.0000000000004995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000004995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pneumonia is a leading cause of antibiotic use for children. This study aimed to assess nationwide antibiotic prescribing patterns for pediatric pneumonia in South Korea between 2016 and 2023, a period encompassing both epidemic and nonepidemic periods of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using national claims data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, we analyzed antibiotic prescriptions for patients under 18 years diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes; viral pneumonia was excluded). Antibiotic use was measured in days of therapy per 1000 patient-days (inpatients) or per 1000 patients (outpatients).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 8.7 million inpatient days and 3.5 million outpatient visits, the 2-4 years group accounted for the highest burden (497.1 inpatient days and 161.6 outpatient visits per 1000 population). Macrolides were the most prescribed class in both inpatients [805.1 days of therapy (DOT)/1000 patient-days] and outpatients (4898.0 DOT/1000 patients), except in infants, where third-generation cephalosporins predominated. Use of third-generation cephalosporins increased sharply from 2022 and became the most prescribed class in 2023. Tertiary hospitals had higher use of tetracyclines (26.8 DOT/1000 patient-days) and quinolones but lower use of beta-lactams than other facility types. Antibiotic prescribing peaked in the fourth quarter of each year.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among children in South Korea diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia, macrolides were most frequently prescribed, and prescriptions for third-generation cephalosporins showed an increasing trend. These findings underscore challenges in antimicrobial stewardship and need for strengthened nationwide antimicrobial stewardship policies for pediatric pneumonia tailored to age, setting, and seasonal trends.</p>","PeriodicalId":19858,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Type C Infection in a Hib-vaccinated Child: Implications for Surveillance.","authors":"Saki Kasai, Masumi Nagata, Yudai Toyama, Eisuke Inage, Mitsuyoshi Suzuki, Hiromichi Shoji","doi":"10.1097/INF.0000000000005011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000005011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19858,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standardizing Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Pediatric Patients Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.","authors":"Jordon C Mitzelfelt, Roland C Hentz, Elizabeth H Ristagno, Rahul Kanade, Laura M Dinnes, Adi Shah, Jack O'Horo, Devon O Aganga, Emily R Levy","doi":"10.1097/INF.0000000000005008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000005008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prophylactic antimicrobials for pediatric patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support are not well delineated; there are no consistent guidelines nationally or internationally. We analyzed antimicrobial use before and after implementing a narrow-spectra ECMO antimicrobial prophylaxis protocol intended to standardize prophylaxis by risk related to ECMO type and configuration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective, single-center study included children under 18 years old requiring ECMO between May 2018 and December 2021. Medical and cardiac surgical patients requiring open-chested (central) or peripheral veno-venous or veno-arterial ECMO were included. We evaluated the impact of an ECMO antimicrobial prophylaxis protocol by comparing the appropriateness of antimicrobial use as well as nosocomial infections in the pre versus post protocol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our study included 55 children with 58 individual ECMO episodes. More than 50% of the patients were open-chested during ECMO support, and the majority of ECMO support was veno-arterial. In the post protocol period, patients were 4 times as likely to have appropriate antimicrobial prescribing (Odds ratio 4.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-19; P = 0.036), including both prophylactic (per protocol) and therapeutic (chart documentation of an infection with appropriate therapeutic antimicrobials, including drug and duration). There was no difference in the odds of nosocomial infection occurring during ECMO pre protocol versus post protocol (pre vs. post protocol, P = 0.71 for invasive infections, P = 0.73 for all infections including potential colonization).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>After implementation of a standardized narrow-spectra ECMO antimicrobial prophylaxis protocol, we observed an increase in appropriate and standardized antimicrobial prescribing without concomitant increase in nosocomial infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":19858,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryptococcal Granulomatous Inflammation in Immunocompetent Pediatric Patients Presenting as Hepatic Space-occupying Lesions.","authors":"Ke Cao, Xiaojuan Luo, Wenhong Ye, Defa Li, Xueyan Chen","doi":"10.1097/INF.0000000000005007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000005007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19858,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome Unmasked by Atypical Cat Scratch Disease.","authors":"Rohan Grotra, Ashwin Varadarajan, Rajni Yadav, Sanchita Gupta, Rohan Malik","doi":"10.1097/INF.0000000000005002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000005002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19858,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonatal Enterovirus and Parechovirus Infections: National Enterovirus Surveillance System, United States, 2004-2023.","authors":"Miranda J Delahoy, Randall English, Halle Getachew, Terry Fei Fan Ng, Sarah Kidd","doi":"10.1097/INF.0000000000004983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000004983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Enteroviruses (EVs)-including echoviruses (Es) and coxsackieviruses-and parechoviruses (PeVs) can cause severe illness among neonates. Recent data on which EV and PeV infections are most reported among US neonates are limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The National Enterovirus Surveillance System (NESS) is a US laboratory-based national surveillance system that collects reports of EV and PeV typing results from patients of all ages. We analyzed NESS data on EV and PeV infections from specimens collected during 2004-2023, including mortality data from 2014 to 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During 2004-2023, 11,065 EV and PeV infections were reported to NESS: 823/9393 (9%) of infections with reported age occurred among neonates. Among 690 neonatal infections with identified virus type, Coxsackievirus type B5 (CV-B5, n = 90; 13%), CV-B4 (70; 10%), CV-B3 (68; 10%), PeV-A3 (63; 9%) and E-11 (56; 8%) were reported most frequently overall, with the top virus types varying from year to year. During 2014-2023, 85/503 neonates with EV or PeV infections had reported outcome (17%), of whom 18/85 (21%) died.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This analysis utilized 2 decades of surveillance data to identify top EV and PeV virus types reported among US neonates. Mortality data emphasize that EV and PeV infections can be severe among neonates and result in death. The variety of enteroviruses observed highlights the need for strengthened surveillance and further research to improve the current understanding of neonatal enteroviral disease and inform future development of prevention and treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19858,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and Clinical Impact of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an Italian Pediatric Center: An Observational Study from 2017 to 2024.","authors":"Marco Bianchi, Mara Pisani, Lara Ricotta, Carmen D'Amore, Anna Chiara Vittucci, Sebastian Cristaldi, Anna Maria Musolino, Paola Bernaschi, Velia Chiara Di Maio, Venere Cortazzo, Claudio Cherchi, Renato Cutrera, Federica Pellizzoni, Alessia Arduini, Maria Antonietta Barbieri, Andrea Campana, Martina Di Giuseppe, Umberto Raucci, Laura Lancella, Marta Luisa Ciofi Degli Atti, Carlo Federico Perno, Alberto Villani","doi":"10.1097/INF.0000000000004993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000004993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a marked decline in MP infections was observed, with a delayed resurgence reported in some European countries. This study aimed to assess the epidemiological trends and clinical features of MP infections in a pediatric tertiary care academic hospital in Italy from 2017 to 2024.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective, single-center study including immunocompetent patients 30 days to 17 years of age, hospitalized with confirmed MP infection. Clinical, laboratory, and radiologic data were analyzed across 3 periods: prepandemic (2017-2019), pandemic (2020-2022) and postpandemic (2023-2024). Statistical analyses were performed to compare incidence and clinical characteristics over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 303 included patients, 130 were hospitalized prepandemic and 148 postpandemics. The proportion of MP among acute respiratory infection hospitalizations nearly doubled, from 3.2% in 2019 to 6.1% in 2024. Despite the higher incidence, the need for respiratory support remained stable (25.7% overall; P = 0.3), the pediatric intensive care admissions were rare and unchanged (2.0% vs. 2.0%, P = 1.0) and median hospital stay was consistent across both periods (5 days, interquartile range 4-8; P = 0.803).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MP incidence increased significantly postpandemic, and clinical severity remained comparable to prepandemic levels. Ongoing epidemiologic surveillance is essential to better understand infection dynamics and to guide effective clinical management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19858,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity of Three-session Intradermal Rabies Post-exposure Prophylaxis in Indian Children and Adolescents.","authors":"Anurag Agarwal, Shirin Rana, Surendra Bahadur Mathur, Vikas Manchanda, Kashvi Agarwal, Meeta Singh","doi":"10.1097/INF.0000000000005004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000005004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rabies is a uniformly fatal but vaccine-preventable disease. In India, the standard 4-session intradermal rabies post-exposure prophylaxis is currently administered. The World Health Organization has recommended a shortened 3-session regimen. Pediatric and adolescent-specific data for this abbreviated protocol remain sparse.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the immunogenicity of the 3-session intradermal rabies post-exposure prophylaxis regimen among children and adolescents under 18 years of age in India and to assess its adequacy for potential policy adoption.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Animal Bite Clinic of a tertiary teaching hospital in New Delhi, India. Eighty-two children and adolescents presenting for the 4th rabies vaccine dose were enrolled. Blood samples were collected before administration of the fourth dose, and IgG anti-rabies virus glycoprotein antibody values were estimated using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Values ≥0.5 EU/mL were considered seroprotective. Participants were followed up for 1 year for any development of rabies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 82 participants, 79 (96.3%) had seroprotective values. The geometric mean value was 2.67 EU/mL. Three participants (3.7%) had values <0.5 EU/mL. Follow-up assessment post-4th dose confirmed seroconversion in 2 of them. The use and type of rabies immunoglobulin had no significant effect on seroconversion. No participants developed rabies over a 1-year follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although seroconversion was achieved in 96.3% of participants after 3 sessions, the 3.7% with nonprotective values raise concerns. Given the fatal nature of rabies and infrastructural variability in Indian healthcare, continuation of the 4-session regimen is recommended until broader validation is conducted in a representative pediatric population via multicentric studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19858,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}