Pathogens and Global Health最新文献

{"title":"Epidemiology, recurrence, and mortality in patients with <i>Clostridioides difficile</i>: a nationwide surveillance study (2016-2022).","authors":"Rafael Garcia-Carretero, Oscar Vazquez-Gomez, Belen Rodriguez-Maya, Maria Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Oscar Barquero-Perez, Ruth Gil-Prieto, Angel Gil-de-Miguel","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2580606","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2580606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a significant contributor to healthcare-associated infections worldwide, with an increasing incidence in Europe. It has significant morbidity in high-risk, hospitalized patients. Despite previous studies in Spain, there have been no updates to nationwide data since 2015.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To provide an updated epidemiological overview of CDI in Spain, focusing on incidence, recurrence, mortality, and regional variability in hospitalized patients between 2016 and 2022.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A nationwide, retrospective study was carried out using a Spanish national health system registry including data from hospitalization discharge reports. Data from 66,864 hospitalizations with a CDI diagnosis were analyzed and descriptive analyses and Poisson regression models were performed to assess trends in CDI incidence, recurrence, and mortality over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CDI incidence increased from 30 to 43 cases per 100,000 hospitalizations between 2016 and 2022. Recurrence was observed in 15-16% of cases from 2020 to 2022. All-cause, in-hospital mortality remained steady at 11-13% over the observation period. There was regional variability, with some regions showing the highest incidences and other regions having the lowest. The median age of patients was 75 years, and women accounted for 53% of cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results highlight a steady increase in CDI incidence in Spain over the last two decades, particularly since 2020, probably influenced by the widespread antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recurrence and mortality rates remain significant challenges. These findings highlight the need for national surveillance programs, improved diagnostic protocols, and targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of CDI.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"10-17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145372938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent developments in diagnosis of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>: an overview.","authors":"Selvamano Selvaraj, Jayaprakash N S","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2606469","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2606469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease caused by <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported more than 8 million new or relapse TB cases and 1.25 million deaths in 2023. Even though the global End TB strategy implemented by WHO has reduced the TB incidence rate between the years 2015 and 2023 up to 8.3%, TB remains one of the leading infectious causes of death worldwide. Active tuberculosis can affect any part of the body, and the clinical symptoms include fever, weight loss, and night sweats, whereas latent TB does not show any clinical symptoms. One of the significant concerns regarding the control of TB is the reservoir nature of latent tuberculosis. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine helps control TB and is still used globally to combat it. Currently, two methods are primarily used to identify tuberculosis infection: the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) and the Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA). A significant disadvantage of these two methods is the inability to differentiate between latent and active tuberculosis. Accurate and timely diagnosis of TB is essential for effective management, mainly due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Specific biomarkers are required to evaluate tuberculosis infection, and novel biomarkers are needed to develop new diagnostic methods for tuberculosis. This article presents a brief review of recent developments in TB diagnostics, covering immunological, molecular, and monoclonal antibody-based platforms. The review also discusses the emerging role of artificial intelligence and deep machine learning platforms as complementary diagnostic tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"92-104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13137743/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145864665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of <i>Leptospira</i> spp. in rodents and water sources: implications for public health in rural environments from Buenos Aires province, Argentina.","authors":"Ja Silva, Ma Rivero, Ea Scialfa, Kc Caimi","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2655726","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2655726","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease caused by <i>Leptospira spp</i>. poses significant public health and economic challenges. Its transmission is favored in interface environments where wild and synanthropic rodents acting as maintenance hosts contaminate surroundings with urine. Additionally, water sources can harbor leptospires, serving as an infection risk for humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate the presence of <i>Leptospira</i> spp. in surface and underground water resources, detect leptospiras in wild and synanthropic rodents, and identify/genotype isolation in rural environments from Tandil county, Argentina. Thirty-five water samples and kidney samples from 30 rodents were collected. <i>Leptospira</i> spp. Isolation was attempted via culture in a selective EMJH-STAFF medium with observations made through fluorescence microscopy. Growth of leptospires was observed in one rodent kidney tissue sample. The presence of a pathogenic <i>Leptospira</i> strain was confirmed by 16S rRNA PCR and subsequently genotyped by MLST. Notably, this represents the first isolation of <i>Leptospira interrogans</i> serogroup Canicola allelic profile ST3 from <i>Akodon Azarae</i> in Argentina, making a significant epidemiological finding for the region. While <i>Leptospira</i> spp. was not detected in the analyzed water samples, the isolation of <i>L. interrogans</i> highlights the role of wild rodents as persistent reservoirs in the rural-urban interface. This finding suggests that the transmission dynamics may involve a more complex network of wild reservoirs, highlighting the potential public health risk to local inhabitants and domestic animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"140-148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13137749/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147654745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A digital repository of samples from arthropod vectors.","authors":"Davide Colombo, Alejandro Nabor Lozada-Chàvez, Andrea Matucci, Marco Di Luca, Adele Magliano, Claudio De Martinis, Silvio Gerardo D'Alessio, Maria Beatrice Boniotti, Loredana Capozzi, Federica Gobbo, Maria Paola Maurelli, Alessandra Mistral De Pascali, Claudia Damiani, Paolo Gabrieli, Cristiano Salata, Davide Badano, Federico Forneris, Verena Pichler, Beniamino Caputo, Alessandra Della Torre, Mariangela Bonizzoni","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2587090","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2587090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sustained by urbanization, globalization and climate change, infectious diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks and sandflies, are emerging or resurging in Europe, including Italy. There are limited therapeutic treatments and vaccines for most arthropod-borne pathogens, thus monitoring and control of vectors remains the most-effective prevention strategy. Supported by a country-wide initiative that aims at providing strategic guidance for preventing vector-borne diseases in Italy, including suirveillance and control initiatives that results in the acquistion of a large number of field samples, we conceived a digital repository of samples from arthropod vectors and their metadata to promote their sharing among the scientific community. We built a relational database called RAV-IT, accessible at https://mosqit.unipv.it/. Currently, RAV-IT aggregates seventeen Italian institutions and hosts nearly two thousand vector samples and their metadata, which can be viewed and requested for research purposes. RAV-IT is interactive and can accept further samples from any users. RAV-IT is a non-profit repository that is expected to enhance resource sharing for research on arthropod vectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"38-46"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145549279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of schistosome infection in a region of Madagascar regularly undergoing mass drug administration: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Ralf Krumkamp, Aaron Remkes, Jacques Hainasoa, Tahinamandranto Rasamoelina, A Ravo Razafindrakoto, N Mathieu Razafindralava, Jana C Hey, Doris Winter, Natalie Fischer, Leonard Gunga, Philippe Martel, Nicolas Jouanard, Zo Andrianarinirina, Pia Rausche, Jean-Marc Kutz, Cheick O Doumbia, Raphaël Rakotozandrindrainy, Jürgen May, Valentina Marchese, Rivo A Rakotoarivelo, Resamp Consortium, Daniela Fusco","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2616620","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2616620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease primarily controlled by Praziquantel-based Mass Drug Administration (MDA) targeting school-aged children. This study aimed to generate a high-resolution schistosomiasis prevalence map in a region with regular MDA in Madagascar, identify at-risk groups, assess population knowledge, and explore risk factors to support alignment with WHO guidelines. Conducted between July and October 2022 in the District of Vatomandry, Madagascar, this cross-sectional study included participants aged five and older. Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen testing determined infection prevalence. A choropleth map was generated to show the geographical distribution of schistosome infection across local communities. Individual risk factors were assessed using hierarchical Poisson regression. The study included 1,215 households (5,200 participants) from 42 communities revealing a high overall prevalence of 59%. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) indicated higher infection risks for farmers (PR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.09-1.25) and older age groups (≥38 years: PR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.16-1.55; against ≤15 years), while participants with higher education or knowledge about schistosome transmission showed a reduced risk (PR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.78-0.99). The results show high schistosome prevalence in adults, emphasizing the need to adapt strategies in endemic countries to meet the WHO's 2030 goal of eliminating schistosomiasis as public health problem.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"130-139"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13137748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146100399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices related to dengue fever control: a cross-sectional study of 1,016 individuals.","authors":"Anan S Jarab, Walid Al-Qerem, Ahmad Z Al Meslamani, Zainab Abdelnasser, Omar Jrab, Tareq Mukattash, Maher Khdour, Yazid N Al Hamarneh, Judith Eberhardt","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2621706","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2621706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dengue fever is a growing global health concern, especially in regions like the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where environmental factors and high levels of international travel increase the risk of outbreaks. Despite this, public awareness and adoption of preventive measures remain understudied. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the public's knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding dengue fever and its prevention. A validated online questionnaire was distributed to 1106 individuals using convenience sampling. The results revealed significant knowledge gaps, with only 24.6% correctly identifying dengue as a viral infection and 24.5% recognizing mosquito transmission. Median knowledge scores were higher among participants with elementary education (median = 13, IQR: 13-18), postgraduate degrees (median = 12, IQR: 8-15) than among those with other education levels, and higher among those with health insurance (median = 11, IQR: 10-13) than among those without insurance. Attitudes varied significantly based on education and residency, while regression analysis showed that male gender, older age, and smoking were associated with higher practice scores. These findings emphasize the need for targeted educational campaigns and public health interventions to improve awareness and engagement with dengue prevention, particularly in vulnerable demographic groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"80-91"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13137740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146044138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What can be learnt from India's success in controlling <i>Anopheles stephensi</i> in urban systems.","authors":"Gaurav Kumar, Jaspreet Kaur, Himmat Singh, Shweta Pasi","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2651893","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2026.2651893","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Anopheles stephensi</i> is an important malaria vector in India which has been repeatedly incriminated for transmitting urban malaria in different parts of the country. The fight for its control in the metropolitan cities of India dates back to as early as 1911. Using an integrated approach of bio-environmental control along with community education and strict enforcement of legislatures, India has shown exemplary success in the control of malaria in different urban cities. From this perspective, we discuss the different success stories and the way forward for <i>An. stephensi</i> control in a global manner.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"75-79"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13137738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first detection of Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) in humans in Türkiye, 2022.","authors":"Murtaza Öz, Ender Dinçer, Ayşe Nur Pektaş, Mehmet Özkan Timurkan, Binnur Bağcı, Tuba Nur Taşseten, Yasemin Çakır Kıymaz, Seyit Ali Büyüktuna, Mehmet Bakır, Nazif Elaldı","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2603234","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2603234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Jingmen tick virus</i> (JMTV) is a single-stranded RNA virus transmitted to humans through tick bites and classified within the <i>Flaviviridae</i> family. It has been detected in various arthropods and mammals. JMTV causes an acute febrile illness with symptoms such as skin lesions, fatigue, headache, nausea, and vomiting; however, limited research exists on its clinical impact and pathogenesis in humans. This study aims to report the first detection and molecular characterization of JMTV in patients with Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Türkiye. During the 2022 outbreak, serum samples from 206 hospitalized CCHF-suspected patients were retrospectively analyzed. JMTV was identified in 3 (1.5%) cases using nested PCR. The nucleotide similarity within the three JMTV sequences was found to be between 98.0% and 99.0%. Phylogenetic analysis showed 82-98% similarity with previously identified JMTV isolates in Türkiye. This study presents the first detection and molecular characterization of JMTV in humans in Türkiye. Clinicians should consider JMTV in patients with a history of tick bites, especially in CCHF-endemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"149-156"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13137746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145743749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cross-sectional survey and comparative study of six major infections among local employees of Chinese enterprises and community residents in Sierra Leone.","authors":"Xiao-Kun Li, Tian Zhang, Fang Xu, Xiao-Fei Zhang, Sulaiman Lakoh, Xiong You, Jin-Xia Zhang, Kandeh Bassie Kargbo, Yue-E Zhao, Hong-Bo Wang","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2584244","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2584244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>With increased Chinese enterprises involvement in Sierra Leone under the Belt and Road Initiative, understanding the prevalence of infectious diseases among local populations, particularly employees of Chinese firms, is crucial for enterprise management and public health interventions. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, syphilis, malaria, and tuberculosis among the local population, including co-infection prevalence and associated risk factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A serological survey was conducted among 342 local employees from six Chinese enterprises and 165 community residents (controls). Blood samples were tested using rapid immunological kits. Demographic data, occupational details, body temperature, and blood pressure were collected. Seroprevalence rates and risk factors were analyzed, with a focus on co-infections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The seroprevalence rates, in descending order, were as follows: malaria parasites (14.6%, 95% CI: 11.64%-17.97%), HBV (10.1%, 95% CI: 7.58%-13.01%), HIV (6.1%, 95% CI: 4.20%-8.57%), tuberculosis (4.3%, 95% CI: 2.74%-6.50%), syphilis (3.7%, 95% CI: 2.27%-5.79%), and HCV (0.0%, NA) for both the company employees and community residents. For mono-infection, there is a significantly lower seroprevalence in HIV and syphilis among company employees than in community controls (4.4% vs 9.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.019; 2.3% vs 6.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.016). Both the co-infection rate (3.5% vs 8.5%, <i>p</i> = 0.017) and the overall infection rate (29.8% vs 39.4%, <i>p</i> = 0.032) are also significantly lower among company employees compared to community controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides insights into the prevalence of infectious diseases and co-infection levels among local employees of Chinese enterprises and community residents in Sierra Leone. It highlights the importance of pre-employment screenings and post-employment health evaluations. The findings underscore the need for broader epidemiological investigations and surveillance to combat infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"28-37"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13003848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145452776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Wolbachia</i> as a transformative tool for mosquito-borne disease control: a comprehensive review of mechanisms, efficacy, and future directions.","authors":"Mohammad Ebrahim Minaei, Neda Yousefi Nojookambari, Majid Ghodraty, Sajjad Yazdansetad","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2604222","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2025.2604222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mosquito-borne infectious diseases such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and malaria continue to pose significant public health challenges worldwide. Traditional control methods, including the use of insecticides and environmental management, have shown limited effectiveness due to insecticide resistance and logistical challenges. <i>Wolbachia</i>-based strategies, which leverage the bacterium's unique ability to manipulate mosquito reproduction and block pathogens, present a promising, albeit not universally applicable, method for reducing the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. Field trials have demonstrated significant but variable efficacy. This systematic review synthesizes the latest findings on <i>Wolbachia</i>-based interventions, focusing on their mechanisms, efficacy, and potential for large-scale implementation. We conducted a comprehensive literature search across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, to identify relevant studies published between 1990 and 2025. Our review highlights the promising results of <i>Wolbachia</i>-based strategies in reducing mosquito populations and disease transmission, while also addressing the challenges and limitations of this approach. We conclude that <i>Wolbachia</i>-based strategies hold great potential for revolutionizing mosquito-borne disease control, but further research and careful consideration of ecological and ethical implications are necessary for their successful implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145810916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}